Origin and antimeric distribution of the femoral nerves in New Zealand rabbits / Origen y distribución antimérica del nervio femoral en conejos Nueva Zelanda

The origin and distribution of the femoral nerves in both antimeres were studied in 30 New Zealand rabbits (15 males and 15 females). The specimens were collected after natural death and fixed with 10% formaldehyde solution. In males, the femoral nerve originated from the ventral branches of the fourth, sixth and seventh lumbar spinal nerves in seven animals (46.67%), in two animals (13.33%) from the ventral branches of the fifth and sixth lumbar spinal nerves, in one animal (6.67%) from the ventral branch of the fifth lumbar spinal nerve, in three animals (20%) from the ventral branches of the fifth, sixth and seventh lumbar spinal nerves, in one animal (6.67%) from the ventral branches of the fourth and fifth lumbar spinal nerves, and in one animal (6.67%) from the ventral branches of the fifth and seventh lumbar spinal nerves. In females, the femoral nerve originated from the ventral branches of the fourth, sixth and seventh lumbar spinal nerves in four animals (26.67%), in two cases (13.33%) from the ventral branches of the fifth and sixth lumbar spinal nerves, in one animal (6.67%) from the ventral branch of the fifth lumbar spinal nerve, in three animals (20%) from the ventral branches of the sixth and seventh lumbar spinal nerves, in four animals (26.67%) from the ventral branches of the fifth, sixth and seventh lumbar spinal nerves and in one animal (6.67%) from the ventral branches of the fourth and seventhlumbar spinal nerves. In all animals the femoral nerves were distributed in different branches to the major and minor psoas, femoral quadriceps, sartorius and pectinius muscles.

Se estudió el origen y distribución del nervio femoral de ambos antímeros en 30 conejos neozelandeses, 15 machos y 15 hembras. Los animales fueron recolectados después de su muerte natural y se fijaron en formaldehído al 10%. En los machos, el nervio femoral se originó a partir de los ramos ventrales del cuarto, sexto y séptimo nervios espinales lumbares en siete casos (46,67%); en tres casos (20%) desde los ramos ventrales del quinto, sexto y séptimo nervios espinales lumbares; en dos casos (13,33%) desde los ramos ventrales del quinto y sexto nervios espinales lumbares, mientras que en tres animales (n=1 respectivamente), desde los ramos ventrales del quinto nervio espinal lumbar (6,67%), los ramos ventrales del cuarto y quinto nervios lumbares espinales (6,67%) y desde los ramos ventrales del quinto y séptimo nervios espinales lumbares. En las hembras, el nervio femoral se originó a partir de los ramos ventrales del cuarto, sexto y séptimo nervios espinales en cuatro casos (26,67%); en otros cuatro casos (26,67%) desde los ramos ventrales del quinto, sexto y séptimo nervios espinales lumbar, en tres casos (20%) desde los ramos ventrales del sexto y séptimo nervios espinales lumbares, en dos casos (13,33%) desde los ramos ventrales del quinto y sexto nervios espinales, y en dos animales (n=1, respectivamente) procedían desde los ramos ventrales del quinto nervio espinal lumbar (6,67%) y de los ramos ventrales del cuarto y séptimo nervios espinales lumbares (6,67%). Los nervios femorales en todos los animales estaban distribuidos en diversos ramos de los músculos psoas mayor y menor, cuádriceps femoral sartorios y pectinatos.

The testis of the mice C57/BL6 offspring in adulthood have alterations due to maternal caffeine consumption

To investigate the effects of the maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy to adult male testis mice offspring. METHODS: Twenty pregnant mice were divided into control group (c) and caffeine group (cf). dams received daily saline or 20 mg/kg of caffeine subcutaneously. Male offspring were monitored daily until 13th week. The testis were used to evaluate both the proliferation (pcna) and apoptosis (bax); leptin receptor (ob-r); aromatase; follicle stimulating hormone (fshr), luteinizing hormone (lhr) and androgen receptors (ar); steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star); vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) and estrogen receptors (erα and erβ) by western blotting. Serum concentrations of testosterone, estradiol and leptin were measured. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in food intake and the body mass gain (p<0.05) in the cf ; pcna (p=0.01), fshr (p=0.02), star (p=0.0007), vegf (p=0.009), ar (p=0.03) in the cf. while an increase were note in bax (p=0.01), ob-r (p=0.02), lhr (p=0.04) and in the aromatase (p=0.03) in the cf. only erα and erβ were not changed by maternal caffeine. The serum testosterone levels in the cf offspring were 90% lower than in the c offspring (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Maternal caffeine consumption has a role and alters the testis of the offspring in adulthood.