ABSTRACT
Background: Recently, great advances in the quality of careregarding type 1 diabetes have been achieved. Despite of that,glycemic control remains suboptimal for many patients withtype 1 diabetes even in Western countries.Objectives: To identify rate and predictors of glycemic controlamong type 1 diabetic patients in Tabuk Region, Saudi Arabia.Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carriedout in Tabuk city, Saudi Arabia. All type 1 diabetic patientsattending the military hospital in Tabuk throughout the studyperiod (December, 2018-February, 2019) constituted the targetpopulation for the study. Data collection questionnairedeveloped by the researcher and validated by threeDiabetology consultants (face validity) was used. Glycosylatedhemoglobin (HBA1c) Levels above 8%, independent of agewas considered as poor control, and levels below or equal 8%were considered as acceptable control.Results: The study included 150 type 1 diabetic patients. Theirage ranged between 8 months and 27 years with amean±standard deviation of 15.44±4.73 years. The prevalenceof poor glycemic control among type 1 DM patients was 70.7%.Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed thatadmission to the hospital twice or more than twice wereassociated with higher risk of poor glycemic control (Adjustedodds ratio (AOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were2.19, 1.03-8.01 (p=0.046) and 3.02, 1.79-11.13 (p=0.009),respectively. With increase in age at diagnosis of type 1 DMby one year, there was a reduction in poor glycemic control by38% (AOR=0.62, 95% CI=0.54-0.71, p<0.001) while withincrease in the duration of diabetes by one year, the risk ofpoor glycemic control increased by 31% (AOR=1.31, 95%CI=1.09-1.98, p=0.001). Non availability of glucose test devicewas associated with almost 4-folds risk of poor glycemiccontrol (AOR=4.12, 95% CI=2.23-5.03, p=0.007). Conclusion:Majority of type 1 diabetic patients in Tabuk Region, KSA hadpoor glycemic control. Many factors were associated with poorcontrol, some of them are modifiable. Therefore, efforts mustbe done to overcome these factors.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Osteoporosis is a major health problem worldwide. In Asia, few studies have measured knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of osteoporosis. This study aimed to determine the KAP of osteoporosis, including the main factors influencing attitude towards osteoporosis, and the relationship between osteoporosis knowledge, attitude, and practices among adults in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study via a self-administrated KAP questionnaire was carried out among 232 respondents aged 21 to 50 years in Kuala Lumpur. Random sampling was applied to select five districts in Kuala Lumpur, while convenient sampling was used for recruitment of apparently healthy subjects from community and institutional settings. The data were analysed using Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-Square, Spearman Correlation and multiple logistic regression tests. Results: The findings indicate a moderate level of knowledge and attitude towards osteoporosis prevention with median scores of 51.6% and 68.6%, respectively. Osteoporosis knowledge varied significantly with gender, educational level and household income (p<0.05). Furthermore, attitude was significantly different in relation to educational level and household income. Based on the multiple logistic regression test, relatives and friends appeared to be the most significant factor influencing attitude (R=0.319, p<0.0001). Poor dietary and lifestyles practices were indicated, and a significant relationship was found between practice of weight-bearing activities and educational level (p<0.05). A significant correlation was found (Ï=0.348, p<0.0001) between knowledge and attitude, while no relationship was noted between knowledge and practice of weight-bearing activities or attitude and practice of weight-bearing activities. Conclusion: Knowledge played a significant role in affecting attitudes towards osteoporosis. However, understanding of osteoporosis is still at a moderate level. Friends and family were the most influential factor.
ABSTRACT
Background: Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive drug. Its mechanism of action is inhibition of T cells activation. Cyclosporine has toxic effects on many organs including spleen. Nigella sativa is an immunomodulatory agent. It increases lymphocyte population and also has promising anti-oxidative effects
Objective: Observe the toxicity of cyclosporine and evaluate the ameliorative effects of Nigella Sativa in spleen
Material and Methods: This study was conducted in Baqai Medical University from November 2016 to December 2016. Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group A was control, group B was given oral cyclosporine only and group C was given cyclosporine with Nigella sativa. At the end of study period animals were sacrificed and spleen was harvested
Results: Body weight of cyclosporine group B was decreased significantly [P<0.001] in comparison to control A and increased in Nigella sativa and cyclosporine group C. Absolute and relative spleen weights were also decreased in cyclosporine group B and increased in Nigella sativa and cyclosporine group C. Morphometric examination of splenic tissue showed thickened capsule, congested red pulp, reduced white pulp and hyalinosis and vacuolization in central artery in cyclosporine group B while these features were reduced in Nigella sativa and cyclosporine group C
Conclusion: Cyclosporine caused toxicity in spleen while Nigella sativa was helpful in ameliorated these effects