[Effect of family - centered empowerment model on the quality of life in patients with myocardial infarction: a clinical trial study]

Introduction: nowadays, non-contagious diseases have been extended due to the renovation of societies, technology promotion, and density of population on urban zones and tendency of population to unsuitable habits. Cardiovascular diseases are from these failures and are the most widespread cause of death and disability in the most countries as well as in Iran. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of family-centered empowerment model [FCEM] on the quality of life of the myocardial infarction patients

Method: this clinical trial conducted on all of myocardial infarction patients hospitalized in Coronary Care Unit of the selected Hospital [72 persons in intervention and control groups]. Sampling was conducted by convenience sampling and then random allocation. For intervention group FCEM was implemented with four dimensions of perceived threat with group discussion method, self-efficacy with problem solving methods, self-esteem with educational partnership and outcome and process evaluations and usual care was done for control group members. In this study the instruments used were demographic variables, specialty instruments of FCEM, and SF-36 quality of life instrument. To analysis the data, Chi square, independent and dependent t, U man Whitney, Wilcoxon signed rank tests and Pearson correlation coefficient were used

Results: 8 dimensions of quality of life were similar in both groups before the intervention [P>0.05], but after the intervention both groups had significant differences [P<0.05]. But, paired t-test showed significant differences only in the intervention group [P<0.05]

Conclusion: FCEM for myocardial infarction patients was feasible and associated with improvement or modification of patients' quality of life

[Contamination of dental scaler water lines with legionella pneumophila, pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram positive cocci]

Dental staff are exposed to aerosols. Water supply of dental units has insignificant bacterial count but the existing water in the waterlines has over 100,000 microorganisms per milliliter. Various types of microorganisms exist in the waterline of dental units. Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive cocci are among the most important ones. Scaling and root planning is a dental procedure carrying a high risk of bacterial contamination. This study aimed to assess water contamination in private dental offices in Isfahan. In this descriptive study, sampling was done in 50 private offices; 10 ml samples of dental unit water were collected from each scaler and a sample from the city tap water as control. We used 3-step PCR for Legionella detection. The extracted DNA was evaluated for the presence of mip gene sequence using spectrophotometry. For detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, samples were cultured in Brilliant Green Bile broth. To confirm P. aeruginosa, the grown colonies were cultured in Cetrimide agar medium and presence of P. aeruginosa was re-confirmed with oxidase test. For evaluation of Gram-positive cocci, multiple smeares were prepared and after Gram staining, Gram-positive specimens were cultured in blood agar medium. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and reported in tables and diagrams as number and percentage. None of the control samples were positive for any bacterium. Thirty-two test samples were also negative for the understudy bacteria; but 18 offices tested positive for these bacteria. Our results shows that hazardous bacteria may be present in dental unit biofilm. Special attention must be paid to the cleanliness of water used in dental procedures

[Effects of dietary supplements of pediasure and carnitine on the anthropometric indices in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia under chemotherapy, in Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman, Iran]

Malnutrition is a common complication of cancer and cancer treatment in children. This occurs in 50% of these patients. Dietary supplements may have a significant effect on the response to treatment, survival, recurrence, mortality, and complications induced by chemotherapy in these children. The effects of Pediasure and Carnitine intake on anthropometric indices in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL] have been investigated in this study. This clinical trial was conducted in 34 new cases of childhood ALL under chemotherapy, in Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman, Iran. The patients were divided by randomized design into two groups; 17 cases and 17 controls with mean age of 5.79 +/- 3.97 and 7.17 +/- 3.66 years, respectively. 100-150 cc Pediasure every other day for one month and 50 mg/kg per day Carnitine were given to case group. Anthropometric indices including skin fold thickness [SFT], weight, height, and arm circumference were measured at the beginning of the study and 6 months later. Anthropometric indices were compared in these two periods. Data were analyzed using paired t-test. Mean of SFT [mm], weight [Kg], height, and arm circumference [cm] at the beginning of the study in case group were 7.20 +/- 3.29, 18.05 +/- 9.67, 107.35 +/- 24.47, and 15.88 +/- 4.17 and in control group were 10.57 +/- 6.23, 22.38 +/- 11.1, 115.82 +/- 22.29, and 16.05 +/- 4.02, respectively. After 6 months of study these indices in case group were 7.29 +/- 0.80, 18.35 +/- 2.31, 108.11 +/- 5.88, and 15.98 +/- 1 and in control group were 10.61 +/- 1.52, 22.88 +/- 2.67, 116.34 +/- 5.37, and 16.16 +/- 0.97, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in the two time periods. Although the differences of SFT were not statistically significant, this finding was clinically important [P = 0.05]. In spite of observed acute malnutrition in both groups, effects of dietary supplements on anthropometric indices did not show significant differences between groups. This may be related to many factors such as number of subjects under study, duration of intervention, and that the case group consumed only 100-150 Kcal/day energy more than the control group [we are not free in prescribing dietary supplement to these patients because of relapse risk and other unknown adverse effects of supplements]. Therefore, further studies are recommended

Coronary artery disease risk factors in an urban and peri-urban setting, Kerman, Southeastern Iran [KERCADR study]: methodology and preliminary report

This article was to present the sampling and measurements methods and the main preliminary findings of the KERCADR cohort study [first round] in an urban and peri-urban setting, Kerman, southeastern Iran2009-11. 5900 [3238 female] people aged between 15 to 75 years were recruited in the household survey by non-proportional to size one-stage cluster sampling. Trained internal specialists, general practitioners, clinical psychologists and dentists have assessed the study subjects by person-assisted questionnaires regarding different NCD risk factors including cigarette and opium smoking, physical activity, nutrition habits, anxiety, depression, obesity, hypertension and oral health. Blood samples were also collected for determining FBS, HbA1c, cholesterol and triglyceride. Weighted standardized prevalence estimates were calculated by STATA 10 survey analysis package. The participation rate was more than 95% in all subgroups. Cigarette smoking [18.4% vs. 1.2%], opium use [17.8% vs. 3.0%] and triglyceridemia [16.1% vs. 12.0%] were significantly higher among men than women. In contrast, women were presented with higher level of sever anxiety [29.1% vs. 16.7%], obesity [16.8% vs. 9.2%], low-physical activity [45.1% vs. 39.2%] and uncontrolled diabetes [60.2% vs. 31.0%]. More than 68% of all subjects have presented with moderate to severe gingival index scores. The first round of the KERCADR cohort with sufficient sample size and response rate provided precise estimates for the main clinical and para-clinical NCD risk factors. These evidences need to be translated into public health interventions and monitored in the next rounds of the cohort

[ effect of oral and intraperitoneal administration of acorus calamus l. extract on learning and memory in male rats]

Learning and memory impairment during aging mind have a disturbance role in human life. Regarding to the defect mechanisms for prevention or treatment of memory loss, the new strategies were recommended for study on it. Importance of herbal medicine treatment encouraged us to examine the effect of a candidate plant Acorus calamus for improvement of learning and memory. Male rats were randomly divided to control and treatment groups. In treatment group the plant were applied to animals in oral [plant/ food ratio =% 6.25] for two weeks and in injected groups the plant extract were applied [i.p] to rat in 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg]. Finally, all experimental animal groups were conducted to Y maze and shuttle box tests in order to obtain spatial recognition and acquisition - recalling data, respectively. The step through latency [STL] time resulted from oral and 100 mg/kg injected dose groups show a significant difference with control animals. Also, alternation behavior [%] obtained from Y maze test data was marked than control rats. The present study show that oral and intraperitoneal administration of the extract in higher dose could have increase spatial recognition and recalling the data

[Effect of barley [Hordeum vulgare l.] seed extract on fasting serum glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats]

diabetes mellitus and its related disorders are associated with significant burden on individuals and health care system. In Traditional Iranian Medicine [TIM] the consumption of barley products has been recommended for treatment of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of oral barley seed aqueous extract on fasting serum glucose level and body weight of normal [non-diabetic] and Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty male wistar rats were randomly divided in to diabetic and non-diabetic group. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg Streptozotocin. After one week the diabetic group [fasting blood glucose more than 200 mg/dL] and non-diabetic group were randomly divided in to control group and barley seed extract group. Body weight and fasting serum glucose level were measured and compared among groups at 1[st], 3[rd] and 4[th] weeks of study. Significant reduction [p<0.05] of fasting serum glucose level was seen at 4[th] week of treatment with aqueous extract of barley seed in diabetic rats in comparison with diabetic control group. In non-diabetic group, significant reduction [p<0.05] of fasting serum glucose level was seen after one week treatment comparing to non-diabetic control group. No significant effect was detected on the body weight of diabetic and non-diabetic groups. The aqueous extract of barley seed significantly reduced serum glucose level after 4 weeks in diabetic and after 1 week in non-diabetic group. In non-diabetic rats this reduction was not continued after first week

Effect of artemisia aucheri on regression of atherosclerotic plaque in rabbits

Atherosclerosis which is the most common risk factor for CHD is caused by a gradual deposition of lipids in large and small arteries. Nowadays regression and suppression of atherosclerotic lesion is one of the candidate approach for prevention of atherosclerotic complication. Whereas large majority of people use herbal medicine for treatment, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of A. aucheri on regression of atherosclerosis in atherosclerotic rabbits. Twenty rabbits were randomly divided into four groups of five each and treated 3-months as follows: 1: normal diet for 3- month, 2, 3 and 4: Hypercholesterolemic diet [HCD] for 2- month. One group [2] killed after this period and two groups [3 and 4] received normal dietand normal diet + A. aucheri [100 mg. kg-1 .day-1] respectively for an additional 1 - month [regression period]. Biochemical factors [total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL- cholesterol and triglycerides] were measured at first, end of second and third month. At the end of the study, animals killed and aortas were removed for assessment of atherosclerotic plaques. Normal diet in regression period improved lipid profile but the animals in this group showed no regression but rather progression of atherosclerosis. Whereas extract of A. aucheri significantly decreased atherosclerotic area in the aorta. These findings suggest that control diet without additional treatment cannot stop the progression of atherosclerosis. To use A. aucheri with control diet can stop progression of atherosclerosis and is effective for regression of atherosclerotic lesion

[Specifity and sensitivity of ocular sonography in the diagnosis of retinal detachment with vitreous hemorrhage]

To evaluate the specifity and sensitivity of ocular sonography in the diagnosis of retinal detachment in the presence of vitreous hemorrhage. This cross-sectional study included 47 [23 right eyes and 24 left eyes] eyes of 47 patients [18 male and 29 female subjects] with vitreous hemorrhage suspected of retinal detachment requiring surgery. Preoperative ocular sonography was compared with intraoperative findings to determine the sensitivity and specifity of ocular sonography. Mean age of the patients was 43.8+23.1 years [range 4 months to 81 years]. Causes of vitreous hemorrhage included trauma in 20 eyes [42.6%], diabetes mellitus in 9 eyes [19.1%], hypertension in 6 eyes [12.8%], following cataract surgery in 3 eyes [6.4%], following penetrating keratoplasty in one eye [2.1%] and unknown in 8 eyes [17.1%]. Visual acuity was counting fingers in 2 [4%], hand motion in 12 [27%] and light perception in 31 [69%] eyes. The diagnostic data of sonography were as follows: sensitivity 87.5%, specifity 64.5%, accuracy 72.4%, positive predictive value 56% and negative predictive value 90.9%. Ocular sonography is a useful diagnostic tool for evaluation of retinal detachment in patients with vitreous hemorrhage

Dose Trifolium pratense L. protect against development of fatty Streak in Coronary Arteries?

Phytoestrogens with a biological activity like estradiol are naturally found in many plants. This study was designed to investigate the effect of red clover [RC], a phytoestrogen-rich member of the legume family [Trifolium pratense L.] on the development of atherosclerosis in male hyperlipidemic rabbits. Twenty rabbits were semi-randomly distributed into four groups of five each. Two groups received either normal diet or normal diet supplemented with RC. Two other groups received similar diets to both of which 1% cholesterol was added. Dietary use of RC in hyperlipidemic rabbits significantly decreased C-reactive protein [CRP], triglyceride [TG], total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol [LDL-C] whereas, HDL - cholesterol [HDL-C] was significantly increased in those animals [p<0.05]. Fatty streak formation was also significantly lower in aorta and left and right coronary arteries in the same animals due to use of dietary RC supplementation. These findings suggest that dietary RC may reduce cardiovascular risk factors

effect citrullus colocynthis [L.] schrad. fruit on oxidative stress parameters in type II diabetic patients

Increased production of oxidative stress intamediates in chronic diabetic patients has been reported in several studies. A close relation between the treatment of diabetes and intensity intermediates of oxidative stress has been demonstrated. In the present study effects of Citrullus colocynthis fruit on oxidative stress intermediates in type II diabetic patients is investigated. 44 male and female type II diabetic patients were randomly allocated in two groups of 22 patients each. One group received 100 mg Citrullus colocynthis capsule and the other group received placebo 3 times a day plus standard therapy. The biochemical parameters such as glycosylated hemoglobin [HbAlc], fasting blood glucose, levels as well as oxidative parameters such as glutathione, superoxid dismutase, catalase and malondialdehyde were determined at the beginning and the end of the study after two months. Result indicated a significant decrease in HbAlc and fasting blood glucose level in Citrullus colocynthis fruit treated patients after two months as compared to beginning of the treatment and also as compare to placebo group. The oxidative stress indicators such as glutathione, superoxid dismotase, catalase and malondialdehyde were not changed significantly in either group after two months of treatment. In type II diabetic patients Citrullus colocynthis fruit treatment improved glycemic profile but did not affect oxidative stress parameters

[ effect of amitriptyline in patients with pain and diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind randomized controlled study]

IBS is the most common disorder diagnosed by gastroenterologists, which is seen in approximately 40-50% of patients seeking care from a specialist. Several randomized controlled trials, have assessed the therapeutic effect of anti-depressant drugs, but there is not enough evidence to prove their effectiveness. Fifty cases meeting Rome II criteria for IBS with predominance of pain and diarrhea were included in this study. Organic causes were ruled out by detailed history, physical examination, laboratory tests, small bowel transit and rectosigmoidoscopy. Participants were then randomly assigned to receive either Amitriptyline or placebo. Subjects were followed using a simple symptom score system before, after 1 and 2 months of treatment. At the end of the 2nd month, Amitriptyline showed more influence in reduction of flatulence, mucus passing and incomplete defication feeling, than placebo [p<0.05]. Also, symptoms general improvement rate was 39% and 15% in Amitriptyline and placebo groups respectively [p<0.001].The rate of side-effects in the two groups did not have significant differences [p>0.05]. Amitriptyline is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for pain and diarrhea predominant IBS

Inhibitory effects of crataegus curviseoala, salvia hydrangea, and betula pendula on in-vitro protein glycosylation

Diabetes is one of the most common endocrine diseases spreading rapidly in the world. Diabetes complications are classified into acute and chronic. Non-enzymatic glycosylation of body proteins such as hemoglobin and albumin is the main cause of pathogenesis in chronic complications of diabetes. Protein glycosylation is an oxidative reaction. Antioxidants such as vitamin C may be able to reduce the chronic complications of diabetes through inhibiting protein glycosylation. The inhibitory effects of vitamin C and the polyphenolic extracts of Betula pendula, Saliva hydrangea and Crataegus curvisepala on the extent of glycosylation of albumin, insulin and hemoglobin were investigated in this study. Polyphenolic extracts of the aforesaid plants were prepared at three different concentrations, namely 3.6, 1.8 and 0.9 mg/ml. Vitamin C solutions were also prepared at 5 concentrations, namely 0.5, 5, 10, 50 and 500 micro g/ml. The highest extent of glycosylation inhibition of albumin and insulin was due to S. hydrangea by 100% and 97%, respectively, and that of hemoglobin was due to B. pendula by 80%. At its highest concentration, vitamin C inhibited the glycosylation of insulin, albumin and hemoglobin by 100%, 93%, and 58% respectively [P<0.05]. Based on our findings, the studied plants might be able to prevent the chronic complications of diabetes

Post-coronary artery bypass graft stroke and its related risk factors

Cerebrovascular accident [CVA] or stroke remains a devastating complication of cardiac surgical procedures, especially coronary artery bypass graft [CABG] despite advances in perioperative monitoring and management. An individual's risk of stroke is based in part on preoperative characteristics, but also on intra- and postoperative factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of stroke in a large group of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Data were collected on 1467 patients who underwent CABG at Chamran Heart Center from 1995 to 2003. Stroke was defined as "a new focal neurological deficit which appears and is still at least partially evident more than 24 hours after its onset". Logistic regression identified significant predictors of stroke. Among the preoperative and postoperative factors, significant correlates of stroke included chronic renal insufficiency [P=0.0001], hypertension [P=0.0001], diabetes [P=0.0001], and atrial fibrillation [P=0.0001]. However, stroke had no significant correlation with sex [P=0.054], age [P=0.28], severe LV failure [P=0.062], history of CVA [P=0.723] or shock state [P=0.802]. Neurologic complications after cardiac surgical procedures remain a relatively common problem despite improvements in anesthetic and surgical techniques, as well as in perioperative monitoring and management. Increased stroke risk can be predicted by preoperative and postoperative clinical factors

effect of nicotine gum on blood pressure and heart rate

Smoking is an important risk factor of coronary artery disease. Nicotine replacement therapy [NRT] for smoking cessation should be considered, especially in coronary patients. Twenty-four healthy smokers, smoking 20 cigarettes a day on average for 15 years and with moderate cigarette dependence [according to the Fagershtrum questionnaire score] were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 8 and followed up for 5 days. The first group consisted only of cigarette smokers. The smokers in the second group were given a piece of nicotine gum every two hours. The smokers in the third group were given a piece of non-nicotine gum [placebo] every 2 hours. The subjects' blood pressure and heart rate were checked 12 times during four daily intervals [between 7 AM and 12 PM, 1 PM and 6 PM, 7 PM and 12 PM, 1 AM and 6 AM] and recorded in related forms. Systolic pressure was not significantly different in the three groups, but diastolic blood pressure of cigarette smokers was evidently higher than that of subjects who used nicotine and non-nicotine [placebo] gums. Heart rate in smokers was higher than in nicotine and placebo users [P<0.0001]. It seems that nicotine gum does not act as a cardiovascular disease risk factor. Hence in the context of smoking cessation efforts, its prescription to smokers with cardiovascular disease is recommended

study of the antioxidant effects of Iranian captopril on patients with hypertension and heart failure

Myocardial ischemia, cerebral ischemia and myocardial infarction are the most important complications of hypertension and atherosclerotic disease in developing countries. Angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors are among the drugs used to treat hypertension and heart failure. Captopril is an ACE-inhibitor which also has antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to assess the antioxidant effects of captopril on malondialdehyde [MDA], conjugated dienes [CD] and serum antioxidant capacity before and after treatment. This interventional prospective single-blind study was conducted on 34 mildly hypertensive individuals and 34 patients with stage I and II heart failure. MDA, CD and serum antioxidant capacity were measured in all samples. The patients were then given 50 mg captopril tablets 2-3 times daily. The measurements were repeated 1.5 months later. Comparison of mean MDA, CD and serum antioxidant capacity in hypertensive patients and patients with heart failure before and after drug administration revealed no significant difference in any of the parameters studied. Existing evidence is suggestive of the strong antioxidative properties of captopril in vitro, although these effects have not been borne out by some studies. In the present study, comparison of the results of MDA, CD and serum antioxidant measurements before and after the period of treatment with captopril did not reveal any statistically significant difference

Antioxidant effect of Turmeric and saffron on the oxidation of hepatocytes, LDL and non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin

Free radicals especially reactive oxygen species are known as important factors, which by damage to biomolecules like DNA, proteins, membrane, enzymes and lipids produce pathological disorders. Lipid peroxidation of LDL particles and membranes of hepatocytes may be involved in the process of atherosclerosis and liver dysfunction respectively. Also non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins is involved in the complication of diabetic patients. Due to oxidant/antioxidant imbalance, destructive effects of free radicals may appear over time. Therefore, an investigation about the antioxidant effects of some popular spices including curcuma longa and crocus sativus zeylanicum on three oxidative systems [LDL oxidation, oxidation of cell membranes of liver hepatocytes and non-enzymatic gly cation of hemoglobin] was done. Total extracts of the above-mentioned plants were obtained. Hepatocyte membranes of rat liver were selected as a sensitive system to peroxidation and in the vicinity of tert-butyl hydroperoxide [TBH] [1.5mM] as an oxidant agent, the amount of malondialdehyde [MDA] was measured in the presence and absence of plant extract as a lipid peroxidation marker. Also released Alanine Aspartate Aminofransterase [AST] was measured as a cell membrane damage marker due to peroxidation. Glycosylation changes of hemoglobin and LDL oxidation were evaluated in the presence and absence of extracts. The results showed that curcuma at a concentration of 10microg/ml inhibited MDA formation by 28.8% and AST released by 25.53%. Curcuma at a concentration of Ijug/ml inhibited hemoglobin glycosylation by 25.85%. It has a dose dependent effect at all concentration. Also the plant showed the most antioxidant effect on LDL oxidation at the concentration of microg/ml. Crocus at applied doses has no definite inhibitory effect on MDA and AST formation, [results not shown] but crocus has a minimal inhibitory effect on hemoglobin glycosylation and LDL oxidation. This study showed that curcuma at applied doses has an inhibitory effect on all three oxidative systems in mentioned diseases and probably would be important for prevention of atherosclerosis, diabetes and liver dysfunction. Crocus at the used concentration had not any effect on these oxidative systems

[Self-management in skin disease among Babolian teachers, educational year of 2000-2001]

Background and Objective: Self-management is one of the important health problems, which causes economic and health problems. Many cases of self-management were observed in skin diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of self-management in skin diseases among teachers in Babol city in educational year of 2000-2001

Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed on 337 teachers in Babol city in educational year of 2000-2001. Data was gathered with randomized cluster sampling by questionnaires and analyzed by Chi-square test and SPSS and P<0.05 was considered significant

Findings: From 337 teachers, 181 [53.7%] were female and 156 [46.3%] were male. Self-management was seen in 27 [8.3%] cases that there was not a significant difference between Self-management in skin diseases regarding ages, educational degree, sex, numbers of children and level of teaching. But, prevalence of self-management in single teachers was more than married ones [P=0.02]. In skin problems, 276 [79.2%] teachers referred to dermatologist, 37 [11%] to general practitioners and 6 [1.8%] to school health teachers

Conclusion: Prevalence of self-management in skin problems among Babolian teachers was low. This finding can be considered as a positive point in improving population health education

[ situation of new risk factors of cardiovascular disease in urban population of Isfahan]

During recent years, many epidemiological studies on risk factors of cardiovascular disease [CVD] have been performed among which are fibrinogen, activity of factor VII, lipoprotein [a], and homocysteine as new CVD risk factors. Through completed studies, it is found that in urban population of Isfahan more than one risk factor [hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and obesity are seen in 32% of men and a descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 1998-99 and 409 subjects [175 men, 234 women] were randomly sample. Then each subject underwent a blood test, electrocardiography, medical examination and daily physical activity assessment. Nutrient intakes were obtained through assessment of food consumption as 3-day recall. Personal information and anthropometric measurements were also recorded. Fast blood sugar and serum lipids were measured by auto analyzer Elan 2000; lipoprotein [a] by ELISA; hemocystein by HPLC; fibrinogen by turbidimetry and factor VII by calculating coagulation time compared to standard time. Statistical analyses were done by t-tests. The results showed that mean fibrinogen, factor VII, lipoprotein [a], and hemocystein were 244.9+/-7 mg/dl, 118.3+/-58 per cent. 13.3+/-13 mg/dl and 11.5+/-3 micro mol/lit respectively in studied population. By comparing these new CVD risk factors over the world, it was determined that their- levels were in the normal range in urban population of Isfahan. The level of fibrinogen and hemocystein are higher and lower in women than those in men, respectively that is compatible with many other studies