ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the effect of smoking on the post-operative nausea and vomiting [PONV] as well as severity of pain in the post-operative period
Methodology: A total of 147 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia were divided into 2 groups of non-smokers [n=75] and smokers [n=72]. In the first 24 hours after surgery the frequency of PONV and the severity of pain on Visual Analogue Score were assessed
Results: The group of non-smokers had statistically more nausea and vomiting [n=59, 78.6%] as compared to that of smokers [n=20, 27.7%] [p<0.05]. However there was no significant difference in the maximum pain scores in both the groups [p>0.05]
Conclusion: We conclude that frequency of PONV is less in smokers as compared to non-smokers
ABSTRACT
Post-operative nausea and vomiting is the most annoying and at the same time a dangerous side effect of general anaesthesia. Ondansetron is a routinely used anti emetic drug which is being administered by the trial and error principle. Though it did revolutionized the management of this condition but by and large failed to completely eliminate the problem. Recently an important factor possibly elucidating this failure is said to be the differing expression of genes controlling proteins that are involved in transport and receptors related to this drug. Quite surprisingly these transporter and receptor pathways have been found to be polymorphic and at the same time shown to be related to efficacy of the drug. The differentiation between those responding to treatment and those not responding may pave a way to individualize treatment for emesis to a greater extent. This review highlights the pharmacogenetics related to this commonly used anti-emetic drug in anaesthesia. It is visualized as a promising way to achieve the target of individualized therapy. It seems obvious that pharmacogenetics will become an important field of anaesthesia research in the future
ABSTRACT
The paper discusses the discourse of development communication which, ever since the end of World War II, has named certain nations developed and others underdeveloped. In the discourse as well as in practice, communication was co-opted as an instrument for development. These notions have evolved. But even today the idea that you can make people change their behavior to emulate Western developed countries still lingers in the mind of "development "agent. The paper advocates an approach in which true dialogue is itself part of the development process. In this view true dialogue is at once dialectical and dialogical giving their place to both mind and heart
ABSTRACT
The Attabad lake disaster took place on 4[th] January, 2010 in Northern Areas of Pakistan near China border when a massive landslide slid the Attabad village into the river Hunza. The debris blocked the water flow in the river and created a large barrier lake. The level of the water in the lake continued to increase at an alarming speed thus causing a great threat to the people of areas. There was a great need to establish communication links with the people of the area for rescue activities. To cope with the situation, Radio Pakistan set-up FM-93 Baltit Fort Hunza radio station on emergency basis. The study was carried out to evaluate the role of the community radio station that it played during the crisis situation. Survey method was used to collect the data. The population consisted of all the sixty-five thousand people affected by the crisis while sample size was two hundred subjects. The results showed that 85% subjects agreed with the supportive role of the radio station while 15% did not agree. Therefore, it was concluded that the community radio FM-93 Hunza played an effective role in addressing the issue
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Landslides , Disasters , Lakes , Rivers , CommunicationABSTRACT
The tremendous boost of new media technologies has given birth to the phenomenon of Citizen Journalism which has become an integral part of the modern-day societies. For people who formerly had no chance of being heard, citizen journalism is a great opportunity of participation for them. Moreover, the common people cannot only comment on stories, they are providing resources and information beyond the scope of the mainstream media. Especially in countries without a free press bloggers, photo and video journalists can give underrepresented and underprivileged segments of society a voice and add to the media diversity. They are making their ways through censorship and enable cross-border dialogue. As in Iran, as in Zimbabwe or in Kenya and even in Pakistan during the last elections, they have made a real difference. This paper presents an overall view of the citizen journalism [U] in the world and its effects on traditional media as well as on society at large. The paper also presents the situation of U in Pakistan. The paper concludes that the best quality news can be produced with the mutual cooperation of traditional journalism as well as citizen journalism