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Objective: To compare the effectiveness of steroid therapy with and without physiotherapy for the management of lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow). Methodology: Patients, who fulfil the inclusion criteria of selection were admitted to study in the Department of Physiotherapy PSRD, Lahore. Each patient received an informed consent. Demographic data including name, age, sex, height and weight were noted. Participating individuals were randomly allocated into two groups by lottery method. Patients of group A were treated by steroidal therapy without physiotherapy manoeuvres and the individuals of group B were treated by combination of steroidal therapy and physiotherapy. The follow-up was carried out for up to 4 weeks.All the information has been collected with pre-defined preforms.Data was interpreted and analysed through SPSS version 22.0. Results: The overall mean age of cases was 38.90±6.97 years and 42.07±7.03 years. There were 38(63.33%) male and 22(36.67%) female in this study. Before treatment the mean pain of participating individuals of group-A and in group-B was 7.40±1.45 and 7.63±1.27 with insignificant difference. After treatment the mean pain in group-A and group-B was 3.40±1.73 and 2.53±1.57 with significantly lower pain in group-B, p-value < 0.05. When we compared mean pain before and after injection was significantly improved in both groups but the improvement was higher in group-B. The mean pain difference in group-A and group-B was 3.77±2.18 and 4.90±1.83 with higher improvement in group-A, p-value < 0.05. Conclusion: Results of study concludesteroid injection with addition to physiotherapy was more effective in reducing pain.We must encourage orthopedic and physiotherapist teamwork to treat tennis elbow.
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Background: Hepatic encephalopathy [HE] is among the commonest complications to present in the medical emergencies due to chronic liver disease [CLD]. Multiple regimens have been tried and newer antibiotic like Rifaximin is under extensive discussion regarding its management. Objective: To determine the efficacy of rifaximin in cases of chronic liver disease presenting with hepatic encephalopathy
Methodology: In this descriptive cases series study, which was conducted at Department of Medicine, Services Hospital, Lahore from 1st July to 31st December 2016. The cases of both genders with age range of 30-70 years, having CLD [Child Pugh Class B and C] and acute hepatic encephalopathy of grade II or more irrespective of the cause were included in this study. The cases with other co morbid conditions like DM, hypertension, renal or cardiac failure and those taking sedative, were excluded from this study. Hepatic encephalopathy was labeled according to the West Haven Criteria. The cases of HE were given Rifaximin in a dose of 550 thrice a day for 7 days and complete resolution of hepatic encephalopathy at 7th day was labeled as positive efficacy. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 20
Results: In this study, there were total 300 cases out of which 170 [56.67%] were males and 130 [43.33%] females. There were 150 cases in each child pugh class B and C and 114 [38%] cases had grade IV hepatic encephalopathy. Efficacy of rifaxamin was seen in 164 [45.33%] cases. The efficacy was significantly high in cases that had Child Pugh Class B where it was seen in 104 [69.33%] cases as compared to 60 [40%] in class C with p value of 0.03. Efficacy was also significantly better in grade III encephalopathy 70 [72.91%] cases in contrast to 34 [29.82%] cases with grade IV with p= 0.001
Conclusion: Rifaximin is good antibiotic for gut flora but it relieves hepatic encephalopathy in only half of cases. It is significantly better in cases with Child pugh class B and with encephalopathy grade III
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Objective: To investigate the relation between serum amyloid A-low density lipoprotein [SAA-LDL] and genotoxicity in smokers
Study Design: An experimental study
Place and Duration of Study: Army Medical College, Rawalpindi and National Institute of Health [NIH], Islamabad, from June 2014 to February 2015
Methodology: Seventy healthy Sprague Dawley rats were purchased from NIH and exposed to cigarette smoke in smoke chamber for three months. Blood samples were drawn from each rat at the end of the study period. SAA-LDL was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]. Genotoxicity was assessed by cytokinesis block micronucleus [CBMN] assay. Pearson correlation was used to find correlation between SAA-LDL and genotoxicity
Results: Strong positive correlation was found between SAA-LDL and micronuclei frequency in smoke-exposed rats [r=0.799, N=70, p <0.01]
Conclusion: Statistically significant strong positive correlation between SAA-LDL and genotoxicity in smoke-exposed rats shows that changes in one is associated with changes in other and vice versa
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Background: Few studies including limited number of patients assessed the rheumatologic effects of hemodialysis [HD] on joints using ultrasonography. Joint ultrasound has been emerged as a cheap noninvasive tool for assessment of joint pain among HD patients. This was the aim of our study to make use of such tool in such life quality threatening complaint
Objective: to determine the role of ultrasound in evaluation of joint pain and its causes among patients on regular HD
Patients and Methods: One hundred and four patients with end stage renal disease [ESRD] who were regular on HD three sessions per week four hours per session were subjected to history taking, complete physical examination stressing on musculoskeletal examination and ultrasonography of painful joints by a an ultrasonography expert
Results: Dialysis related arthropathy [DRA] was not the only cause of joint pain among HD patients but there were diverse causes in different joints. As regard affected joints, knee was the most affected one then came wrist, shoulder, ankle and elbow respectively. As regard causes of joint pain, DRA was the commonest one then came osteoarthritis, nonspecific ultrasonographic findings and few cases showed normal ultrasonographic studies
Conclusion: This study confirmed that joint pain in HD patients has diverse causes not DRA by necessity but other causes must be considered as well as multifactorial etiologies
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Background: Measles is highly contagious infectious disease and considered to be leading cause of death among young children. Although vaccination process of measles is well ascertained but still its associated morbidity and mortality is high among children of developing countries. This study was designed to see the level of measles IgG in children in District Bagh of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
Methods: Measles IgG antibodies were screened in total of 250 school going children [4-8 years] in the District Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir were enrolled. The subjects were grouped on age basis; Group A had children of 4-5 years, Group B comprised of children of 5-6 years, Group C contained children of 6-7 years and Group D had age 7-8 years. A The collected samples were transferred to the Molecular Virology Laboratories at National Institute of Health [NIH], Islamabad for detection of measles IgG antibodies. Measles antibodies were estimated by using kits for Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay
Results: There were 10 [4%] children in Group A, 18 [7.2%] were in Group B, 42 [16.8%] were in Group C, and 180 [72%] children were in Group D. Out of 250 children 61 [24.4%] were detected as unprotected and 13 [5.2%] were at borderline and 176 [70.4%] had protective antibody level against the measles virus
Conclusion: Significant number of children is under potential risk to develop measles infection. No significant relation could be established between disease, age, and gender
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Objective: To investigate the effect of cigarette smoking on interleukin-6 in Sprague Dawley rats. Study Design: Randomized controlled study. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at Army Medical College Rawalpindi, from Jan to Apr 2015
Material and Methods: Seventy healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups at National Institute of Health [NIH]. Group-I rats were not exposed while group-II rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for 3 months. Interleukin-6 [IL-6] was determined using commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] kit. Data was analyzed using t-test
Results: Higher levels of IL-6 were observed in exposed than in non-exposed. The mean of IL-6 levels of control and smoker groups was 40.84 +/- 9.09 and 49.48 +/- 19.69 respectively. The difference was statistically significant [p<0.05]
Conclusion: Positive association was found between cigarette smoking and IL-6. This shows that IL-6 may be used as a biochemical marker to assess inflammatory damage in smoke related diseases
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Objective: to determine the frequencies of adiponectin [ADIPOQ] C-11377G, tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha] G-308A and TNF-alpha G-238A single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNP] and their association with serum levels in Pakistani T2DM and healthy population
Study Design: Case control study
Place and Duration of Study: Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, Army Medical College and Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, Islamabad, Pakistan, from June 2012 till 2014
Methodology: cases [n=539] and controls [n=250] comprising of T2DM and healthy subjects, respectively, belonging to Pakistani Punjabi Rajput ethnicity were genotyped for SNPs. Serum adiponectin, TNF-alpha, insulin, blood sugar fasting [BSF], lipid profile, body mass index [BMI], and insulin resistance [IR] was determined and correlated with genotypes
Results: serum TNF-alpha was significantly higher and adiponectin was lower in T2DM than healthy controls [p < 0.003 and 0.0001, respectively, Mann-Whitney U-test]. The frequency of ADIPOQ CC, GC and GG was 340 [63.1%], 167 [31%] and 32 [5.9%] in T2DM patients. ADIPOQ -11377 SNP was not significantly associated with T2DM [OR = 1.116 [95% CI 0.81- 1.53], p = 0.27- Fisher's exact test]. Genotypes deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Minor alleles of TNF-alpha G-308A and TNF-alpha G-238A were not found in either groups
Conclusion: frequency of ADIPOQ -11377 risk allele is low and does not functionally affect the serum adiponectin levels; hence, ADIPOQ C-11377G SNP is not a risk factor for T2DM in Pakistani Punjabi Rajput patients. Moreover, TNF-alpha G-308A and TNF-alpha G-238A SNPs are not prevalent in this ethnic group
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Objective: To find out whether Casein Kinase 2 [CK2] and Survivin co-express and correlate in prostate as well as in breast cancer
Study Design: A cross sectional analytical study
Place and Duration of Study: Study was done at Army Medical College and in collaboration with Armed Forces Institute of Pathology [AFIP]. The duration of this research was two years
Material and Methods: The research was authorized by the Ethical Committee of AFIP. CK2 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in paraffin embedded tissues from established patients of prostate cancer [n=30] and breast adenocarcinoma [n=30]. Correlation of CK2 with Survivin was evaluated. Data were analyzed through SPSS version 20. For studying the correlation between the two proteins, pearson correlation coefficient was calculated. Data was considered at p-value
Results: An expressively strong and affirmative correlation was found among expression of total CK2 and total Survivin in invasive along with non-invasive cases of both prostate and breast cancers. A significantly strong and positive correlation was found between nuclear CK2 and Survivin expression in non-invasive cases of prostate cancer and invasive as well as non-invasive cases of breast cancer. A significantly strong and positive correlation was found only between cytoplasmic CK2 and Survivin expression in non-invasive cases of prostate cancer
Conclusion: CK2 and Survivin expressions have strong and positive correlation in both prostate and breast cancer particularly in non-invasive stage of the cancer
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Organic anion transporter polypeptide 1B1 [OATP1B1] encoded by [SLCO1B1] gene, an uptake transporter involved in the transport of drugs and endogenous compounds and located in hepatocyte sinusoidal membrane. Objective of study was to investigate the effects of two functionally significant SNPs [388A>G and 521T>C] and their respective genotypes of SLCO1B1 gene encoding OATP1B1 on the pharmiacokinetics of atorvastatin. A total of 100 subjects divided into 6 groups as per their genotype profile were recruited. A single dose of 80mg atorvastatin was orally administered and plasma concentration measured up to 48 hours. The 388A>G and 521T>C genotypes were significantly associated with each other when compared for AUC and C[MAX] but exhibited no significant variations in T[MAX] and ti/[2]. 521 SNP is rather more strongly associated with altered pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin when compared with the 388 SNP, though the homozygous bi-allelic variant of 388 SNP also exhibited a fairly significant variation along with homozygous bi-allelic variant of 521 SNP. The inter-individual variation in pharmacokinetics can be explained by SLCO1B1 polymorphism
Subject(s)
Humans , Polymorphism, Genetic , Organic Anion Transporters , Liver-Specific Organic Anion Transporter 1 , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Objective: To compare the mean decrease in serum bilirubin after intermittent versus continuous phototherapy in the treatment of jaundice neonatorum
Methodology: This randomized controlled study was carried out on neonates admitted to the neonatal unit of Department of Paediatric Medicine, Ward A, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar from 1[st] October 2012 to 31[st] march 2013. A total of 258 patients were enrolled for the study after fulfilling the inclusion/ exclusion criteria to compare the decrease in serum bilirubin after applying continuous/intermittent phototherapy for the treatment of neonatal jaundice
Results: Mean age of the patients was 3.89 +/- 1.83 [p=.91] days, the mean baseline bilirubin was 17.56mg/dl +/- 1.42 [p=.36], while the mean follow-up bilirubin was 12.85mg/dl +/- 1.65 [p=.95], and the mean difference between the baseline and follow-up bilirubin was 4.7mg/dl +/- 1.19 [p=.32]. For the group A babies, the mean difference between the baseline and follow-up bilirubin was 4.78mg/dl +/- 1.20[p=.32]. For the group B babies, the mean difference between the baseline and follow-up bilirubin was 4.63mg/dl +/- 1.18 [p=.32] The difference between the mean age on admission, mean baseline bilirubin, mean follow-up bilirubin, and the mean decrease in serum bilirubin for both the groups A and B was statistically not significant
Conclusion: Intermittent and continuous phototherapies were found to be equally effective. Because of its additional benefits intermittent phototherapy can be adopted as a routine procedure instead of continuous phototherapy in neonatal care unites
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Objective: To study the effect of Magnesium supplementation on lipid profile [TC, HDL, LDL, TG, VLDL] and inflammatory markers [CRP s-VCAM 1] in thiazide administered rats
Study Design: Randomized control trial
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical College Rawalpindi from Feb 2010 to Feb 2011
Material and Methods: Ninety male Sprague Dawley rats, of age 90 to 120 days, divided into three groups: Control, Hydrochlorothiazide [HCTZ] administered control and Hydrochlorothiazide + Magnesium Oxide [HTCZ + Mg2+], administered experimental groups. Levels of inflammatory markers, Magnesium, lipid profile were measured in blood, after three weeks
Results: Mean values in control group were: Serum TG 104.39 mg/dl,TC151.86 mg/dl, HDL76.91 mg/dl, LDL 52.52 mg/dl, VLDL 19.78mg/dl, CRP 1784.27 mg/L, sVCAM-1 564.33ng/ml and serum Magnesium0.85mmol/l. Mean lipid profile values in HCTZ administered control group were Serum TG 150.04 mg/dl, TC 182.92 mg/dl, HDL 71.77 mg/dl, LDL 76.40 mg/dl,VLDL 32.56 mg/dl, CRP 2923.33 mg/L, sVCAM-1 2003.00 ng/ml and serum Magnesium 0.49 mmol/1. Mean lipid profile values in HCTZ + Magnesium administered experimental group were Serum TG 131.69 mg/dl,TC 157.60 mg/dl, HDL 73.55 mg/dl,LDL 58.2 mg/dl,VLDL 25.05mg/dl, CRP 2149.53 mg/L ,sVCAM-l 1516.60 ng/mland serum Magnesium 0.68mmol/l
Conclusion: Levels of sVCAM-1, CRP, TG, TC, LDL and VLDL are increased in HCTZ administered group, with negative correlation with serum magnesium levels. Levels of these parameters decreased in HTCZ + Mg2+ administered group, showing that magnesium supplementation helped in normalizing derangements [p<0.05]
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A dental curing light is apiece of dental tool that is used for the hardening of light cure composites. Many studies have shown these lights induce changes in DNA, mitosis and mitochondria through free radicals production. Light emitting diode [LED] are most commonly used and claim less hazards to the adjacent soft tissues. Current study was therefore designed to observe the morphological changes induced by light emitting diode [LED] as a dental curing light source in oral mucosa of experimental animals
Fifty rabbits were divided into 5 groups [4 experimental and 5th as a control group]. Cervical margin of central incisors of each animal in the experimental groups was exposed 3 times with LED light; duration of each exposure being 40 seconds with a gap of 30 seconds. Punch biopsies were taken after 24 hours, 48 hours, Iweek and 2weeks from group 1, 2, 3 and 4 animals respectively
Results showed ulceration [4%], acanthosis and vascular pathological changes [100%] enlarge [bulbous] rete ridges [97.5%], basal layer vacuolization [85%], acantholysis [27.5%] and atypical mitosis [10%] in all the experimental animals. With passage of time, a significant increase [P=0.000] in frequency of basal cell hyperplasia [90% in group 1 to 100% in group 4] and basal layer atypia [70% in group 1 to 90% in group 4] was observed. While inflammation dropped from 100% in group 1 to 0% in group 4 [P=0.000] due to healing of tissues. Changes were similar to the previous studies except some severe effects like atypical mitosis and basal layer atypia were observed which may be attributed to increase in number of light exposures in our study that is in compliance with the clinical practice in our set up
These findings may help in creating awareness among the dental practitioners to use dental curing lights with caution keeping appropriate safety measures for the adjacent oral soft tissue in consideration
Subject(s)
Animals , Mouth Mucosa , Rabbits , Dental MaterialsABSTRACT
Warfarin is a commonly prescribed anticoagulant existing in two enantiomeric forms S- and R-warfarin. Many techniques have been used to analyze warfarin in plasma but less frequently for enantiomeric analysis. One of the HPLC method employed was further simplified and made economical. Method was validated according to ICH guidelines and was found to be sensitive, reliable and less time consuming. For both enantiomers, LLOQ was 12.5ng/mL. The CV% and accuracy for method were in the range of 0.8-14.6% and 92-107% respectively. The recoveries for both enantiomers were in the range of 86-103.8%. Blood samples were collected from 170 stable patients taking warfarin and S- and R-warfarin levels were determined by this method. Majority of subjects were found to have S/R-warfarin ratio of about 1:2 as reported in previous studies due to rapid clearance of S-enantiomer than R-enantiomer. However individual subjects data was suggestive of presence of slow metabolizers of S-warfarin leading to altered S/R ratio. Previous studies have also pointed out CYP2C9 polymorphism being responsible for such inter-individual differences in S-warfarin metabolism. So plasma warfarin S/R ratio may serve as a useful phenotypic test for CYP2C9 polymorphism
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Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for incidence of coronary artery disease. Simvastatin is a synthetic lipid lowering drug and Nigella sativa seeds found helpful in controlling hyperlipidemia. The study performed to evaluate the efficacy of Nigella sativa in comparison to simvastatin to treat hyperlipidemia. Thirty Sprague Dawley rats fed on an ad libitum diet for 02 weeks, on cholesterol diet for 08 weeks. Then group II treated with simvastatin and group III with Nigella sativa for 06 weeks. Blood samples analyzed for serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C and serum ALT. The results evident that Nigella sativa [kalonji] and simvastatin showed significant improvement in the lipid profile of rats in respective groups after treatment. The p value <0.05 of group II and III documented that Nigella sativa [kalonji] affect the lipid profile in the same way as of simvastatin. However, ALT levels significantly raised in group II treated with simvastatin compared to group III. Nigella sativa and simvastatin showed comparable effects in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Nigella sativa showed protective role in terms of hepatic dysfunction and can be used as a cholesterol lowering agent
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Simvastatin , Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy , Liver/drug effects , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Cholesterol, HDL , Cholesterol, LDL , Alanine TransaminaseABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the expression of STAT-1 [Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription-1] in HCV patients non responder to interferon treatment
Study Design: Case control study
Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out at Army Medical College Rawalpindi from January to July, 2012
Patients and Methods: The study after approved by institute's ethics committee was conducted on 15 HCV infected patients who were non responder to interferon therapy and 5 controls responder to interferon therapy. Their age, sex, body mass index [BMI] and marital status was noted. PCR based detection of STAT-1 mRNA was carried out in blood of HCV infected patients resistant to interferon therapy as well as controls. Data was presented in the form of frequencies and percentages and p values were calculated using Fisher exact test and student t-test
Results: Results showed that more males were resistant to interferon therapy as compared to females. The mean age was less in responders as compared to non responders. Forty percent of the HCV infected patients non responder to interferon therapy were positive for STAT-1 expression
Conclusion: STAT-1 blood expression can predict treatment response in HCV patients undergoing interferon treatment
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To assess HCV awareness level among medical students. Cross sectional descriptive study. The study was conducted at Army Medical College Rawalpindi from March to October 2012. A structured questionnaire based cross sectional study was conducted including male and female medical students from 3rd and 4th year of both MBBS and BDS classes. The data was reported in the form of frequencies and percentages of correct answers and p value was calculated for the difference in level of correct answers regarding HCV routes of transmission, between male and female students using chi-square test. Survey showed that male students were more knowledgeable about HCV than females. Regarding possible transmission routes for HCV, it is evident that most of the students knew that main spreading cause is blood products, injection drug users and reuse of syringes as compared to other risks. Misconceptions observed are of significance especially at the level of health care providers as this can hinder their professional duties, interaction with the patient and treatment. Knowledge regarding HCV among medical students is inadequate and it can influence HCV prevalence, treatment and management in society
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Introduction: Genetic information which is specific to an individual has the potential to improve Coronary Artery Disease [CAD] risk prediction. 13 CAD risk SNPs were selected by removing SNPs in loci which had not been identified in CARDIoGRAMplusC4D GWAS. Linkage disequilibrium patterns differ between ethnic groups pointing towards the need to investigate how the gene score would perform in different populations which is still largely unknown. Objective of the study was to investigate whether the 13 SNP CAD risk gene score has a role in the risk prediction of Pakistani Premature Coronary Artery Disease [CAD] cases and controls and to compare the CAD risk allele frequency between Pakistanis and Caucasians [samples obtained from the Northwick Park Heart Study II]
Study Design: Case control study
Setting: Army Medical College, National University of Sciences and Technology [NUST] in collaboration with the Cardiovascular Genetics Institute, University College London, UK
Materials and Methods: Total of 650 subjects with a history of chest pain were selected by non-probability convenience sampling. Out of these subjects with > 70% stenosis in at least 1 coronary vessel on angiography were labelled as Premature coronary Artery disease [PCAD] cases [n=340]. The 13 SNPs were genotyped in a Pakistani case-control study [n=340 CAD cases, 310 controls] using KASPar and Taqman assays. The use of 13 SNP gene score was tested in the prospective Northwick Park Heart Study [NPHSII] of 2775 healthy UK men [284 cases] and the Pakistani case-control study subjects [n=650]
Results: Mean +/- SD age of CAD patients was 42.7 +/- 3.80yrs while in controls it was 39.0 +/- 7.8yrs. Complete genotyping was obtained for 635 samples [333 cases, 302 controls]. The mean 13 SNP gene score was significantly higher in cases compared to controls [p=0.044]. Odds ratio for CAD for each quintile of 13 SNPs gene score showed a trend for higher quintiles of gene score to have increased odds ratio for CAD [p-value for trend=0.01] especially after adjusting for age, sex and ethnicity. There was a significant difference in risk allele frequency between Pakistanis and Caucasians [NPHSII] for all CAD risk SNPs except rs599839 [SORT1] [p=0.08]
Conclusion: A 13 SNP gene score has significant potential role at differentiating between Pakistani PCAD cases and controls. Risk allele frequencies for CAD differ significantly between Pakistanis and Caucasians stressing the need to develop population specific gene score keeping in view the ethnic stratification
ABSTRACT
CK2 enzyme is up regulated in several cancers. It has many substrates including survivin which is up regulated in cancers
Objectives: to find out the correlation between expression of CK2alpha and survivin and evaluate it as a prospective prognostic marker in pathogenesis of the breast cancer and to find if positive correlation between CK2 and surviving was associated with advancing disease
Study Design: cross Sectional Analytical type of study
Setting: department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi and Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi
Duration of study: January 2013- December 2014
Methods: the research protocol was approved by Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Ethical Committee. Paraffin embedded tissue sections of diagnosed breast cancer, obtained from AFIP, were used. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine nuclear and cytoplasm expression of survivin, and CK2 .Scoring done by three histopathologists, independently
Results: total CK2 expression was high in invasive as compared to noninvasive cases [p =0.209]. Cytoplasm and nuclear localization of CK2 in invasive group was a little higher too [p = 0.092] and [p=0.286] respectively. Total survivin expression was high in invasive as compared to non-invasive cases [p= 0.449]. Cytoplasm and nuclear localization of survivin in invasive group was higher as compared to noninvasive group with no significant different [p=0.472] and [p=0.367] respectively. A positive and strong correlation was found in CK2 and survivin expression and localization in both non-invasive as well as invasive groups
Conclusion: CK2 and survivin correlation in cancers can be used in predicting the cancer phenotype and aggression at early stages
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The present investigation was conducted to study the effects of experimental Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxaemia in teddy goats. Clinical signs started to appear after 30 min of experimental infection like anorexia, diarrhea, dehydration, frothing and dyspnea. Gross lesions consisted of severe congestion in tissues of varying intensity with enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes while histological examination revealed edema of lungs, kidney, and lymph nodes and to some extent in brain along with hemorrhages in lungs and intestines. Clostridium perfringens type D carrying alpha and epsilon toxin genes were amplified with amplicon size about 247 bp and 665 bp, respectively. Human erythrocytes showed the highest hemolysis, 68%, followed by mice, 57%, against culture supernatants. The percentage of hemolysis was significantly higher at 37[degree]C as compared to 25[degree]C except for rabbit and dog
Subject(s)
Animals , Enterotoxemia , Goats , Hemolysis , ErythrocytesABSTRACT
To study and compare the effects of fructose and galactose on, blood glucose, insulin, HbA[1c] and lipids and anthropometric measurements. Ninety, healthy adult male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain. Experimental study. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, A.M.C, Rawalpindi, in collaboration with N.I.H, Islamabad. Twelve months. Rats weighing 180-350 grams were selected by random sampling and were divided into three groups, 30 each. Group I was given standard diet, Group II was given high fructose diet [HFD], i.e., 1.5gms/Kg body weight/day of fructose, along with standard diet for two weeks and Group III was given high galactose diet, i.e., 0.83gms/Kg body weight/day, along with standard diet for two weeks. There was a significant increase in height of galactose group while fructose group has significant weight loss; BMI decreased in both but more in former. The blood levels of cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, TG, and insulin were significantly higher in fructose group than in galactose group. There was no significant difference between blood glucose and HbA[1c] among these groups yet their higher levels indicate the chances of developing insulin resistance. Fructose due to its less hyperglycaemic effects should not be used in diet and must not be prescribed in diabetes, as in the long run it can lead to obesity, hypertension and cardiovascular risk. Non-significant effects of galactose on above parameters [except lipoproteins], does not mean that it can be used as an alternative to fructose and this area needs exploration