Hoja de ruta para la construcción de vivienda social en madera en Uruguay / Roadmap for the construction of social housing in wood in Uruguay

Existen dos factores que han posicionado a la madera como el material constructivo óptimo para el siglo XXI: productividad e impacto en el medio ambiente. Según datos entregados por la ONU1 , se espera un incremento exponencial de la población mundial de un 25% para los próximos 30 años, pasando de 7.700 millones de personas que habían en el 2020, a 9.700 millones para el año 2050, que en conjunto con el aumento de procesos de urbanización y de movimientos migratorios, se traducen en un incremento de la demanda de recursos, especialmente de vivienda, generando un déficit que deberá ser solucionado en un corto período de tiempo. Por otro lado, cada año se liberan en la atmósfera miles de millones de toneladas de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), que incrementan la temperatura global aportando negativamente a la crisis climática mundial que vivimos hoy. Para hacer frente estos desafíos mundiales de las próximas décadas es necesario que los países implementen iniciativas que busquen un desarrollo más sostenible. En este sentido, planes como los 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de las Naciones Unidas establecen metas claves que deben ser abordadas por todas las naciones para cumplir los objetivos mundiales para 2030, entre las que se encuentra la necesidad de vivienda, construidas con materiales de baja huella de carbono, para una población en crecimiento.

Content Validity and Test-Retest Reliability of the Gujarati Version of the Central Sensitization Inventory.

Background: Central sensitization (CS) is a state of heightened sensitivity of the central nervous system to both noxious and non-noxious stimuli. The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) is a sound screening tool to help clinicians to detect patients with CS. To date, no Gujarati version exists. Objectives: The aim of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the CSI into Gujarati, and to check content validity, face validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, agreement and minimum detectable change (MDC) of CSI-G in chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients. Methods: Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the original English version of the CSI-G was performed according to published guidelines. The content validity was ascertained by 23 healthcare professionals. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, agreement and MDC was determined on CLBP patients (n=31) with a time interval of 7-days. Results: The content validity and Face validity was found to be excellent. The internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach’s α=0.914) and MDC was found to be 5.092 points. The test-retest reliability showed very high correlation in CLBP patients (ICC = 0.971). Conclusion: The original CSI was translated into Gujarati and did not pose any problems during data acquisition. The CSI-G seems to be reliable instruments to measure CS in Gujarati patients with CLBP. [Bid D NJIRM 2016; 7(5):18-24]

Central Sensitization In Chronic Low Back Pain: A Narrative Review.

Objective: The aim of this narrative review is to examine the available literature related to central sensitization (CS) and altered central pain processing in chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients. Methodology: Literature was searched using many electronic databases. Additionally, reference list of most prominent articles were searched to increase the search accuracy, as much as possible. Studies which are evaluating the concept of CS in conservatively treated CLBP patients were included. Results: Results of studies evaluating the responsiveness to various types of stimuli in CLBP patients are contradictory. Some studies in CLBP patients have showed increased pain responses after sensory stimulation of body parts outside the painful region, when some other studies report no differences between patients and healthy controls. Studies evaluating the integrity of the endogenous pain inhibitory systems describe unchanged activity of this descending inhibitory system. Conversely, studies examining brain structure and function in connection with experimentally induced pain provide initial proof for changed central pain processing in CLBP patients. Also inappropriate beliefs about pain, depression and/or pain catastrophizing, may lead to the development of CS. Conclusion: Most of the literatures suggest that the CNS becomes centrally sensitized in a subgroup of patients with CLBP. However, the significance of this involvement is just starting to become clearer. This could be an active topic of future research. More studies are necessary for providing definite evidence for the clinical importance of CS.

Programa de fortalecimento da gestão da saúde no Estado de São Paulo: regulamento operacional do programa (BR-L1376) / Program of strengthen of the health management in the State of São Paulo: operating regulation of the program (BR-L1376)

O presente Regulamento Operacional do Programa (ROP) tem o propósito de estabelecer os termos, as condições e os procedimentos que regerão a preparação e execução dos projetos e atividades do Programa de Fortalecimento da Gestão da Saúde em São Paulo, parcialmente financiado com recursos do Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento (BID), por meio do Contrato de Empréstimo Nº 3051/OC-BR firmado entre esse Banco e o Governo do Estado de São Paulo .

Preliminary studies on CD36 gene in type 2 diabetic patients from north India.

Background & objectives: The greater tendency to diabetes in Indians may be due to genetic factors in addition to environment and diet. CD36, a class B scavenger cell surface receptor mediates internalization of oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) leading to the formation of macrophage foam cells. CD36 deficiency is related to phenotypic expression of the metabolic syndrome, frequently associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases resulting in raised levels of glucose thereby contributing to type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Therefore, the association of human CD36 gene mutation to T2DM needs investigation. We undertook this study to investigate CD36 gene status in north Indian subjects by screening for the deletion of exons 3, 4 and 5 and certain polymorphisms. Methods: Clinical characteristics were compared between 300 T2DM patients and 100 healthy controls. Deletion analysis was carried out for exons 3, 4 and 5 of CD36 gene in 300 T2DM patients using PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis. Genotype analysis for two polymorphisms 478C>T and delAC in exons 4 and 5 respectively was carried out using PCR-RFLP method. Results: Biochemical parameters such as fasting and post-prandial glucose levels, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and blood pressure were slightly raised in the T2DM patients when compared with controls with lowered HDL-cholesterol. No exonic deletion was observed in the 300 patients and 100 controls screened. All individuals were found to be homozygous (CC and -/-) for the two polymorphisms studied. Interpretation & conclusions: Although no exonic deletion was found in T2DM patients, our study suggests that all 15 exons need to be screened for mutations which lead to CD36 deficiency. Genotyping studies of the two SNPs in the CD36 gene confirmed the absence of exons 4 and 5 deletion. This is perhaps the first report from India suggesting that CD36 is one of the several important genes that need to be explored in relation to T2DM.

Quality of life after breast carcinoma surgery in women with operable breast cancer a comparison of three surgical procedures

Because breast conservative surgery [BCS], mastectomy alone, mastectomy with reconstruction is equally effective for treatment of early stage of breast carcinoma. Now choice of women focus on quality of life, psychosocial results and individual response following breast carcinoma surgery. The involved women in this study aged between 30:85 years [median 57.5] with newly diagnosed breast carcinoma who underwent BCS [n=25]. Mastectomy alone [n=15], Mastectomy with reconstruction [n=10]. The quality of life was assessed after diagnosis [baseline] and at 1,3,6,12,18 and 24 months after baseline by using mischel uncertainly in illness scale [MUIS], profile for mood states [POTIS] and functional assessment of cancer therapy for breast cancer [FACT-B] Women who underwent mastectomy with reconstruction had greater mood disturbance and poorer well being than women who had mastectomy alone, women who underwent BCS had more mood disturbances than women who had mastectomy alone. As regarding well being BCS and mastectomy did not differ significantly. With regard quality of life is not better in women with BCS or mastectomy with reconstruction than in women with mastectomy alone. Mastectomy with reconstruction is associated with greater mood disturbance and poorer well being

Vitamin D receptor (FokI, BsmI and TaqI) gene polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes mellitus : A North Indian study.

Background : The vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene is a candidate gene for susceptibility to several diseases. Studies on association between VDR polymorphisms and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in different ethnic populations are yet inconclusive. Aims : This study was conducted to evaluate association between VDR polymorphisms and genetic susceptibility to T2DM in the north Indian population. Settings and Design : One hundred clinically diagnosed T2DM patients and 160 healthy controls from the north Indian population were recruited for genetic association study. Materials and Methods : Genomic DNA was extracted from blood and genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphism SNPs of FokI (T/C) [rs2228570], BsmI (A/G) [rs1544410] and TaqI (C/T) [rs731236] by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Statistical Analysis Used : Genotype distribution and allelic frequencies were compared between patients and controls. Mean values and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using SPSS software (version 15.0). Results : The genotype distribution, allele and haplotype frequencies of VDR polymorphism did not differ significantly between patients and controls. Mean age and waist-hip ratio of patients were found to be associated with VDR polymorphism. Combination studies showed FFBbtt increased the risk of T2DM in north Indians. Conclusions : Our data suggest that VDR gene polymorphism in combination of genotypes is associated with the risk of T2DM and thus requires further studies as a probable genetic risk marker for T2DM.

Endocrinological cancers and the internet.

Endocrine cancers are some of the commonest forms of cancer getting mention as early as in old papyruses of Egypt. Our current knowledge about this cluster of cancer has grown immensely with improved survival rates. In the era of specialization and super specialization, we started peeking into these conditions more elaborately and beyond microscopically. The growing awareness demanded categorization of information into disease basics like molecular pathology of initiation and progression; advanced diagnostics; new therapeutic options; patient awareness and involvement in clinical trials. Recent advances in genomics and hereditary counseling have delineated pre-disease forecasting possibilities. With advanced diagnostics and therapeutic modalities, we saw an increase in cancer survivors demanding extra care and moral support. Throughout these developments, we went through a boost in global information communications, the main thrust being the Internet. Networking of computers globally generated a platform that created a ripple of knowledge far and wide. The purpose of this review is to investigate how the Internet is supporting the growth and development of the field of endocrine cancer, and present and future scope of the Internet as a tool for professionals involved in this area. The information furnished here were collected from cited references as well as all websites mentioned in the tables.

Association of IL-4 and IL-1RN (receptor antagonist) gene variants and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A study in the north Indian population.

Background: Inflammation is a key event closely associated with the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Association of genetic polymorphisms of inflammatory cytokines with T2DM is largely unknown. Our objective was to investigate the relationship of polymorphism of IL-1RN and IL-4, two important biomarkers of inflammation, with the risk of T2DM. Setting and Design: We recruited 120 clinically diagnosed T2DM patients and 150 normal healthy controls for this study in order to evaluate the nature of polymorphisms of IL-1RN and IL-4. Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was isolated from the blood of all subjects, and the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms of IL-1RN and IL-4 genes was identified by polymerase chain reaction. Statistical Analysis Used: Genotype distribution and allelic frequencies were compared between patients and control group. Means, as well as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were calculated using SPSS software (version 11.5). Results: Our study revealed that distribution of both IL-4 and IL-1RN (VNTR) gene polymorphisms were significantly associated with T2DM subjects. We, however, failed to find any association of gene-gene (IL-4 and IL-1RN) interaction with T2DM. Conclusions: Both IL-4 and IL-1RN (VNTR) gene polymorphisms were significantly associated with T2DM subjects. This may suggest that the genetic polymorphisms of IL-4 and IL-1RN genes could serve as susceptibility indicators for T2DM in the Indian population, but the actual mechanism of these associations will require more elaborate investigations. Lack of association of gene-gene (IL-4 and IL-1RN) interaction with T2DM may indicate the independent nature of influence of both these genes on the risk of T2DM.

E-endocrinology: An update.

Internet, from a long time, has opened up a myriad resource of knowledge and applications for academicians, researchers and clinicians alike in all health care professions across the globe. Basic endocrinologists are exploring through bench-top protocols to understand endocrine system and to design therapeutic interventions. Clinicians are required to continuously look for new developments relating to investigation, diagnosis and therapeutic options in their everyday practice for better quality of life of patients. All these require managing a large body of information. Now, these innovative technologies have opened up newer avenues for endocrinologists. As internet is serving the backbone for modern technologies, it is of utmost necessity to use and refine internet applications for future endocrinologists. Increasingly, easy access to internet has dramatically reduced barriers in sharing information among basic and clinical endocrinologists. Considering the growing scope for endocrinologists in the use of internet, it is necessary to understand internet as a source of information and backbone of modern applications. This review illustrates the expanding roles of the internet for endocrinologists and provides a ready-to-use compilation of useful academic, research, clinical resources, and is expected to introduce, stimulate and guide endocrinologists into the realm of WWW.

Ethnicity greatly influences the interleukin-1 gene cluster(IL-1b promoter, exon-5 and IL-1Ra) polymorphisms: a pilot study of a north Indian population.

There is considerable evidence that polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of cytokine genes are highly influenced by ethnicity. Polymorphisms in interleukin 1-beta (IL-1beta) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) genes, respectively encoding a potent inflammatory agent and an antagonist, which combines with IL-1 receptors competitively, have been associated with a number of diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, kidney diseases, and cancer. In this study, we therefore evaluated the distribution of interleukin-1 gene cluster (IL-1beta promoter region, exon-5 and IL-1Ra) gene polymorphisms in 206 healthy north Indian subjects, using PCR-based restriction analysis. We also constructed various haplotypes and estimated the linkage disequilibrium (LD). We found that genotype and allelic frequencies for these cytokines were conspicuously different when compared among different ethnic populations. The haplotype 'T-E1-1' predominated (41.7%) while the least common was 'C-E2-2' (2%) in our population. Genetic linkage between three loci of IL-1 gene showed strong association among the variants in controls (D'=0.42, p<0.001). Our results suggest that the frequency and distribution of the polymorphisms in India are substantially different from other populations and ethnic groups. Thus they signify an impact of ethnicity and provide a basis for future epidemiological and clinical studies.

Vitamin-D receptor (VDR) gene (Fok-I, Taq-I and Apa-I) polymorphisms in healthy individuals from north Indian population.

The vitamin-D endocrine system is involved in a wide variety of biological processes including bone metabolism, modulation of immune responses, and regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. Variation in this endocrine system have, thus, been linked to several common diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA), diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular ailments, urolithiasis and tuberculosis. Activity of Vit-D is mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand dependent receptor. VDR gene polymorphisms thus represent strong positional candidates for different diseases like prostate cancer, urolithiasis, inflammatory bowl disease and osteoporosis. Genetic studies provide excellent opportunities to link molecular insights with epidemiological data and can reveal modest and subtle but true biological effects. The abundance of polymorphisms in the human genome as well as high frequencies in human populations have made them targets to explain variation in risk of common diseases. The present study was carried out to determine the distribution of VDR gene (Fok-I, Taq-I and Apa-I) polymorphisms using a PCR-based restriction analysis in unrelated normal healthy individuals from a north Indian population. We obtained allelic frequencies of (68.5% vs 31.5%), (66% vs 34%) and (58% vs 42%) for (F vs f), (T vs t) and (A vs a) alleles, with 44%, 49% and 7%, respectively, for genotypes FF, Ff and ff , 49%, 40% and 11% for TT, Tt and tt and 36%, 44% and 20% for AA, Aa and aa. Our results suggest that the frequency and distribution of the polymorphisms in India are substantially different from in other populations and ethnic groups. Thus the data signify an impact of ethnicity and provide a basis for future epidemiological and clinical studies.

Twenty three years re-evaluation of fluoride contents in drinking water allover Egypt

After 23 years, tony nine samples of water were taken from the Capitals of 25 govcrnoratcs of Egypl from Up WAVCV and also original source by similar method that of Eid and analyzed also by ion selective electrode. In the present study, great change have occurred in the fluoride concentrations in niosi of the water samples which had nearly before the same fltionde concentrations [where the average of their fluoride contents has increased from 0.365 to 0.458 ppm i.e., about 25.7%. The highest increase in the percentage of fluoride concentrations in drinking tap water was observed in Suez Canal cites and Alexandria [their average has raised from 0.369 to 0.595 ppm i.e.. about 61.2%]. In the other governorates, the fluoride concentrations in drinking water have increased nearly from the south to the north excluding the rural areas. In upper Egypt, fluoride concentrations increased from 8.3% and 8.8% in Aswan and Kena to 13% in Fayoum. Cairo [Manial] and Giza showed also about 13% increase. Then come after the south Delta cities [13-14%']. The percentage then increased nearly steadily as we go the north to reach aboput 43%- in Damyetta. The least increase in fluoride concentrations in drinking tap water was observed in Wacli Al Gadid [4.5%:] and Mersa Matrooh [2.3%]

Assessment of the application of tanaka and johnston prediction method in egyptian and jordanian populations

This study was carried out to assess the applicability of Tanaka and Johnston prediction method in predicting the mesioclistal width of unerupted canines and premolars in two samples taken from Egyptians and Jordanians. The Egyptian sample consisted of 90 school children [44 boys and 46 girls], and the Jordanian sample consisted of 85 school children [42 boys and 43 girls], with an age range of 13 - 16 years for both samples. Measurements of the teeth widths were carried out using a special computer soft ware program. Such Measurements were found to be highly reproducible and very close to the manual measurements. Descriptive statistics on the mesiodistal crown diameters of all the permanent teeth mesial to the second permanent molars for both Egyptians and Jordanians were made. In the same population, males manifested larger teeth than females. Also in general, teeth widths of Egyptian males and females were larger than those of the Jordanians. Moreover, the sum of maxillary canine and premolars and the sum of the mandibular canine and premolars were significantly larger in Egyptians. On testing the applicability of Tanaka and Johnston's equations in Egyptians and Jordanians, it was found that on comparing the predicted mesiodistal widths of the canines and premolars of the Egyptians and Jordanians obtained from Tanaka and Johnston method with those of the actual widths, highly significant differences were obtained except for those of the preu.cted maxillary canine and premolars of the Egyptians. So new equations based on Egyptian and Jordanian data were developed. Our developed equations were found to be more accurate and applicable in Egyptians and Jordanians than those of Tanaka and Johnston method

Karyotype and biotyping of candida albicans isolated from oral infection

The morphology of dilleivnt Candida a hi cans strains isolated from 25 symptomatic cases suffering from oral candidosis and from 25 asymptomatic cases were studied. During infection of sypmtomalic patients, the Candida.albicans cells did not maintain their yeast morphology hut gave rise lo hyphal filaments and germ tube formation as well as protease production. Candida albicans isolates taken from the asypmtomatic patients were found to have inability of protease production and germ tube formation. Candida alhicans cells forming germ tube demonstrated the highest percentage of adherence to epithelial cells. DNA figerprinling and eleclrophoretjc karyotype analysis of Candida albicans strains of different morphology and pathology proved to have same DNA hands pattern of fingerprint. The results suggest that prolcase production, germ tube formation and adherence to epithelial cells play an important role in virulence of Candida alhicans

Effect of dental health education of parents on the success of the comprehensive dental treatment of their children under general anesthesia

This work was conducted to study the effect of parental dental health education on the success of restorations performed for children suffering from early childhood caries under general an-esthesia. Sixty four young dental patients, free from any systemic disease or condition, between 3 and 6 years of age to whom complete oral rehabilitation under general anesthesia were indicated, were included in this study. The children were treated by highly qualified staff members of the ped-odontic department, Cairo University. All treatment modalities were performed, except prosthetics, and recorded in their treatment sheets. Thirty three the children's parents were given dental health education sessions while their children being treated, or during the follow-up periods later on, and diet history record sheets were also provided [experimental group]. Another group of 31 control parents were included who were given the printed post treatment instruction sheets of the department. Follow-up for all cases were done 2 weeks, 3 months, 6months and 1 year. The results of the present study showed that out of 624 carious primary teeth, only 67 of them were extracted [10.74%] and 557 [89.26%] were restored either by amalgam [49.04%], composite [38.94%] or by stainless steel crowns [1.28%]. It was also found that out of the 557 restored teeth, pulpotomy was performed in 1 304 [54.58%], pulpectomy was done in 92 teeth [16.52], whereas 161 [28.90%] were restored without pulp treatment. The children of both groups manifested nearly similar proportions of such treatments. Deteriorations in the restorations performed and the development of new carious cavities were clearly observed after 1 years. In general, children of the control group manifested double to triple the failure noticed in the experimental group both in amalgam or comnposite restorations or even in the appearance of new carious lesions. No failures had occurred in the teeth restored by stainless steel crown. In general, deteriorations in composite restorations were considerably higher than that of amalgam in the same group