Isolated thoracic duct injury after gunshot of the neck

While thoracic duct injury occurs after penetrating, blunt or iatrogenic trauma, isolated thoracic duct injury without any major vascular or tracheoesophageal injury arc extremely rare. Previous studies have reported the incidence of thoracic duct injury in penetrating neck trauma as 0.9% to 1.3%. chylothorax is a potential complication that may arise from penetrating trauma to the neck. Multiple approaches to treat chyle leaks have emerged, including nutritional, surgical and pharmacological therapies. But lack of consensus on the optimal management of chyle leaks makes this an area of discussion. We present a case of isolated injury of the thoracic duct and discuss its management

study on acute and sub-acute toxicity of cefepime in mice

Cefepime is a fourth generation cephalosporin used mainly for treatment of lower respiratory tract, intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections In this study, acute toxicity of cefepime was done in mice and LD5O was calculated .Sub-acute toxicity was evaluated in mice by daily intraperitoneal administration of cefepime for 14 days in a dose equal to 500mg/kg. Kidney functions [blood urea and serum creatinine levels] and liver enzyme [serum ALT level] were estimated at the end of 14 days and after stoppage of cefepime by 2 weeks. Histopathological studies of livers and kidneys were done at the same previous periods. It was concluded that LD50 of cefepime in mice was equal to 6250 mg/kg by intraperitoneal route .Cefepime 500mg/kg, was well tolerated in mice with 100% survival rate. Mild transient elevations of ALT, urea and creatinine had occurred after treatment for 14 days. Minor histopathological changes had occurred in livers and kidneys

Effect of various capital positions on hand grip strength in normal and cervical spondylotic subjects

This study was proposed to investigate the effect of variation of head position in normal as well as cervical spondylitic cases. In addition to examining the effect of the maintained position as one of the commonly assumed posture on hand grip strength. Sixty subjects participated in this study [thirty normal and thirty cervical spondylotic subjects]. Normal subjects were randomly assigned into male group with a mean age 26.2 +/- 5.09 years and female group with a mean age 24.13 +/- 7.08 years. Patient group was also classified into male group with a mean age 25.4 +/- 4.71 years and female group with a mean age 24.86 +/- 4.82 years. Jamar hand held Dynamometer, JA. Preston, [Inc. Jackson. Michigan] was used to measure the isometric hand grip strength. Each subject assume the same protocol concerning the starting position where the hand grip was measured in the standardized position for the arm, the head position was changed applying the neutral [normal] and non neutral; flexion and extension. Each position was maintained manually with the research staff for five minutes. The order of the tested position was randomized to avoid carryover from each position with two-minute rest interval. The results of this study revealed mean value of hand grip strength in female group lowered than in male and in the left hand compared to the right hand. The maintained position significantly lower the hand grip strength specially the maintained left flexion but the maintained extension still has a higher grip strength compared to flexion. The head position should be considered as an important factor that necessitate work station design that keep the head in the neutral position and the variation of posture or recovery time should be given for optimum hand function. Moreover, the neutral head position is a key factor in performance for normal or cervical spondylotic patient during hand function

Solvent extraction studies on phosphoric acid produced by the wet process

This work describes the recovery of uranium from wet process phosphoric acid using solvent-extraction technique. Extractant such as Tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide [TOPO], Tri-n-octy. Amine [TOA] and Methyl iso butyl ketone [MIBK] have been used. The factors affecting the extraction of Uranium were investigated. The optimum conditions for the extraction were determined and it is found that the extraction of uranium is effected by the presence of iron, organic matter and sulfate ions. Also, it was found that the extraction of uranium by TOPO, TOA is exothermic but the reaction is endothermic with MIBK

Interactive effects of imidacloprid, profenofos and carbosulfan at low concentrations on homeostasis and haematological indices in male albino rats

Toxicity data with single pesticides to test animals are far more abundant than with mixtures [Flipo et al., 1992]. Consequently, these data cannot be used directly to predict the effect of pesticide combinations. Three pesticides; imidacloprid, profenofos and carbosulfan, administered to rats per OS at low level dose equal 1/30 LD50 for each insecticide, which represent 111, 70 and 43 ppm, respectively on homeostasis status and haematological indices [El-Kashory and El-Said, 2001], were selected to explore their combined action of subchronic exposure studies for 90 days in adult male albino rats. Homeostasis-related parameters such as; aldosterone [Ald.], sodium ions [Na+], potassium ions [K+], total chloride ions [T.Cl-] levels, pH value and haematological indices were examined in rats after an administration with different insecticide combinations. Moreover, after withdrawal the pesticide combinations for 30 days, as a recovery period, the above mentioned parameters were evaluated, in comparison with the control group. Results showed that, pesticide combination imidacloprid/profenofos [I + P] induced significant decrease in Na+ and T.Cl- ions levels and significant increase in pH value. While, it did not alter both Ald. and K+ ions levels. Combination imidacloprid/carbosulfan [I + C] increased significantly Ald., T.Cl- ions levels and pH values. On the contrary, it reduced Na+ and K+ ions levels significantly. Combination of profenofos/carbosulfan [P + C] decreased Ald. and Na+ significantly, while, K+ and T.Cl- level and pH value did not alter. In addition, tri-combination imidacloprid/ profenofos/carbosulfan [I + P + C] increased Na+ and T.Cl- ions level and pH value; while, a marked decline in Na+ ions level was occurred, as well as, no appreciable changes in K+ ion levels were observed. The combinations of I + P and I + C caused erythropenia [reduced RBC mass] associated with a significant decrease in PCV in I + C-treated rats. While, di-combinations P + C, I + P and I + P + C tri-combinations increased markedly of PCV and MCV. However, leukocytosis [elevated WBCS count] was observed in I + P + C-treated rats. After the pesticides combination withdrawal, changes in some parameters returned to the normal values, in comparison with the control group; while, the others still altered. Moreover, some parameters did not exhibit any changes unless after the stop of the treatment. In conclusion, this study supports the notion that; an interactions effects of pesticide combinations may be consider as contributor factor enhance their side effects

Lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin evoke lipid peroxidation and induce oxidative stress in neonatal rats

Neonates are known to be more vulnerable than adults, and their susceptibility to the side effect of pesticides attracted more concern in recent years. This work was carried out to assess the sensitivity of pups to the alpha-cyano synthetic pyrethroid insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin. LD[50] was used as indicator of acute toxicity. Moreover, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin at low doses [0.31 and 0.36 mg/kg bw., respectively], were given daily in corn oil throughout the lactation period. Groups of pups [5 as control + 5 from each insecticide treatment group] were with drawl and sacrificed after 4, 10 16 and 21 days, and the level of malondialdehyde [MDA] which expresses the lipid peroxidation status was estimated in the tissues of the liver and brain. At the same time, superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione-S-transfersase [GST] activity and reduced glutathione [GSH] level were determined in both brain and liver. Glutathione reductase [GR] and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PDH] activity were estimated to evaluate the redox cycle State. Results indicated that both insecticides significantly increased lipid peroxidation and decreased the [SOD], [GR] and [G6PDH] activity and [GSH] level in liver. The effect of both pyrethroids on these parameters in brain tissue was less than that in the liver. Conclusively the results obtained suggested that both synthetic pyrethroid insecticides were able to produce oxidative stress and alter the antioxidant defense mechanisms. Furthermore, the neonates [i.e. pups in lactation period] seem to be more susceptible to pyrethroids exposure than expected

Irrigation management for some maize cultivars under different plant populations

The effect of different irrigation intervals [10, 15 and 20 days] and plantpopulations [15, 20 and 30 thousand plants/fed.] on growth, yield and itscomponents as well as grain chemical composition of three maize cultivars,i.e. single cross 10 [SC 10]. Three way cross 310 [TWC 310] and Giza 2 werestudied. Two field experiments were carried out during 1998 and 1999 seasonsat the Central Administration Farm of the Agricultural Extension, El-FashnDistrict, Beni-Sweef Governorate, Egypt. The results showed that prolongingirrigation intervals up to 20 days decreased significantly growth patternsstudied after 70 and 90 days from sowing as well as grain yield and itscomponents. Total carbohydrate, crude protein and oil percentages in maizegrain were significantly affected by irrigation intervals. The data showedthat increasing plant population up to 30 thousand plants per feddan led to asignificant increase in plant height and final grain yield per feddan; whereas,stem diameter and ear leaf area as well as grain yield/plant and itscomponents were significantly decreased. Total carbohydrates and crudeprotein percentages were significantly reduced by increasing plant populationup to 30 thousand plants/fed., while oil content was insignificantly affected. Significant differences were found among the tested maize cultivars withrespect to growth patterns, yield and its components as well as the chemicalcomposition of grain. The data clearly showed that SC 10 cultivar was superiorin final grain yield than the two other ones. It also recorded the highestgrain yield [3.61 t/fed.] against 3.45 and 3.27 for TWC 310 and Giza 2,respectively. The results revealed that soil moisture stress has a seriouseffect on grain yield. The application of irrigations every 10 days, combinedwith planting SC 10 or TWC 310 cultivars at density 30 thousand plants/fed. could be recommended to obtain the best grain yield

Isolated pelvic stopflow infusion technique for locally advanced gynaecological malignancy

This study included 45 patients who were classified into 2 groups: Group I included 25 patients with locally advanced ovarian cancer; 8 patients received the standard chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, 9 patients received isolated pelvic stop-flow infusion [IPSFI] with the intent of palliation and 8 patients received preoperative IPSFI with the intent of understaging, followed by surgical resection. Group II included 20 patients with locally advanced cancer cervix; 7 patients received the standard chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy [control group], 6 patients received IPSFI with the intent of palliation and 7 patients received preoperative IPSFI with the intent of understaging, followed by surgical resection. IPSFI was accomplished by placement of balloon- occlusion catheter in the aorta at L3 vertebral body level via the common femoral artery. Cytotoxic agents were infused into the aorta distal to the occlusion catheter through a pigtail catheter placed in the other limb. After 10-20 minutes, the aortic balloon was deflated and removed. So, it was concluded that isolated pelvic stop flow infusion improves the outcome of patients with advanced gynaecologic malignancies, as it enhances resectability, radio responsiveness and eradicates micrometastasis. PSFI with cisplatin and bleomycin, followed by radical surgery and postoperative radiotherapy is effective in treating advanced gynaecologic malignancies. PSFI increased tumour exposure to high drug concentration with minimal side effects and thus may be appropriate for patients with locally advanced gynaecologic malignancies

Evaluation of pelvic stop-flow infusion in the managment of patients with locally advanced urinary bladder and rectal malignancies

Control of pelvic cancer may improve the quality of life in such patients and result in longer survival even in the presence of cancer outside the pelvis. Systemic chemotherapy and radiation therapy has failed due to high resistance of the tumour and poor vascularisation. Regional pelvic chemotherapy, by isolated regional perfusion, has been used by several groups in an effort to control advanced bladder and rectal malignancies. In the last 10 years, however, less emphasis has been placed on perfusion and more on intra-arterial chemotherapy alone or in conjunction with chemofiltration. Although their initial technique used an open occlusion of the aorta and inferior vena cava, they subsequently adapted the use of balloon occlusion- catheter. The aim of this work is to evaluate the applicability, efficacy, and safety of Pelvic Stop-Flow Infusion [PSFI] in the management of patients with locally advanced bladder and rectal malignancies. To complete our study in this field after our successful initial experience in management of locally advanced cancer cervix and ovaries. The study included 45 patients with locally advanced or recurrent cancer bladder and 45 patients with locally advanced or recurrent cancer rectum. Patients are classified into 2 classes: Class 1: Including 45 patients with advanced or recurrent cancer bladder previously treated by surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. They are divided into 3 groups [Group I: [Control group]: included 15 patients whom received conventional chemo/radiotherapy. Group II: [Palliative group] included 15 patients, whom are not candidates for surgical interference. They received PSFI with the aim of palliation. Group III: [Pre-operative group]: included 15 patients, whom are candidates for surgery after receiving PSFI with the aim of under-staging. The type of surgery might be definitive, cytoreductive, or palliative. Class II: Including 45 patients with advanced or recurrent colorectal cancer previously treated by surgery, radiotherapy and / or chemotherapy. They are divided into 3 groups, each of them included 15 patients: Group I: [Control group], Group II: [Palliative group], Group III [Pre-operative group]. As first described by Aigner, 1993, the technique entails exposure of the Femoral artery and vein via a longitudinal incision in the groin, then arteriotomy and venotomy were done for admitting the large bore, rigid catheters. A more simplified our technique, the percutaneous balloon infusion, is the one we used. Serial pelvic and systemic blood samples were collected during the infusion period, and pelvic- to systemic drug- exposure ratio was determined. Tumour response was evaluated 8-12 weeks after completion of aortic stop-flow infusion cycle [s] with clinical examination, tumour volume response [by abdomino-pelvic CT], pain response, histological response, tumour marker response, laparotomy finding, disease frees survival [as regard further metastasis and local recurrence], procedure related complications, chemotherapeutic toxicity, and overall survival. Our study found that: In Cancer bladder patients treated with palliative pelvic stop-flow: 10/15 cases [66.6%] shown reduction of size, and 8/15 patients [53%] shown improvement of pain. In Cancer bladder patients treated with pre-operative pelvic stop-flow: 12 out of 15 cases [80%] shown reduction of size, with a highly significant P- value = 0.005 [9/12 underwent radical cystectomy, the remainder underwent palliative resection], and 9 patients [60%] shown improvement of pain. In colorectal cancer patients treated with palliative pelvic stop-flow: 11/15 patients [73.3%] shown reduction in size, and 7/15 patients [46.7%] shown improvement of pain. In colorectal cancer patients treated with preoperative pelvic stop-flow: 13 out of 15 cases [86.6%] shown reduction of size, with a highly significant P- value 0.003, [5/13 underwent abdomino-perineal resection, 3/13 underwent low anterior resection, and 2/13 underwent abdomino-perineal resection and liver metastectomy, the remainder 3 patients underwent palliative resection] Also 8/15 patients [53.3%] shown improvement of pain. The stop-flow method is introduced to markedly reduce blood flow to target tissue, and higher drug delivery than either simple intra-arterial or intravenous infusion. [2] Retarded blood flow may improve response not only by lengthening exposure time, but also by induced tissue hypoxia and low cellular pH. [3] Our technique is a new, easy, low cost procedure that can be done as a one-day procedure in the angiography room

Prognostic value of cyclin Dl and P53 protein in colorectal carcinoma

The multistep carcinogenic process of colorectal cancer involves a series of events as oncogenes, inactivation of suppressor genes and abnormalities in cell cycle regulating proteins. This study concerns altered expression and prognostic role of cyclin Dl and p53 in colorectal cancer patients. We evaluate nuclear accumulation of cyclin Dl and p53 immunohistochemically in archival tissue specimens from 41 primary colorectal adenocarcinomas. They had undergone surgery with a median follow up of 23 months [range 1-85 months]. Survival time was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and Cox proportional hazards model for nuclear accumulation of cyclin Dl and p53 with adjustments for other confounding demographic and clinical variables. The expression of cyclin Dl was identified in 41.5% while p53 was expressed in 58.5% of our cases. Cyclin Dl was statistically associated with p53, Dukes stage, nodal state, histologic grade and vascular invasion, but not with age, gender, location, size, gross picture, tumor type, bilharziasis or stromal reaction. p53 was significantly related to male gender and to mucinous and signet ring tumor types but not to either age, location, size gross picture, Dukes stage, nodal state, histologic grade, bilharziasis, stromal reaction or vascular invasion. Using Kaplan-Meier survival curve, cyclin Dl, p53, size, Dukes stage, nodal state and tumor type were significantly correlated with poor survival. By Cox multivariate regression analysis, p53 [relative risk 3.33, 95%-confidence interval 1.39-7.95; p=0.006], nodal state [relative risk 3.17, 95% confidence interval 1.31-7.68; p=0.01] and Dukes stage [relative risk 1.83, 95% confidence interval 1.06-3.15; p=0.027] were independent prognostic indicators in our colorectal adenocarcinoma cases. Our data suggest that cyclin D1/p53 pathway represent a frequent target of the multistep evolution of colorectal carcinoma. Nuclear p53 accumulation combined with nodal state and Dukes stage can predict the clinical behavior of a tumor and high risk colorectal cancer patients. Hence p53 might help to define, a subset of biologically unfavorable neoplasms and improve the prognostic accuracy for colorectal cancer

Vitamin C: efficiency and safety

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of long-term vitamin C intake, either in recommended daily allowances [RDAs] or in high dose, on the serum levels of lipid profile, liver enzymatic activities, alkaline phosphatase [ALP], alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST] as well as creatinine and urea in adult male rats. Thirty mature male rats weighted 200-300 gm/rat were divided into three equal groups; one served as a control, while the other two groups were given daily an oral supplementation of vitamin C for eight weeks. The group received RDAs of vitamin C [27 mg/day/rat] induced a significant decrease in serum levels of all the studied parameters. Also, in the animal group received a high dose of vitamin C [55 mg/day], the serum levels of lipid profile, ALP, creatinine and urea were significantly decreased, but there was an increase in ALT and AST levels

Late onset involuntary movements, clinical and laboratory study

This study aimed to find the relative frequency of movement disorders, its etiology and presentation in relation to other neuropsychiatric illnesses throughout a period of 12 months. This study revealed that over a period of one year about 3100 patients aged 40 years and more with neuropsychiatric illness attended out patients clinic of neuropsychiatry, Assiut University Hospital. Ceruloplasmin and total thiol were significantly diminished in all groups of patients with movements disorders compared with the control. Lipid peroxide was significantly increased in all studied groups compared with control. These biochemical indices indicated the important role of increased oxidant stress in the etiopathogenesis of movements disorders

Effects of melatonin treatment on markers of endothelial dysfunction in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats

Diabetes mellitus is a very common health problem with a great impact in the individual health. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus [IDDM] is believed to result from destruction of pancreatic beta cells secondary to toxic effects of free oxygen radicals, The diabetic patients are at a significant increase risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in general and coronary diseases in particular. The oxidative stress may play an important role in the etiology of diabetic complications. This oxidative stress is opposed by abundant supply of antioxidants. The antioxidants may play an important role in regulation of the level of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 [PAI-1] which plays an important role in regulation of fibrinolysis. Also the fibrinolytic capacity of human blood is the result of a balance between plasminogen activators and inhibitors. The reent work was designed to study the effect of melatonin [antioxidant] treatment for eight weeks on serum levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor01 [PAI-I], Von willebrand factor [vwf], factor VII and triacylglycerol in streptozobtocin diabetic rats. Forty five adult male rats were divided into thee equal groups one served as a control, the other two groups were rendered diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg body weight streptozotocin [STZ]. One remained diabetic without melatonin treatment while the other group was given daily dose of 0.27 mg/kg. B.W. melaonin for eight weeks. Diabetic rats showed a significant increase in serum level of triacylglycerol, PAI-I, [vwf] and factor VII showed slight increase compared to non diabetic group. Treatment of diabetic rats with melatonin induced a significant decrease in serum levels of triacyglycerol, PAI-1, [vwf] and factor VII showed non significant decrease compared with diabetic group. We concluded that melatonin therapy induced a beneficial effect in STZ diabetic rats especially in a pattern of changes in serum levels of triacylglycerol, and the markers of endothelial dysfunction [PAI-I and vwf] that are related to induced risk of atherosclerosis

Histophysiologial changes in renal functions of hypercholesterolaemic ovariectomized adult rat

The current study was designed to elucidate the histophysiological changes in renal functions as well as the structural and ultrastructural changes in renal functions as well as the structural and ultrastructural changes of kidneys in hypercholesterolaemic intract and ovariectomized rats. Sixty female albino rats were used, half of them were fed on high cholesterol diet for four months, while the other half were fed on ordinary diet. Compared to control intact rats either fed on ordinary diet or high cholesterol diet, ovariectomy produced a significant decrease in serum levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL], while serum levels of total cholesterol showed marked elevations. Serum albumin level decreased in both groups after ovariectomy, while albuminurea was present in intact hypercholesterolaemic group and ovariectomized hypercholesterolaemic group. Ovariectomy induced elevation of serum levels of creatinine, urea, uric acid and calcium levels in both groups. Body weight and blood pressure significantly increased after ovariectomy in both groups. Also, ovariectomy induced marked elevation in serum levels of luteinising hormone [LH] and follicle stimulating hormone [FSH] in rats fed on ordinary diet and high cholesterol diet. The histological results showed that, in ovariectomized rats fed ordinary diet, many glomeruli remained intact, moderate glomerular mononuclear cell infiltration and minimal tubular dilatation was observed. In hypercholesterolaemic ovaraiectomized group. Glomerular focal atrophy or necrosis with mononuclear cell infiltration was observed. Collagen laydown in the intersitium with atrophic dilated tubules containing the protein casts. We conclude that sex-related factors regulated by the ovaries may play an inhibitory role in the development of glomerulosclerosis

study of some atherogenic risk factors in children

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial reversible disease in childhood age. So, the early identification of young high risk population offers an opportunity for the early initiation of preventive measures [Kwiterovich, 1989]. This study included 100 children [54 males and 46 females], their ages ranged from 6 to 9 years, they were classified into; a target group [50] with positive family history of premature CAD and a control group [50] without this history. They were subjected to history taking, clinical examination and lab investigations. The results revealed that DM and hypertension were atherogenic risk factors. The target group showed a significant difference regarding TC, LDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio compared to the control group, again these were potent atherogenic risk factors. Regarding TG and HDL-C, there was no significant statistical difference. The study recommended screening program for children over 2 years, especially those with positive family history of premature CHD to start early preventive measures

Relationship between helicobacter pylori and recurrent abdominal pain [RAP]

H. pylori is an important cause for RAP in children; it is a significant predisposing factor for the development of peptic ulcer, gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma [Glassman et al., 1989]. This study was designed to point out the importance of H. pylori as a cause of RAP in children. It included 130 children classified into a target group [65 children with RAP] and 65 healthy children without GIT symptoms as a control group. This study revealed risk factors for H. pylori infection [e.g. RAP, increasing age, unexplained GIT symptoms, family history of peptic ulcer and low socioeconomic standard]. Seropositivity for H. pylori was SS higher than for the control group. It was concluded that serologic tests can be considered ideal for screening children with RAP. It identifies those who warrant further investigation to avoid unnecessary invasive procedures in seronegative children [Gabtree et al., 1991]

Physiological response of two soybean cultivars grown under water stress conditions as affected by CCC treatment

Water stress significantly decreased plant height, number of both leaves and branches, total leaf area, dry weight of shoot per plant as well as yield and its components. A similar tendency was generally noticed when soybean plants were treated with CCC. However, CCC treatment significantly increased pods number and weight of seeds/plant. Decreasing the available soil moisture content significantly reduced the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids in soybean leaves. Reversely, CCC treatment significantly elevated the concentration of photosynthetic pigments compared with untreated plants. Protein content was increased obviously whether the plants were subjected to water deficit or treated with CCC. Protein content in soybean seeds was significantly increased by increasing water stress, and was accompanied by decrease in oil percentage. However, CCC treatment had no significant effect on protein and oil content

Prevalence of chorea, dystonia and athetosis in Assiut Clinical and epidemiological study

Involuntary movements are widely originated from different parts of the nervous system. The character of movements depends upon its site and pathological changes. The presence of more than one type of involuntary movements in a patient can cause confusion and difficulty about proper classification of movement disorders which then leads to problems in the differential diagnosis and appropriate treatment. This work was planned to have a view about the prevalence and aetiological factors of chorea, dystonia, athetosis and hemiballismus in Assiut [a representative of Upper Egyptian population]. This study was carried out on 7000 families [42,000 subjects] representing different types of communities [2,000 families from urban, 2000 families from suburban and 3000 families from rural communities]. All members of these samples were interviwed at home personally. Full clinical assessment and special investigations required for the diagnosis of different types of chorea, dystonia and athetosis were carried out in Assiut University Hospital. The prevalence rate for rheumatic chorea was 62/100,000 population and it is significantly higher [P<0.01] among rural than, urban and suburban population, whereas Huntington's chorea had prevalence rate 21/100,000 with no significant difference between different studied areas [urban, suburban and rural]. The other two common types of chorea were reported in prevalence rates, 12/100,000 for encephalitic type and 17/100,000 for atherosclerotic type. No single case of generalized dystonia was recorded and all cases were of focal type of dystonia with a prevalence rate of 26/100,000 population and no significant differences were recorded between the different studied areas [urban, suburban and rural]. Idiopathic form and drug induced form were the most prevalent types of focal dystonia [10/100,000]. The prevalence rate of athetotic cases [all of which are post encephalitic] in our study was 12/100,000 with no significant difference between different studied areas: [urban, suburban and rural]

Correlation between histopathological and haematological changes produced by lead popllution in mice

The effect of repeated drinking of water from El-Manzala Lake through onemonth was investigated in Swiss albino mice. Marked anemia was observed inaddition to increase in total leucocytic count. The pathological changes inmice after drinking polluted water were mostly renal tubular degeneration andnecrosis and less often glomerular atrophy and interstitial nephritis. Theliver and testes were mildly affected, while the other organs showed no abnor malities. These results indicated that pollution caused by sewage disposal in El- Manzala Lake resulted in severe affection of hemopoieticsystem and kidney, and that the level of contamination is sufficient to beconsidered as public health risk