ABSTRACT
Despite its dual role in determining cell fate in a wide array of solid cancer cell lines, autophagy has been robustly shown to suppress or kill acute myeloid leukemia cells via degradation of the oncogenic fusion protein that drives leukemogenesis. However, autophagy also induces the demise of acute leukemia cells that do not express the known fusion protein, though the molecular mechanism remains elusive. Nevertheless, since it can induce cooperation with apoptosis and differentiation in response to autophagic signals, autophagy can be manipulated for a better therapy on acute myeloid leukemia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antineoplastic Agents , Therapeutic Uses , Apoptosis , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins , Metabolism , Autophagy , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute , Drug Therapy , Metabolism , Pathology , Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute , Drug Therapy , Metabolism , Pathology , Molecular Targeted Therapy , Oncogene Proteins, Fusion , Metabolism , Tretinoin , Therapeutic UsesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyse sonographical features of epididymis tuberculosis with caseous necrosis and improve the accuracy of ultrasonic diagnosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ultrasonic features of 12 cases with epididymis tuberculosis with caseous necrosis, confirmed by surgical pathology, was retrospectively analysed: size, location, echogenicity, degree of blood flow in the lesion.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In all 12 patients, the number of purified protein derivative test (PPD) presenting the positive reached to 67%, while cases with the pulmonary tuberculosis was 42%. The epididymal tuberculosis with caseous necrosis could present images of the whole or focal epididymal enlargement and abnormal shape. The lesions internal echoes were irregular, inhomogeneous increased isoechoic echogenicity or hypoechoic, including bad-defined, irregular, homogeneous hypoechoic or anechoic. In lesional location, 4 out of 12 patients (33%) possessed richly color blood flow in Color Doppler Power Imaging(CDPI). The testicular enlargement with increased internal echoes and the testicular hydroceles were partly (58%, 7/12) observed by ultrasound. There was no varicocele, scrotal wall thickening and inguinal lymph node enlargement.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The High Frequency Color Doppler images is helpful for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of epididymis tuberculosis with caseous necrosis.</p>