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High population pressure, climate change, stagnant crop productivity, changing food habit and declining natural resources compelled us to go for climate resilient resource conservation technologies to bring sustainability in our crop production. Crop diversification by replacing high input requiring cereals with “nutri- cereals” minor millets in our crop rotations and by following intercropping of minor millets with pulses or oilseeds may be economically profitable, environmentally safe and socially acceptable approach to ensure food and nutritional security of the burgeoning population. This is high time to include millets in our daily diets but millet availability in sufficient amount is big issue. Millets are crops of rainfed and dryland resource poor areas and moreover under the threat of global warming and changed climatic scenario sole planting of millets generally gives less economic returns. So, there is an urgent need for incorporation of the pulses/oilseeds as intercrop in millets production system to enhance the production to feed the increasing population on sustained basis besides restoring the soil nutritional status and to overcome the environmental stress. But performance of intercropping system depends on proper selections of suitable intercrop, appropriate row ratio combination and proper input management. Very limited research work has been conducted on intercropping in millets so far but noteworthy information was recorded by the researchers, which has been reviewed through a sincere effort here to give critical view about intercropping in minor millets for agricultural sustainability to the farmers, researchers and consumers.
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A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2022-2023 at Rajoula Agriculture farm, of Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.). The present experiment having 13 treatment combinations replicated thrice in randomized block design. Barley variety HUV-113 was grown with recommended agronomic practices. On the basis of the results emanated from present investigation, it could be concluded that application of T11 [100 % N & P + PSB + Azotobacter + 100 % K] significantly recorded maximum growth parameters of barley such as plant population plot-1 (41.56 m-2), plant height (91.78 cm), and number of tillers (87.74) and maximum yield attributing characters such as no. of spike (73.38 m-2), spike weight plant-1 (51.20), number of spikelet (256.19) and test weight (45.76 g). Similarly highest grain yield (40.19 q ha-1) and straw yield (62.71 q ha-1), with application of treatment T11 [100 % N & P + PSB + Azotobacter + 100 % K] in comparison to all the treatments. While minimum value of all the growth parameters, yield components and yield were associated with the treatment T1 [Control].
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Background: Breast cancer is responsible for 13% of deaths among women globally. The present study aimed to assess adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in breast cancer patients receiving treatment in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: This retrospective and descriptive study was conducted in the oncology department at sree mookambika institute of medical sciences, Kulasekharam, covering six months from May 2022 to November 2022. The study includes patients of any age diagnosed with breast cancer, treated with chemotherapy, and who developed at least one ADR during or after treatment. Patients who developed ADRs due to fresh blood or blood product infusion and had a history of drug abuse or accidental poisoning were excluded from the study. Results: Three hundred fifty-eight breast cancer patients were evaluated, of which 142 developed ADRs. The study revealed that breast cancer was most prevalent among women aged 41-50. Seven (4.92%) had a history of tobacco smoking, 129 (90.85%) patients were married, and only 13 (9.15%) were unmarried. The most commonly prescribed chemotherapeutic drug for breast cancer patients was docetaxel (19.01%), Cyclophosphamide (15.49%) and nab. paclitaxel (12.67%). The study found that the most frequent ADR observed among the patients was febrile neutropenia (18.30%), followed by nausea and vomiting 14.79%). Causality assessment reported that 61.27% (87) of the ADRs were probable, and 29.58% (42) were possible. Conclusions: Spontaneous adverse drug reporting and structured management are essential for monitoring the safe use of drugs. The findings suggest the need for effective pharmacovigilance programs and improved patient care in administering chemotherapeutic agents.
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Background: Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a state of infection promptly intensifying the destruction of skin with underlying tissue leading to permanent infirmity and high mortality irrespective of good parenteral drug coverage and contentious surgical handling. NF normally begins as a confined infective focus that initially presents as cellulitis later rapidly progresses to large areas of infection which disproportionate to pain. Aims and Objectives: The primary aim of this study is to determine the incidence and management methods of NF in tertiary health-care center of western Odisha. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of medical records of patients diagnosed with NF presenting to department of general surgery, Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Burla, from March, 2020 to February, 2022 was performed. Various information such as patient’s demographics, type of presentation at the time of admission, age group affected, body parts affected, mode of injury, and microbiological status were collected in a predesigned format for analysis. Data were presented in number and percentage. Results: A cumulative of 96 cases with clinical features of NF was reviewed. The median age group range was 31–40 years. Nearly 94.7% cases had significant underlying comorbidities. Extremities were most commonly affected part. About 82.2% cases had undergone surgical debridement, 13.5% cases fasciotomy, and 4.2% cases skin grafting. Most common mode of injury is trivial injury. Group A Streptococcus is most common cause of organism. Almost 78.3% cases were healed. Conclusions: NF can induce upscaled morbidity and mortality if left undetected and untreated in primordial stages. The medics, paramedics, and specialists including surgeons need to have a high degree of intuition to diagnose NF at its beginning stages and thus precisely put resuscitative efforts, plan for debridement, and need for any urgent referral.
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Edwardsiella septicemia disease in the cultured Indian major carps is caused by the fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda and it is preventable by DNA vaccination. Here, we tried to develop a bicistronic DNA vaccine pGPD/IFN expressing the Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene of Edwardsiella tarda and Interferon-gamma (IFN-?) gene of Labeo rohita. The vaccine showed high protective efficiency in our previous studies; however as a limitation of bicistronic construct the expression of gene cloned in second frame (B) is poor. To overcome this limitation we re-engineered the construct and designed a fusion gene co-expressing the GAPDH and IFN-? genes as one frame with an aim to get the optimum expression of both the genes. For this purpose, a fusion insert comprising GAPDH and IFN-? coding sequences was cloned in to pcDNA3.1(+) plasmid vector. The fusion genes' in vitro expression was confirmed in the striped snakehead fish cell line (SSN-1). Successful expression of the re-engineered fusion gene DNA vaccine in the cell line was achieved at 48h post-transfection, which was confirmed by amplifying the expression transcripts of GAPDH and IFN-? genes. Thus, the study concludes that the re-engineered fusion vaccine pcGPD/IFN (pcDNA3.1(+) plasmid having fusion GPD/IFN) is functional and can be effectively utilized to vaccinate rohu (Labeo rohita) as it contains the species-specific immune gene (IFN-?) as an adjuvant
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Background: Several COVID-19 vaccines have been approved against coronavirus disease and its distribution to, different countries. The study is mainly done to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice among clinically, exposed medical students and interns toward COVID-19 vaccine., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2022 to August 2022 in a tertiary care hospital. Using, questionnaires, the knowledge, attitude, and practice among medical students and interns were assessed, and they were, then analysed and categorised accordingly. Then the students were given awareness regarding COVID-19 vaccine., Results: The questionnaires were distributed among students and interns, and responses were collected. A total number, of participants (n=300), out of which the majority of responders were second-year students 89 (29.6%). Overall, 39.75%, had high-grade knowledge, 43.5% had a positive attitude and 37.5% had good practice regarding the COVID-19, vaccine. The results show that 81.2% of interns had high-grade knowledge, 76.6% possess a positive attitude and 71.9%, of good practice and preventive measures towards COVID-19 vaccine., Conclusions: Our study concludes that there were certain gaps in knowledge, attitude, and practice among second and, third-year medical students when compared with final-year medical students and interns.
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Fetal surgery, an integral part of fetal therapy has undergone evolution since is conception, which was possible due to continuous refinements in surgical as well as anesthetic techniques The fetal surgery can be done in various stages of the gestation for corrective treatment. Time tested criteria have been laid down for patient selection which help improve the outcome of the whole exercise. The anesthesia concerns and considerations are unique as are the ethical issues involved in this treatment modality involving two patients with contrasting physiological needs. This article reviews salient aspects of fetal physiology in detail. Anesthesia for the fetal interventions is curated as per the invasive nature of surgical interventions. The type of fetal interventions are classified as minimally invasive procedures, Open mid gestation procedures and Ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedures. Preoperative evaluation is dictated by extent of gestation, and invasiveness of the surgical procedure apart from medical status of mother and fetus. This review also tries to enumerate number of clinically useful pharmacological agents in fetal anesthesia including essential tocolytic agents, in addition to management of common fetal complications with a separate section on fetal bradycardia
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Introduction: Large numbers of teachers are affected by Low Back Pain (LBP) and often report limitations in performing daily activities. The prevalence of LBP was high in the population that was confined to their houses due to COVID-19 lockdown.Objective: To study the Influence of Work, Home and Lifestyle related factors during COVID-19 lockdown on presentation of pain and functional status among school teachers with chronic nonspecific LBP.Methods: A total of 229 school teachers residing in India participated in the study. A self-administered, structured questionnaire, composed of 18 questions including various domains of life was administered; along with 13 activities of daily living and a scale to rate the difficulty level while performing.Results: Among work related activities: Prolonged sitting (p = 0.022), Gadget use (p=0.058), Twisting and turning (p = 0.035) and walking (0.036); whereas, among Home related activities: Lifting and carrying (p = 0.060) and House chores (p = 0.036) had an influence on pain. Body mass index (p=0.005) and emotional status (p=0.01) had significant correlation with intensity of pain. The most difficulty was reported in performing prolonged sitting activity.Conclusion: Covid-19 lockdown had a significant influence on work and home-related activities and lifestyle of Indian school teachers which ultimately had an effect on LBP and functional status.
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Many women are familiar with the experience of spasmodic dysmenorrhoea, one of the commonest gynaecological conditions that affects the quality of life of many in their reproductive years. This condition manifested as painful menstruation, is the most frequently encountered gynaecological complaint and it can be included under Udavartha yonivyapat, caused by Apanavata vaigunya described in Ayurvedic classics. This situation not only has a significant effect on quality of life and personal health but also resulting in loss of work hours and depression. Scholastic backwardness and work absenteeism as a result of dysmenorrhoea is common nowadays. Most of the medical therapies for painful periods like analgesics, antispasmodics, NSAID, and anti-prostaglandins are having many side effects. Hormonal and surgical therapies are also not advisable to all type of patients, especially teenagers as it may harm their future reproductive capacity. Here comes the importance of Yoga, which provides good approach to treat primary dysmenorrhea. Yoga asanas helps in stretching muscles of pelvic cavity and increases the blood circulation to the pelvic organs and also helps to neutralize Apana vayu, which help in normal menstrual flow. The practice of Asanas has a beneficial impact on the whole body systems and helps in relaxation of both body and mind. This study is undertaken to find out the Yogasanas having pain relieving capacity in spasmodic dysmenorrhoea as it doesn’t cause any side effects but improve the quality of life. A thorough literary survey was done in Yogic classics especially Asanas for women’s health, Asanas for reproductive health and tried to compile the Asanas together having the pain relieving capacity in primary dysmenorrhoea.
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Objective:To report our initial experience with on?table extubation following cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease, assessing its efficacy and safety, and the potential for fast?tracking these patients through the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: We decided to implement a multidisciplinary protocol aiming toward on?table extubation following congenital cardiac surgery at our hospital. Between December 2018 and January 2020, 376 patients underwent congenital cardiac surgery. The management strategy involved choosing the patients preoperatively, a specific anesthetic technique, application of a standard extubation protocol, multidisciplinary team approach, and perioperative echocardiogram for assessment of surgical repair. Relevant data were collected and analyzed. Results: Out of the 376 patients who underwent congenital cardiac surgery during the study period, 44 patients were extubated on?table. Although a majority of these patients belonged to Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery?1 score (RACHS?1) 1 and 2 categories, 18% of the patients who were extubated on?table were of RACHS?3 category. This included a wide spectrum of anatomical substrates such as endocardial cushion defects, pulmonary venous anomalies, single ventricle physiology, valvular defects, and others such as cor triatriatum and sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. There was no in?hospital mortality related to on?table extubation. Only one patient was reintubated following on?table extubation resulting in a reintubation rate of 2.27% among those patients extubated on?table. The patients extubated on?table had a shorter ICU stay (25.89 ± 7.20 h) compared with those patients who underwent delayed extubation (59.30 ± 6.80 h). The duration of the hospital stay was also significantly reduced in these patients (91.09 ± 20.40 h) leading to an earlier discharge compared with those patients who underwent delayed extubation (134.40 ± 16.20 h). Conclusion: On?table extubation is an attractive alternative in limited?resource environments to enhance recovery in patients following congenital cardiac malformations. Owing to the lack of significant comorbidities such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in this patient population, corrective surgery for cardiac malformation usually optimizes the cardiorespiratory status. This results in more chances of successful extubation immediately following surgery. However, this requires proper perioperative planning, a careful discussion about the choice of patients, adoption of an extubation protocol, and most importantly, a multidisciplinary team approach. It is associated with low morbidity and mortality, with reduced length of stay in the ICU and hospital. This preliminary study demonstrated that on?table extubation is feasible following congenital cardiac surgery at our center and greatly reduces the intensive care requirements. This article focuses mainly on the decision?making process which determines the ideal candidates for on?table extubation and the anesthetic protocol implemented in a low?resource environment to enable the same
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Objective: To compare the efficacy of sunlight exposure and oral vitamin D3 supplementation to achieve vitamin D sufficiency in infants at 6 months of age. Design: Open-label randomized controlled trial. Setting: Public hospital in Northern India (28.7°N). Participant: Breastfed infants at 6-8 weeks of age. Intervention: Randomized to receive sunlight exposure (40% body surface area for a minimum of 30 minutes/week) or oral vitamin D3 supplementation (400 IU/day) till 6 months of age. Outcome: Primary - proportion of infants having vitamin D sufficiency (>20 ng/mL). Secondary - proportion of infants developing vitamin D deficiency (<12ng/mL) and rickets in both the groups at 6 months of age. Results: Eighty (40 in each group) infants with mean (SD) age 47.8 (4.5) days were enrolled. The proportion of infants with vitamin D sufficiency increased after intervention in the vitamin D group from 10.8% to 35.1% (P=0.01) but remained the same in sunlight group (13.9%) and was significant on comparison between both groups (P=0.037). The mean (SD) compliance rate was 72.9 (3.4)% and 59.7 (23.6)% in the vitamin D and sunlight group, respectively (P=0.01). The geometric mean (95% CI) serum 25(OH) D levels in the vitamin D and sunlight group were 16.23 (13.58-19.40) and 11.89 (9.93-14.23) ng/mL, respectively; (P=0.02), after adjusting baseline serum 25(OH)D with a geometric mean ratio of 1.36 (1.06-1.76). Two infants in sunlight group developed rickets. Conclusion: Oral vitamin D3 supplementation is more efficacious than sunlight in achieving vitamin D sufficiency in breastfed infants during the first 6 months of life due to better compliance.
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Aging is a Complex Physiological Process which involves remodeling of cellular components and processes, decline of functional reserve, adaptation of the body to these changes and finally senescence. An important concept in ageing physiology is Frailty which is a physiological, age-related condition characterized by a decrease in functional reserve across multiple organ systems. The phenotype of physical frailty has five components, that is, slowness, weakness, low physical activity level, unintentional weight loss and exhaustion It is crucial to mention “Inflammaging”, a term that signifies the development of an age-related inflammation in the body wherein there is an increase in acute phase reactants and pro-inflammatory cytokines contributing independently to the pathogenesis of frailty. Inflammaging has been proposed to be associated with frailty and many studies suggest the existence of a relationship between age-related Frailty and inflammatory Biomarkers. The aim of this review is to study the evolution of our understanding of the role of inflammatory markers in development of Frailty in the older population.
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To determine the prevalence of primary angle?closure disease (PACD) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods: This was a retrospective review of the electronic medical records of all RP patients over the age of 10 years attending the Genetics Eye Clinic of a tertiary?care hospital during a 7?year period. Information regarding age, gender, vision, refraction, lens, intraocular pressure (IOP), type of RP, and inheritance pattern using pedigree charts for all patients were obtained. Patients with a shallow anterior chamber, high IOP, or glaucomatous optic discs were referred to the glaucoma department where they underwent additional IOP measurements, a gonioscopy, and disc evaluation by a glaucoma specialist. The prevalence of PACD was determined. Results: A total of 618 RP patients were examined during the study period, of which 95.1% had typical RP. The prevalence of primary angle?closure suspects was 2.9%, primary angle closure was 0.65%, and primary angle?closure glaucoma (PACG) was 2.27%. In contrast, the prevalence of primary open?angle glaucoma was 1.29%. The prevalence of PACG in those older than 40 years was 3.8% (95% confidence interval: 1.6–6.0). Conclusion: The prevalence of PACG in RP patients over 40 years was higher than that found in the general population of a similar age (3.8% vs. 0.8%). In our cohort of RP patients, 5.9% had PACD. Hence, gonioscopy is warranted in all RP patients to identify this condition and treat it appropriately.
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Purpose: To study the efficacy of supplemental occlu?pad therapy with partial occlusion in children with refractive anisometropic amblyopia. Methods: Thirty?one children who did not improve after partial occlusion of 6 h for 6 months were supplemented with the use of occlu?pad for 1 h per day and three such sessions in a week. Results: The mean age was 6.8+/?1.4 years (range 5�years). A significant improvement of 3.2+/?1.3 lines in visual acuity was noticed at the end of 3 months of starting this supplemental therapy in children. Out of 31 children, 26 children improved at least 2 lines or more at the end of 3 months. All children (n = 9) having anisohyperopic amblyopia improved at the end of 3 months. Conclusion: Occlu?pad is useful in supplementing occlusion therapy in cases of refractive amblyopia and is more effective in anisohyperopic amblyopia
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Background: COVID-19 is a significant health crisis affecting the world and at its heart are the HCWs treating the patients. However, only a few studies in India have addressed the potential effect on the mental health of HCWs. Thus, we decided to find the prevalence of Perceived Stress, Depression, and Anxiety of the Paramedical (PHCW) and Medical (MHCW) Healthcare Workers doing Covid Duty and correlate it with the duty related parameters. Methodology: In a Tertiary Care Covid Hospital, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 203 HCWs (PHCWs & MHCWs) assessed socio-demographic & duty-related variables, stress by PSS, Depression by PHQ-9, and Anxiety by HAM-A after obtaining informed consent. Results: Amongst the 203 HCWs,75.3% have significant perceived stress. 34% have mild to severe depression which is 3-4 times more than the general population. 7.88% of HCWs have anxiety. PHCWs have significantly more anxiety (11.88%) as compared to MHCWs (3.92%) doing COVID duty. In duty related parameters, PHCWs working >=6 weeks have high stress (45.54%) and depression (24.75%) as compared to MHCWs. Despite doing duty in a stable ward, PHCWs have significantly high stress (39.60%) and depression (19.8%) as compared to MHCWs. MHCWs have significantly high Stress (48.03%) and depression (16.67%) while doing duty in both (ICU and ward) as compared to PHCWs. Conclusion: Both PHCWs and MHCWs have a high prevalence of perceived stress and depression, with a significant difference due to duty-related Parameters - long duration and place of duty.
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Background: The most common presentation of the fetus is malpresentation. These include breech, face, brow, shoulder and compound presentations. Malpresentations of fetus complicate labor in about 5% of pregnancies. To find out the incidence of malpresentation, to analyze etiological factors of malpresentation, to evaluate the maternal outcome in cases with a malpresentation.Methods: This prospective observational study was done in, Chengalpattu Government medical college and hospital. Study period from October 2018 to September 2019. Pregnancies with malpresentation presenting to the department of obstetrics and gynecology at CMCH were included in the study.Results: A total of 680 malpresentation were admitted in this period were included in this study. The incidence of malpresentation during the study period was 7.72%. The incidence of the breech was 4.38%, transverse lie 1.11%, face 0.28%, brow 0.05% and compound presentation 0.13%. The common causes were prematurity, multiple gestations, grand multiparty, IUGR, oligohydramnios, anomalies of uterus, polyhydramnios, contracted pelvis, placenta previa, hydrocephalus, prematurity was reported as the commonest cause of breech presentation and multiparty for transverse lie, face and brow presentations. The most common complication was obstructed labor 6.9% followed by post-partum hemorrhage 3.65%. There was no maternal death due to malpresentation during the period of study.Conclusions: Early diagnosis and timely management can prevent the complications of labor associated with a malpresentation. Delivery should be planned at centers which have expertise in conducting vaginal delivery in malpresentation with good intrapartum monitoring and with facilities for cesarean section for the better feto-maternal outcome.
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Background@#Adductor canal block (ACB) is one of the preferred methods of analgesia in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, conventionally its use is time-consuming, requires ultrasound guidance, a trained anaesthesia team and adherence to strict asepsis by members of the allied teams. This study was done to assess the feasibility and safety of direct adductor canal block (DACB) as a part of surgeon-administered periarticular infiltration. @*Materials and methods@#Thirty computed tomography (CT) angiography films of the patients were retrospectively reviewed. The trajectory of the needle placement for a DACB in relation to the target region of the adductor block was determined. Fourteen knees in seven cadavers, were dissected through a medial parapatellar approach to perform TKA. After administering the DACB using the technique based on CT data, dissection was carried out to ascertain the correct placement of the dye by visualising the stained areas. @*Results@#The angle of approach in the coronal plane from the entry point to the medial high point and to the adductor hiatus was 10.2° (8−14°) and 6° (3.8−11°), respectively. The angle of approach in the sagittal plane from the entry point to the medial high point and to the adductor hiatus was 7° (5−10.5°) and 29° (19−43°), respectively. In all the 14 cadaveric knees, we confirmed the correct placement of the methylene blue dye as demonstrated by the staining of the adductor canal. @*Conclusion@#The study demonstrates the feasibility of the DACB. This surgeon-driven technique is likely to reduce the cost of the procedure, reduce operating room time and also eliminate the risks of surgical-site contamination.
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Background@#Adductor canal block (ACB) is one of the preferred methods of analgesia in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, conventionally its use is time-consuming, requires ultrasound guidance, a trained anaesthesia team and adherence to strict asepsis by members of the allied teams. This study was done to assess the feasibility and safety of direct adductor canal block (DACB) as a part of surgeon-administered periarticular infiltration. @*Materials and methods@#Thirty computed tomography (CT) angiography films of the patients were retrospectively reviewed. The trajectory of the needle placement for a DACB in relation to the target region of the adductor block was determined. Fourteen knees in seven cadavers, were dissected through a medial parapatellar approach to perform TKA. After administering the DACB using the technique based on CT data, dissection was carried out to ascertain the correct placement of the dye by visualising the stained areas. @*Results@#The angle of approach in the coronal plane from the entry point to the medial high point and to the adductor hiatus was 10.2° (8−14°) and 6° (3.8−11°), respectively. The angle of approach in the sagittal plane from the entry point to the medial high point and to the adductor hiatus was 7° (5−10.5°) and 29° (19−43°), respectively. In all the 14 cadaveric knees, we confirmed the correct placement of the methylene blue dye as demonstrated by the staining of the adductor canal. @*Conclusion@#The study demonstrates the feasibility of the DACB. This surgeon-driven technique is likely to reduce the cost of the procedure, reduce operating room time and also eliminate the risks of surgical-site contamination.
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Abstract Background Nipple eczema is a less common presentation of atopic dermatitis. No studies in the literature have correlated nipple eczema in pregnancy as a manifestation of atopic dermatitis. Objective To evaluate whether nipple eczema presenting in pregnancy is a manifestation of atopic dermatitis. Methods This was a prospective observational study including 100 women who presented with nipple eczema for the first time during pregnancy. The exclusion criteria were any patient with previous history of nipple eczema, those already on oral or topical treatment for atopic dermatitis or nipple eczema, and other disorders mimicking eczema. Patients were divided into two groups ‒ nipple eczema with atopic dermatitis and without atopic dermatitis. Demographic data, clinical features, total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count, absolute eosinophil counts, and serum IgE levels were compared between the two groups to detect association between nipple eczema in pregnancy and atopic dermatitis. Results Out of 100 patients, 39 were diagnosed with atopic dermatitis, whereas 61 were ruled out to have any features suggestive of atopic dermatitis. There were no statistically significant differences in mean age, mean duration of symptoms, and serum IgE levels. In patients with atopic dermatitis, bilateral symptoms were noted more commonly than in patients without the disease, but this was statistically insignificant. Study limitations Lack of long term follow-up and no large studies in literature to compare results. Conclusion Nipple eczema in pregnancy follows a similar pattern as in other age groups. The clinical profile of patients is similar in cases with and without atopic dermatitis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Breast Diseases/pathology , Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology , Eczema/pathology , Nipples/pathology , Pregnancy Complications/pathology , Breast Diseases/diagnosis , Breast Diseases/blood , Immunoglobulin E/blood , Prospective Studies , Dermatitis, Atopic/diagnosis , Dermatitis, Atopic/blood , Eczema/diagnosis , Eczema/blood , India , Leukocyte Count , NeutrophilsABSTRACT
Background: Health insurance awareness and perception is most preliminary and people are getting familiar of it. Still the utilization of health insurance has not reached the rural areas due to lack of awareness among rural population. The present study was done with an aim of assessing individual’s awareness and perception of the health insurance.Methods: The study was a community based cross sectional study conducted for a period of 6 months among villages which is field practice area of a medical college in Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. 310 houses were interviewed. Line listing of the houses was done and data collected through semi structured questionnaire either from the head of the family or the family member who was available in the house. Data collected was statistically analyzed by SPSS version 21.Results: In this study, among 310 participants majority were females (62%), middle class (31%), nuclear family (83%). 51% were aware about health insurance, source of awareness was mostly from television (38.3%). 48% of study participants were aware of Chief Minister Health Scheme.Conclusions: Majority of the people who were aware about the Chief Minister Health Scheme were not aware about the complete benefits and details of the scheme, which emphasis on the need for creating more awareness about health insurance to avoid unpredictable health expenses in case of illness and injuries.