ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to map the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Iranian army units (IAUs) and to identify possible spatial clusters.METHODS: This ecological study investigated incident cases of CL between 2014 and 2017. CL data were extracted from the CL registry maintained by the deputy of health of AJA University of Medical Sciences. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of CL was computed with a Besag, York, and Mollié model. The purely spatial scan statistic was employed to detect the most likely high- and low-rate clusters and to obtain the observed-to-expected (O/E) ratio for each detected cluster. The statistical significance of the clusters was assessed using the log likelihood ratio (LLR) test and Monte Carlo hypothesis testing.RESULTS: A total of 1,144 new CL cases occurred in IAUs from 2014 to 2017, with an incidence rate of 260 per 100,000. Isfahan and Khuzestan Provinces were found to have more CL cases than expected in all studied years (SIR>1), while Kermanshah, Kerman, and Fars Provinces were observed to have been high-risk areas in only some years of the study period. The most significant CL cluster was in Kermanshah Province (O/E, 67.88; LLR, 1,200.62; p < 0.001), followed by clusters in Isfahan Province (O/E, 6.02; LLR, 513.24; p < 0.001) and Khuzestan Province (O/E, 2.35; LLR, 73.71; p < 0.001), while low-rate clusters were located in the northeast areas, including Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, Semnan, and Golestan Provinces (O/E, 0.03; LLR, 95.11; p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: This study identified high-risk areas for CL. These findings have public health implications and should be considered when planning control interventions among IAUs.
Subject(s)
Humans , Bayes Theorem , Incidence , Iran , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous , Military Personnel , Public Health , Spatial AnalysisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES@#This study aimed to map the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Iranian army units (IAUs) and to identify possible spatial clusters.@*METHODS@#This ecological study investigated incident cases of CL between 2014 and 2017. CL data were extracted from the CL registry maintained by the deputy of health of AJA University of Medical Sciences. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of CL was computed with a Besag, York, and Mollié model. The purely spatial scan statistic was employed to detect the most likely high- and low-rate clusters and to obtain the observed-to-expected (O/E) ratio for each detected cluster. The statistical significance of the clusters was assessed using the log likelihood ratio (LLR) test and Monte Carlo hypothesis testing.@*RESULTS@#A total of 1,144 new CL cases occurred in IAUs from 2014 to 2017, with an incidence rate of 260 per 100,000. Isfahan and Khuzestan Provinces were found to have more CL cases than expected in all studied years (SIR>1), while Kermanshah, Kerman, and Fars Provinces were observed to have been high-risk areas in only some years of the study period. The most significant CL cluster was in Kermanshah Province (O/E, 67.88; LLR, 1,200.62; p < 0.001), followed by clusters in Isfahan Province (O/E, 6.02; LLR, 513.24; p < 0.001) and Khuzestan Province (O/E, 2.35; LLR, 73.71; p < 0.001), while low-rate clusters were located in the northeast areas, including Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, Semnan, and Golestan Provinces (O/E, 0.03; LLR, 95.11; p < 0.001).@*CONCLUSIONS@#This study identified high-risk areas for CL. These findings have public health implications and should be considered when planning control interventions among IAUs.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to map the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Iranian army units (IAUs) and to identify possible spatial clusters. METHODS: This ecological study investigated incident cases of CL between 2014 and 2017. CL data were extracted from the CL registry maintained by the deputy of health of AJA University of Medical Sciences. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of CL was computed with a Besag, York, and Mollié model. The purely spatial scan statistic was employed to detect the most likely high- and low-rate clusters and to obtain the observed-to-expected (O/E) ratio for each detected cluster. The statistical significance of the clusters was assessed using the log likelihood ratio (LLR) test and Monte Carlo hypothesis testing. RESULTS: A total of 1,144 new CL cases occurred in IAUs from 2014 to 2017, with an incidence rate of 260 per 100,000. Isfahan and Khuzestan Provinces were found to have more CL cases than expected in all studied years (SIR>1), while Kermanshah, Kerman, and Fars Provinces were observed to have been high-risk areas in only some years of the study period. The most significant CL cluster was in Kermanshah Province (O/E, 67.88; LLR, 1,200.62; p < 0.001), followed by clusters in Isfahan Province (O/E, 6.02; LLR, 513.24; p < 0.001) and Khuzestan Province (O/E, 2.35; LLR, 73.71; p < 0.001), while low-rate clusters were located in the northeast areas, including Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, Semnan, and Golestan Provinces (O/E, 0.03; LLR, 95.11; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study identified high-risk areas for CL. These findings have public health implications and should be considered when planning control interventions among IAUs.
Subject(s)
Humans , Bayes Theorem , Incidence , Iran , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous , Military Personnel , Public Health , Spatial AnalysisABSTRACT
With developing new methods of animal husbandry and increasing the prevalence of diseases, using of antibiotics becomes common in assurance of growth and prevention of systemic diseases and mastitis in dairy herds. Ignorance or negligence of withdrawal time or using more antibiotics than prescribed, are two common causes of antibiotic residues. Due to the harmful effects of drug residues on human health, it is important to monitor their residues in foods. 56 pasteurized milk samples of different brands have gathered from Tehran retailers haphazardly. Screening test performed by Delvotest kit and the positive samples referred for HPLC test. The results of screening test showed the presence of different kinds of antibiotics in 33.93% of samples. HPLC determined that 26.3% of positive samples [8.93% of total samples] were contaminated by tetracyclines more than Maximum Residue Level/Limit [MRL] and other samples had other antibiotics. According to dairy per capita consumption of Iranians, these rates of contamination affect considerable part of population especially vulnerable groups like children, pregnant women, elderly and patients. This research shows the necessity of legislative and food inspecting organizations to control and minimize these kinds of contaminations. More research is recommended on other dairy foods
Subject(s)
Milk , Pasteurization , Tetracycline , Chromatography, High Pressure LiquidABSTRACT
To assess the epidemiologic features of shigellosis in Iranian military personnel of the Army. The data was gathered from archived reports of Iran's Army at AJA University of Medical Sciences. All military personnel with confirmed diagnosis of shigellosis reported by the Army physicians were included in the study. Data analysis was done by appropriate statistical functions using STATA software. In a 7-year period [2005-2011] the total number of cases was 1710 from 25 provinces of Iran. A large difference was found out in the incidence rates of different provinces. 69% of all cases were from the five provinces of Hormozgan, Khuzestan, Sistan-Baluchistan, Bushehr and Guilan. Although the majority [55%] of the cases had occurred in spring, the association between season and incidence rate was not significant [P = .08]. Among the three studied forces 45% of reported patients were from Navy. The overall occurrence of shigellosis has decreased among Iranian army personnel from 2005 to 2011, but the incidence is still high enough to be considered as a major problem. Army healthcare commanders are expected to improve necessary facilities, especially in the Navy and in endemic provinces, to decrease the transmission of this infection.
ABSTRACT
Salmonellas are responsible for more than 40 percent of foodborne diseases in the world. Today, rapid diagnostic methods are essential for detecting these organisms in food and water especially in crisis. The aim of this study was to assess the Bactaslyde media usability in detection of salmonella and compare it with standard culture method. In this laboratory study 20 samples of water and foods [pasteurized milk, water, raw Kabab and Raw Poultry Meat] were contaminated with salmonella standard strain [PTCC 1609] and then this salmonellas were detected by Bactaslyde culture media and standard culture method. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and speed of two methods compared with each other. This study showed that Bactaslyde culture pouch number 4 can detect Salmonella in all 20 contaminated samples of food and water. The detecting time was 15 hours and 55 minutes in compare with 93 hours for standard method. Sensitivity of the test was 100%, specificity 90%, positive predictive value 90.91%, negative predictive value, 100% and validity of the test was 95%. It was found that Bactaslyde culture method can detect Salmonella as a rapid test in all food and water samples and it can be recommended for using in crisis. More research with more samples and different foods is recommended.
Subject(s)
Water , Water Microbiology , Food , Food Microbiology , Culture MediaABSTRACT
Today, the consumers have more knowledge about the unwanted effects of synthetic antimicrobials in foods and they want food with more natural ingredients. There are many researches about antimicrobial effects of essential oils, but we did not found researches about Zatariamultiflora Bios on E.coli O157: H7 in minced beef. The aim of this study was to determinre the effect of Zatariamultiflora Bios essential oil on E.coli O157: H7 in minced. The antimicrobial effect of different concentrations of Zatariamultiflora Boiss essential oil at supplementation levels of [0, 0.005, 0.015, 0.03%] on E. coli O157: H7 was examined in minced beef. All of the above concentrations showed acceptable organoleptic properties in minced beef. Eo at 0.03% possessed a strong antibacterial activity against E.coli O157: H7 in minced beef. The correlation coefficient of different concentrations of Zatariamultiflora Boiss essential oil with logarithm of the numbers of E. coli O157: H7 was -0.701, -0.599 at 4 and 10°C respectively. It was found that effect of different concentrations of essential oil on growth rate of E. coli O157: H7 was statistically significant [p<0.01]. In this study, it was found that treatment of minced beef with different concentrations of essential oils showed an inhibitory activity against E. coli O157: H7 during storage at 4°C, but not at 10°C [p<0.01]. According to present study, storage at a proper refrigerated storage like 4°C is suggested. Zatariamultiflora Bioss essential oil can use as a natural preservative instead of chemical preservatives for meat products
ABSTRACT
Nanotechnology is a method of controlling materials in the atomic scale and can be used for producing new materials, products and instruments. One of the important usages of nanotechnology is the field of food science. With the nanotechnology, intelligent packaging with response to the environment, repairing itself or informing the customer from the contamination can be achieved. Nanofilms also can protect the foods from microorganisms. This survey has been done to evaluate the effects of nanofilms on the extension of sausages shelf life. 14 samples of cocktail sausages from a defined brand are selected haphazardly and divided into two groups [A] as control with 7 samples and B" as case with remained another 7 samples. Group [A] samples were in the original packaging, but the group [B] packed in nanofilms of Nanosilver coated on Titanium dioxide [TiO2]. All the samples [A and B] had put in an empty refrigerator. Every 3 days one of the samples from group [A] and one of the samples from group [B] is removed from the refrigerator and referred to the panelists for organoleptic and sensory evaluations. The results were recorded in a questionnaire. With the information from the questionnaires and SPSS analysis of parameters it could be said that: 40 percent of group "A" and 74.3 percent of group [B] were acceptable for the color parameter.42.9 percent of group [A] and 74.3 percent of group [B] were acceptable for the taste parameter.48.6 percent of group [A] and 80 percent of group [B] were acceptable for consistency parameter.45.7 percent of group [A] and 85.7 percent of group [B] were acceptable for visual inspection.40 percent of group [A] and 80 percent of group "B" were acceptable for the odor parameter. Analysis of results show that nanofilms can extend the shelf life of cocktail sausages and [B] samples in the nanofilms were acceptable and consumable for visual inspection and color even after expiry date, but the group [A] was unacceptable and inconsumable after expiry date because of notable changes in odor, color and visual inspection