ABSTRACT
Background: The use of drugs and occurrence of its ADRs go hand in hand. Spontaneous reporting of ADRs is an effective method and needs to be encouraged. Objective: The study was planned to know the perception of interns towards pharmacovigilance and to make them aware of the importance of ADR reporting. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional observational questionnaire based study conducted on 100 interns to gather information about the knowledge of Pharmacovigilance, attitude towards reporting and factors in practice which could act as a deterrent to the reporting of ADRs. Results: Out of the 100 interns, 90 responded. 50 % participants knew the purpose of PV. 67% agreed that it should be mandatory. 59% and 67% said that medical students and nurses have a role to play in PV. Half of the interns had seen an ADR, only 42% knew how and where to report. Very few (9%) were aware of what happens to the information submitted by them. Conclusion: There is a huge gap between knowledge of ADR reporting and pharmacovigilance and the practical reporting of ADRs. Our health care providers need to be well equipped to detect, manage, report ADRs. For this, educational intervention, regular training programmes are the need of the hour to create awareness and take care of the factors responsible for under reporting. Pharmacovigilance programme needs to be strengthened by increasing the rate of ADR reporting by active participation of health care providers.
ABSTRACT
Only sporadic reports of failure of post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies exist in the published literature. We are reporting such a case in a 3-year-old boy. The child had Category III dog bite on his right thigh. He presented with progressive ascending paralysis, finally developing quadriplegia and respiratory paralysis. Typical hydrophobia and aerophobia were absent. He received four doses of antirabies cell culture vaccine. He did not receive antirabies immunoglobulin. The boy succumbed on the 23 rd day of the dog bite. Diagnosis of rabies was confirmed in the laboratory by demonstration of Negri bodies, direct fluorescent antibody test and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction either on impression smear of brain or a piece of brain taken during autopsy.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bites and Stings/complications , Child, Preschool , Dogs , Fatal Outcome , Hippocampus/pathology , Histocytochemistry , Humans , Immunotherapy/methods , Male , Microscopy , Post-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods , Rabies/diagnosis , Rabies/pathology , Rabies/therapy , Rabies Vaccines/administration & dosageABSTRACT
A total of 286 strains of Vibro Cholerae were isolated and tested over a period of five years. The strains were identified by standard methods and confirmed by slide agglutination tests with polyvalent, Ogawa and Inaba antisera. The non-agglutinating strains were tested with O-139 antisera. The maximum number of cases were found in the age group of 0-10 years. The number of females affected was more than the males. V. cholerae O-139 was isolated in the year 1998 and then again in 2000. V. cholerae serotype Inaba was found only in the year 1999. All of the other isolates belonged to the serotype Ogawa. The periodic shift between O1 and O-139 serogoups is reminiscent of the shifts from the Ogawa to the Inaba serotypes periodically witnessed among V. cholerae, possibly mediated by the immune pressure in the population.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Cholera/epidemiology , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Seasons , Sex Factors , Vibrio cholerae/classificationABSTRACT
Seven hundred and eighty three isolates of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from pus (586), blood (78), sputum (25), urine (23), cerebrospinal fluid (23) and various other body fluids (48) were subjected to in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing by modified Kirby-Bauer method. Almost all the isolates were resistant to penicillin (99.62 per cent) and ampicillin (99.62 per cent). Resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline and cotrimoxazole was observed in 88.5, 87.62, and 80.85 per cent isolates respectively. Resistance to gentamicin was 68.32 per cent. Resistance to most of the commonly used antimicrobial agents indicates a need to replace these drugs with other agents and maintenance of surveillance to detect changing patterns of resistance.
Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Microbial , Humans , Prevalence , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effectsABSTRACT
A study was undertaken to ascertain the spectrum of causative agents responsible for UTI and to detect the magnitude of anti microbial resistance in aetiological agents. Klebsiella species caused urinary tract infection in maximum number of cases (124, 37.35%) followed by Escherichia coli (114, 34.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 32 (9.64%) and Staphylococcus aureus 23 (6.93%). Other organisms caused urinary tract infection in 39 (11.75%) cases. Resistance to gentamicin was observed in 83% S. aureus, 84.7% Klebsiella species, 78.1% Escherichia coli, 71.9% Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 94.8% of remaining isolates. A large number of isolates (> 90%) were resistant to ampicillin, Cotrimoxazole erythromycin, and chloramphenicol. All the isolates of S.aureus were resistant to penicillin. This observations indicate extremely high degree of resistance in urinary pathogen and warrant change in antibiotic usage as well as formulation of policy for rational use of antibiotics.