ABSTRACT
Background: The delay in the diagnosis of AIDS results in higher treatment costs. Aim: To reveal the experiences of people who were diagnosed in the AIDS stage about the access to the ELISA test. Material and Methods: In depth interviews were carried out to 15 participants from public hospitals who were in the AIDS stage at the moment of the diagnosis. The main questions asked were about the motivations to take the test, the barriers found and the help received from the health care personnel. All interviews were recorded and analyzed according to Kripperdorff. Results: The three categories that emerged were the motivations to take the test, the facilitators found and the difficulties to access to the test. The main motivation was a condition of vulnerability due to the suspicion or certainty of being infected. The main facilitator was the sensation of being accepted and not discriminated. The main difficulties were the fear of having a positive test and of being discriminated and the lack of information. Conclusions: Knowing these experiences will help to improve the early detection of HIV infections.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Perception , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/psychology , AIDS Serodiagnosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/psychology , Risk-Taking , Chile , Qualitative Research , Early Diagnosis , Delayed Diagnosis , Social DiscriminationABSTRACT
Objetivo: Develar las barreras percibidas por los usuarios con serología desconocida para acceder al test de Elisa, para el diagnóstico de VIH a nivel de Atención Primaria de Salud. Material y método: Estudio cualitativo descriptivo exploratorio en el que se realizaron 30 entrevistas en profundidad a usuarios con serología desconocida para Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) de dos centros de salud, quienes solicitaron el examen por iniciativa propia. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas y transcritas textualmente, con previo consentimiento de los participantes. El análisis de contenido se realizó según Kripperdorff y se cumplieron los criterios de rigor según Guba y Lincoln. Resultados: Del análisis emergieron 3 dimensiones que corresponden a las barreras: Temor por la connotación negativa del examen del VIH, escasa información entregada por el personal de los centros y burocracia en el proceso de toma del examen del VIH. Conclusión: Las barreras percibidas por los usuarios aparecen desde sus propios temores y de aspectos administrativos de los centros de salud, dificultando el acceso voluntario a la toma del examen del VIH.
Objective: Reveal the perceived barriers by users with unknown serology to access the Elisa test for HIV diagnosis. Method: A qualitative and descriptive study was undertaken through 30 in depth interviews to patients with unknown HIV status of two primary health care centers, which ones had request the test by themselves. The interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim after gaining the consent of the participants. The content analysis was performed according to Kripperdorff and was ensured the rigor criterion according Guba and Lincoln. Results: Three dimensions were identified through content analysis that correspond to the barriers: Fear for negative connotation of HIV test, Limited information provided by the center staff and Bureaucracy in the process of taking the HIV test. Conclusion: The barriers perceived for the patients appears by their own fears and by administrative aspects of the health centers, making difficult the voluntary access to undertake the HIV screening test.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Primary Health Care , HIV , Health Services Accessibility , Perception , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Background: The success of educational interventions depends on the integration of educational programs into clinical practice. Aim: To determine the educational needs and perceived barriers of people living with HIV (PHIV) and their health care providers (HCP). Material and Methods: Qualitative study conducted in 60 PHIV and 10 HCP. For data collection, a semi-structured in-depth interview was applied, addressing the educational needs (content, methodology, person, time, physical location) and identified barriers to implement an educational program for PHIV Content analysis technique was used for data analysis. Results: PHIV and their HCP identified the same educational needs as the following: general-related content, psychological, sexual and secondary prevention aspects of the disease. Individual sessions with written material and web pages were identified as important resources to support education. Both PHIV and professionals expressed their willingness to participate in educational programs, but the most commonly identified barrier was lack of time. Conclusions: This study identifies the key elements to include in an educational program for Chilean PHIV from the user and professional perspective.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , HIV Infections/therapy , Health Education , Health Personnel , Needs Assessment , Patient Education as Topic/methods , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
Antecedentes: Se estima que entre 25-50 por ciento de las mujeres sufrirá de alguna alteración del piso pélvico durante su vida. La función sexual es un concepto complejo y multidimensional. Se ha planteado que a mayor sintomatología de alteraciones de piso pélvico, las mujeres presentan mayores inconvenientes en su respuesta sexual. Objetivo: Describir la función sexual de un grupo de mujeres que presentan algún tipo de trastorno de piso pélvico. Método: Estudio descriptivo a 195 mujeres con diagnóstico de alteraciones de piso pélvico utilizando un cuestionario que incluía evaluación de aspectos sociodemográficos y de la función sexual con instrumento PISQ-12. Para el análisis se utilizaron medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados: 73,7 por ciento de las mujeres refieren tener algún grado de insatisfacción con su vida sexual actual afectando principalmente el área del deseo sexual. Dentro de las limitaciones en la relación sexual reportadas se encuentran: orgasmos menos frecuentes (70,5 por ciento), dispareunia (89,5 por ciento), problemas de erección (40 por ciento) y eyaculación precoz (47,4 por ciento) en sus parejas. Conclusión: Las mujeres reportan niveles de insatisfacción con su vida sexual, disminución de su deseo sexual, dolor durante la relación sexual y disminución de la intensidad del orgasmo. Es importante incorporar en la atención de este grupo de mujeres una evaluación sistemática de la función sexual, centrándose no solo en la respuesta sexual femenina, sino que también identificando aquellas limitaciones de la mujer y de la pareja que pueden estar influyendo en su satisfacción sexual.
Background: It is estimated that between 25- 50 percent of women will suffer from a pelvic floor disorder during their lifetime. Sexual function is a complex and multidimensional concept. It has been suggested that to greater symptoms of pelvic floor disorders, women have major problems in sexual response. Objective: To describe the sexual function of a group of women with any pelvic floor disorder in a public hospital of Santiago, Chile. Method: A descriptive study of 195 women diagnosed with pelvic floor disorders using a questionnaire that included assessment of sociodemographic and sexual function instrument PISQ-12. For the analysis used measures of central tendency and dispersion. Results: 73.7 percent of referred women have some degree of dissatisfaction with their current sex life mainly affecting the area of sexual desire. Within the limitations in sexual intercourse reported are: less intense orgasms (70.5 percent), dyspareunia (89.5 percent), erectile dysfunction (40 percent) and premature ejaculation (47.4 percent) in their partners. Conclusion: Women report levels of dissatisfaction with their sex life, decreased sexual desire, pain during intercourse and decreased intensity of orgasm. It is important to incorporate in the care of these women a systematic assessment of sexual function focusing not only on the female sexual response, but also identifying those limitations of women and couples that may be influencing women's sexual satisfaction.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological/epidemiology , Uterine Prolapse/epidemiology , Chile , Surveys and Questionnaires , Pelvic Floor/physiopathology , Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological/psychology , Socioeconomic Factors , Uterine Prolapse/psychologyABSTRACT
Antecedentes: La ooforectomía bilateral, al momento de la histerectomía, es comprendida como una medida profiláctica para cáncer de ovario convirtiéndose en el órgano sano más frecuentemente extraído. La extracción profiláctica de ovarios alcanza una frecuencia del 40-55 por ciento de los casos de histerectomía. Se ha demostrado que las mujeres con histerectomía y ooforectomía muestran con mayor frecuencia deterioro de la función sexual que aquellas con sólo histerectomía. Objetivo: Comparar las características de la función sexual de un grupo de mujeres histerectomizadas, con y sin extracción de ovarios, a los 6 meses posteriores a la cirugía. Método: Estudio analítico, longitudinal, prospectivo en 67 mujeres: 35 histerectomizadas (GH) y 32 histerectomizadas con ooforectomía (GH-O). Para la recolección de los datos se aplicó un cuestionario al tercer día posterior a la cirugía, y repetido a los 6 meses para determinar las características de la función sexual. Resultados: Después del control de variables basales, se produce una diferencia significativa entre el GH-O y el GH en cuanto a prevalencia y frecuencia de dispareunia al sexto mes, frecuencia de orgasmo, frecuencia de relaciones sexuales y grado de excitación sexual. Conclusiones: La decisión de realizar una ooforectomía debe ser enfrentada con precaución en el caso de las mujeres con bajo riesgo de cáncer de ovario, considerando el riesgo individual de alteraciones sexuales, así como también, el riego inherente a la cirugía.
Background: Bilateral oophorectomy, practiced at the time of hysterectomy, is understood as a prophylactic measurement for ovarian cancer, becoming the most frequently extracted healthy organ. Prophylactic oophorectomy has been reported at a frequency of 40-55 percent cases of hysterectomy. It has been demonstrated that women show a decrease of the sexual function after hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy more frequently than the women with hysterectomy only. Aim: To compare the characteristics of the sexuality in a group of women with and without oophorectomy, at the time of surgery and at 6 months postoperative. Method: Analytical, longitudinal and prospective study of 67 women, 35 with hysterectomy (GH) and 32 hysterectomized and oophorectomized (GH-O). Two surveys, at the time of surgery and six months later were carried out to determine the sexual function. Results: A significant difference was found between the GH-O group and the GH group in prevalence and frequency of dispareunia, frequency of orgasm, frequency of intercourse, and sexual excitation. Conclusions: The decision for oophorectomy must be made with caution in the case of the women with low risk of ovarian cancer, considering the individual risk of sexual dysfunction as well as the risks inherent in the surgery.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Hysterectomy/methods , Ovariectomy , Sexuality , Libido , Logistic Models , Longitudinal Studies , Personal Satisfaction , Prospective Studies , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Antecedentes: Los beneficios del test de Papanicolaou (Pap) en reducir la mortalidad de cáncer cervicouterino han sido bien documentados a nivel mundial y nacional. Sin embargo, aún persisten mujeres que no se realizan el Pap rutinariamente. Objetivo: Conocer la percepción que tienen los profesionales de la salud en relación a las causas por las cuales las mujeres no se toman la prueba del Pap. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal, con una muestra de 59 profesionales del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Sur-Oriente de la ciudad de Santiago, provenientes de los tres niveles de atención del programa cáncer cervicouterino AUGE. Resultados: Promedio de edad de los profesionales fue de 39,2 +/- 10,3 años. El tiempo promedio en el cargo es de 7,7 +/- 7,4 años. Un 41 por ciento de los profesionales de la salud tienen la percepción que las mujeres tienen un conocimiento parcial sobre la importancia de realizarse el Pap, mientras que un 48,3 por ciento refiere que las mujeres no tienen conocimiento sobres las normas de control de Pap. Falta de conocimiento, miedo, dejación y la falta de tiempo por parte de las mujeres surgen como las principales razones que los profesionales atribuyen a que las mujeres no se realicen el Pap. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio pueden servir para diseñar y/o actualizar los contenidos educativos entregados a las mujeres con el propósito de aumentar el conocimiento y el nivel de conciencia sobre la importancia de la toma de esta prueba.
Background: Benefts of screening programs using Papanicolaou test (Pap test) reducing cervical cancer related mortality has been documented worldwide and at national level, in Chile. However, there are women who do not have a Pap test routinely. Objective: To know the perception of health care providers about the reasons why some women do not have a Pap smear. Method: Cross sectional study with a sample of 59 health care providers from the Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Sur-Oriente in Santiago, Chile; representing all the three different levels of care of the national health program called AUGE. Results: Health care providers were in average 39 +/- 10 years old, with an average of 7.7 +/- 7 years working in the health service. A 41 percent of the health care providers have the perception that women had a partial knowledge about the importance of having a Pap smear; while a 48.3 percent of them refer that women do not have knowledge related to the Pap. smear guidelines. Lack of knowledge, fear, neglect by women, and lack of time emerged as the principal reasons why women do not have a Pap smear based on health care provider's perception. Conclusions: The results from this research can help in designing and/or actualizing educative contents for women with the objective of increase the level of knowledge and the awareness about the importance in have a Pap smear.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Vaginal Smears/psychology , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Women/psychology , Health Personnel/psychology , Chile , Cross-Sectional Studies , Decision Making , Interviews as Topic , Uterine Cervical NeoplasmsABSTRACT
Antecedentes: La histerectomía es una de las cirugías más frecuente en el mundo entero. La principal patología causante es la miomatosis uterina. A pesar de lo común de la cirugía, existe déficit en torno a la educación otorgada a este grupo de mujeres. Objetivo: El objetivo de la presente revisión bibliográfica es describir los aspectos que deben ser considerados al momento de educar a la mujer histerectomizada, específicamente las características que debiera tener el profesional, los contenidos a abordar, la metodología a utilizar, el lugar y el momento más idóneo para desarrollar la educación. Conclusiones: Una educación centrada en las necesidades de las usuarias es una pieza clave en el cuidado de las mujeres histerectomizadas, e idealmente debiera ser entregada a través de un programa educativo establecido, con contenidos oportunos y atingentes a las reales necesidades de las mujeres y sus parejas. Es necesario que la educación sea dinámica y organizada para de esta forma poder realmente responder a las necesidades de la mujer y su pareja a lo largo del proceso quirúrgico.
Background: Hysterectomy is one of the most frequent surgeries in the world. Uterine fibroids are the principal cause of the surgery. Although the hysterectomy is a common procedure, there is a deficit related to the education that women receive. Objective: The objective of this literature review is to describe aspects that have to be considered at the time of providing an education to the histerectomized women. Specific aspects related to: characteristics that the professionals should have, contents to provide, methodology to use, place, and the most appropriate moment to develop the education. Conclusions: An education focused in women's care needs is an important piece of the care of the histerectomized women. Ideally this education has to be provided through an established program. This program has to give opportune contents related to the real women's needs and their partner's needs. The education has to be dynamic and organized in steps in order to respond to the women's and their partner's needs during the whole surgical process.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adaptation, Psychological , Hysterectomy/education , Hysterectomy/psychology , Popular Work , Professional Competence , Health Services Needs and Demand , SexualityABSTRACT
Background: The effects of hysterectomy on sexuality has been extensively studied. Aim: To establish a model to predict the quality of sexual life in hysterectomized women, six months after surgery. Material and Methods: Analytical, longitudinal and prospective study of 90 hysterectomized women aged 45±7 years. Two structured interviews at the time of surgery and six months later were carried out to determine the characteristics of sexuality and communication within the couple. Results: In the two interviews, communication and the quality of sexual life were described as "good" in 72 and 77 percent of women, respectively (NS). The variables that had a 40 percent influence on the quality of sexual life sixth months after surgery, were oophorectomy status, the presence of orgasm, the characteristics of communication and the basal sexuality with the couple. Conclusions: The sexuality of the hysterectomized women will depend, on a great extent, of pre-surgical variables. Therefore, it is important to consider these variables for the education of hysterectomized women.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Hysterectomy/psychology , Quality of Life , Sexual Behavior/psychology , Coitus/psychology , Hysterectomy/adverse effects , Interview, Psychological , Marital Status , Orgasm/physiology , Ovariectomy/psychology , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective Studies , Sexual Behavior/physiologyABSTRACT
Antecedentes: La histerectomía (HT) es una de las intervenciones más frecuentes en ginecología, por lo tanto resulta de relevancia evaluar lo que las mujeres desean para enfrentar este proceso. Objetivo: Conocer las necesidades educativas de un grupo de mujeres sometidas a histerectomía. Método: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, con una muestra de 120 usuarias. Se realizó una entrevista para conocer la educación recibida y la deseada, y así establecer la necesidad educativa de las mujeres. Resultados: El 100 por ciento de ellas señala que sus parejas no recibieron educación acerca de la HT. El 46,7 por ciento declara recibir la educación por parte del médico y el 80 por ciento desearía hubiese sido la matrona. El 45 por ciento recibe la educación al fijar la fecha de la cirugía y el 78 por ciento desearía haberla recibido antes de este momento. El 47 por ciento recibe la educación en el hospital y el 46 por ciento desea recibirla ahí. El 75 por ciento refiere recibir educación en forma verbal-individual y el 47,5 por ciento le hubiese gustado de manera audiovisual-individual. Se educa a más del 50 por ciento de las mujeres sólo en 3 tópicos de los 16 evaluados. Los principales temas en los cuales fueron educadas no coinciden con aquellos deseados por las mujeres. Conclusión: Se concluye que las necesidades de las mujeres no son satisfechas en su totalidad y se destaca la importancia del rol educativo por parte de los profesionales del área.
Subject(s)
Female , Adult , Humans , Data Collection , Hysterectomy/psychology , Patient Education as Topic , Cross-Sectional Studies , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Interviews as Topic , Needs Assessment , Patient Satisfaction , Professional-Patient RelationsABSTRACT
Estudio analítico longitudinal prospectivo, sobre características de la sexualidad de 104 mujeres histerectomizadas al tercer mes posterior a la cirugía, en un hospital de Santiago. La recolección de los datos se realizó a través de una entrevista. Para el análisis se utilizó T Student, Q de Cochrane y test de Kappa. El inicio de la vida sexual fue a los 46,3 ± 17,2 días promedio. Hubo diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de relaciones sexuales, presencia de orgasmo, prevalencia de incontinencia y dispareunia. No hubo diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de orgasmo, percepción de deseo sexual, grado de excitación y satisfacción sexual. El 58,46 por ciento de las mujeres que refieren cambios en su vida sexual, señalan que estos fueron positivos. Se concluye que la sexualidad al tercer mes posterior a la HT sería una etapa de transición entre la sexualidad basal y la sexualidad definitiva postoperatoria, por lo que se plantea la importancia de la educación durante el periodo de seguimiento de estas mujeres.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Sexual Behavior/physiology , Hysterectomy/psychology , Interviews as Topic , Libido , Longitudinal Studies , Personal Satisfaction , Prospective Studies , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Sexuality/physiology , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Background: Elderly people (>60 years) in Chile represented 11.4 percent (n=1.717.478) of the total population in 2002. The group with disabilities or mental problems is increasing and there is no reliable information about the number of institutionalized elderly subjects. Aim: To estimate the number of elderly people living in residences for long term care and their and main characteristics. Patients and methods: Chilean Census does not provide exact information about institutional care, therefore we developed a ©proxy¼ indicator of the percentage of institutionalized elderly (those living in ©collective residences with more than 5 elderly persons and in which they represent more than 25 percent of the residents¼. This proxy has a R2=0.9859 with the true value of institutionalized persons for those Latin-American countries with exact value in census data at CELADE. Results: Using the proxy we found that institutionalized elderly population had increased from 14,114 (1992) to 26,854 (2002) and is projected to reach 83,500 (2025). In 2002, there were 1.668 institutions (37.4 percent informal care). In the Metropolitan Area, there were 804 institutions (14.178 elderly persons) and 40.3 percent of these were registered at the Ministry of Health. The proportion of institutionalized elderly subjects was 1.56 percent of the total elderly population; this proportion increased from 0.87 percent in subjects 60-74 years old to 2.5 percent among subjects aged 75-84 years and 6.1 percent in subjects 85 years old and over. Among subjects living in institutions, 60.9 were women, 21 percent were married, 35 percent were single, approximately 50 percent receive a pension and around 15 percent were handicapped. Conclusions: Institutional care affects a small percentage of elderly population, but it will increase in the near future. The main characteristics of institutionalized elderly subjects are not well known. We propose to create a formal Registry of these institutions and to include Nursing Homes and hospitals in type of housing of future Censuses.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged/statistics & numerical data , Homes for the Aged/statistics & numerical data , Institutionalization/statistics & numerical data , Old Age Assistance , Chile/epidemiology , Health Services for the Aged/trendsABSTRACT
Estudio analítico longitudinal prospectivo, sobre características de sexualidad y su evolución a los 6 meses en 104 mujeres histerectomizadas de un hospital público de Santiago. La recolección de los datos fue a través de una entrevista. Para el análisis se utilizó t Student, Q de Cochrane y Kappa. El reinicio de la vida sexual fue en promedio a los 52,7 + 27 días posthisterectomía. No hubo diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de relaciones sexuales; presencia y frecuencia de orgasmo; percepción de deseo sexual y grado de excitación sexual. La prevalencia de incontinencia y dispareunia disminuyeron significativamente y la satisfacción sexual de la mujer mejoró a los seis meses. Se concluye que al igual que en estudios internacionales, la sexualidad de las mujeres no se afecta negativamente después de la histerectomía y se plantea la importancia de la educación sexual en estas mujeres.