Impact of comorbidities in mexican SARS-COV-2-positive patients: a retrospective analysis in a national cohort

ABSTRACT Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak is a significant challenge for health-care systems around the world. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the impact of comorbidities on the case fatality rate (CFR) and the development of adverse events in patients positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the Mexican population. Materials and methods: We analyzed the data from 13,842 laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients in Mexico between January 1, 2020, and April 25, 2020. We investigated the risk of death and the development of adverse events (hospitalization, pneumonia, orotracheal intubation, and intensive care unit [ICU] admission), comparing the number of comorbidities of each patient. Results: The patient mean age was 46.6 ± 15.6 years, 42.3% (n = 5853) of the cases were women, 38.8% of patients were hospitalized, 4.4% were intubated, 29.6% developed pneumonia, and 4.4% had critical illness. The CFR was 9.4%. The risk of hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] = 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.7-3.7), pneumonia (OR = 3.02, 95% CI: 2.6-3.5), ICU admission (OR = 2, 95% CI: 1.5-2.7), and CFR (hazard ratio = 3.5, 95% CI: 2.9-4.2) was higher in patients with three or more comorbidities than in patients with 1, 2, or with no comorbidities. Conclusions: The number of comorbidities may be a determining factor in the clinical course and its outcomes in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients.

Quelle place dans quelle famille: que disent les parents de leurs enfants? / Which role in which family? What do parents say about their children?

La norme produit-elle un « mauvais ¼ ou un « bon ¼ enfant inscrit dans des configurations familiales et sociétales en mutation ? Produirait-elle des enfants à leur place dans la relation qu'ils entretiennent à la génération précédente ? Les pratiques éducatives familiales, au croisement des injonctions sociétales ­ conscientes et inconscientes ­ et des petits arrangements familiaux entre conflits et sérénité, déclenchent des mouvements constants qui laissent, parfois, les parents et les enfants déstabilisés par un « jeu ¼ d'interférences entre égalité et hiérarchie, ancré à un maillage institutionnel

Does the norm create a "bad" or a "good" child in the context of a constantly changing family and society? Does it, perhaps, create children as they should be as regards their relation with the previous generation? Educational practices within the families take place where societal injunctions ­either conscious or unconscious­ and compromise solutions between conflict and serenity meet. These practices lead to constant movements that sometimes make parents and children feel confused in a "sort of game" of interferences between equality and hierarchy, tightly tied to an institutional networking

Human papillomavirus infection in women from Tlaxcala, Mexico

Cervical cancer is an important health problem in women living in developing countries. Infection with some genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important risk factor associated with cervical cancer. Little information exists about HPV genotype distribution in rural and suburban regions of Mexico. Thus, we determined the prevalence of HPV genotypes in women from Tlaxcala, one of the poorest states in central Mexico, and we evaluated age infection prevalence and risk factors associated with cervical neoplasm. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 236 women seeking gynecological care at the Mexican Institute for Social Security in Tlaxcala, Mexico. Cervical scrapings were diagnosed as normal, low-grade, and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LGSIL, HGSIL). Parallel samples were used to detect HPV genotypes by PCR assays using type-specific primers for HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, and 31. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied. Prevalence of HPV infection was 31.3 percent. From the infected samples, prevalence of HPV 16 was 45.9 percent; HPV 18, 31.1 percent; HPV 31, 16.2 percent; HPV 6, 10.8 percent; HPV 11, 6.7 percent. With regard to age, the highest HPV prevalence (43.5 percent) was found in the 18- to 24-year-old group and the lowest (19 percent) in the 45- to 54-year-old group. None of the risk factors showed association with cervical neoplasia grade. HPV 16 was the most common in cervical lesions. HPV was present in 22 percent of normal samples and, of these, 82.6 percent represented high-risk HPVs. Tlaxcala showed HPV prevalence comparable to that of the largest cities in Mexico, with higher prevalence for HPV 31.

Recommendations for cervical cancer screening programs in developing countries: the need for equity and technological development

Los programas poblacionales de detección oportuna de cáncer cervical (DOC) han sido poco eficientes en países en desarrollo. Por esta razón, es necesario impulsar cambios en las políticas, normatividad, mecanismos de control de calidad, evaluación e integración de nuevas alternativas de tamizaje consideradas de bajo y alto costo, así como la regulación de la práctica de colposcopía y de la futura integración de laboratorios para el VPH. El cáncer cervicouterino (CC) es una enfermedad de la pobreza que refleja un problema de equidad de género y de equidad regional, no sólo en cuanto a diferencias de desarrollo económico y social, sino en cuanto a la infraestructura física y de recursos humanos que otorgan servicios de atención primaria. Por esta razón, un programa de DOC debe reorganizarse para: a) dirigirse predominantemente a regiones geográficas rurales y urbanas marginadas, b) impulsar acciones que garanticen una cobertura ampliada y calidad similar en todas las regiones, c) utilizar estrategias de tamizaje acordes con la disponibilidad de servicios de atención médica. En países con gran heterogeneidad regional deben regularse y normarse diversos escenarios de tamizaje que incluyan la combinación de imagen visual asistida, citología cervical y determinación del VPH, d) se deben iniciar intervenciones comunitarias regionales que evalúen la efectividad de utilizar el VPH como estrategia adicional a la citología cervical (Pap), e) se debe regular la práctica de la colposcopía para evitar su utilización en mujeres sanas a nivel poblacional, y así, evitar sobre-diagnóstico y sobre-tratamiento, que no sólo tienen implicaciones de elevados costos, sino que producen ansiedad innecesaria en las mujeres en riesgo, f) debe acreditarse y regularse la práctica de los laboratorios clínicos que determinen el VPH como estrategia de detección, y g) el programa de DOC para garantizar calidad, también deberá satisfacer las expectativas de las usuarias, así como aumentar el conocimiento sobre cáncer cervical. Finalmente, a pesar de que diversos ensayos clínicos de vacunas profilácticas y terapéuticas contra el VPH se desarrollan actualmente a nivel mundial al menos durante un periodo de entre 5 y 10 años las vacunas contra este virus no estarán disponibles comercialmente. Por esta razón, será necesario reforzar las acciones de los programas de DOC.

Os direitos do paciente segundo o posicionamento de médicos e enfermeiros: pesquisa exploratória / The rights of the patient according to the position of doctors and nurses: exploration research

Considerando que os Direitos do Paciente devem ser respeitados por todos os profissionais da área de saúde, desenvolveu-se esta pesquisa exploratória a fim de analisar o posicionamento de médicos e enfermeiros diante da vivência desses princípios. Aplicou-se o método descritivo e a técnica de investigaçäo social, no Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no período de setembro a dezembro de 1994, junto a uma amostra aleatória composta por 26 enfermeiros e 24 médicos. Utilizou-se um questionário com 30 questöes que foi distribuído aos mesmos para respondê-lo. O marco referencial compreendeu os princípios éticos e legais que determinaram os direitos humanos, a atitude dos profissionais de saúde no relacionamento com os clientes e os próprios direitos do paciente...