ABSTRACT
Objetivos: determinar prevalencia actividades de prevención por médicos y pacientes. Identificar factores de riesgo: pie, metabólicos, alimentarios y estado nutricional. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal octubre 2009-junio 2011, pacientes hospitalizados con diabetes mellitus, mayores de edad; aprobación comité ética. Encuesta médica, evaluación nutricional,medición A1c y lípidos, educación mediante cartilla autocuidado. Análisis descriptivo: variables cuantitativas y cualitativas, coeficientes correlación de Pearson; programas Excel 2007 y SPSS-versión-15.0. Resultados: pacientes encuestados 263; hombres 44.1% y mujeres 55.9%; edad promedio63.6±13.3; tiempo diagnóstico diabetes 11.4 ± 8.5 años. Escolaridad primaria 58.9%, estrato socioeconómico 1-2 (71.3%). Antecedente: úlceras 14.8%, amputación 1.9%, disestesias 49.8%, claudicación intermitente 22.7%, examen pies por médico 42.9%. Actividades prevención por médicos son precarias porque no: educan 59.5% sobre autocuidado pie, examinan pies 57.1%, preguntan sobre: disestesias 68.3%, claudicación intermitente 74.8%. Autocuidado pacientes diario inadecuado porque, no revisan: pies 27.4%, interior calzado 28.1%; no realizan: secado interdigital 8%, lubricación pies 58.8%; sin automonitoreo 63.2%; corte inadecuado uñas 68.1%; no usan: medias 21.7%, calzado terapéutico 98.5%; sin colaboración familiar 55.1%. Descontrol metabólico: A1c 9.6% ± 2.7; c-LDL 99.1 mg% ± 31.3; triglicéridos: 171.9 mg% ± 97.9. Sin consejería por nutricionista 39.4%; con preobesidad-obesidad 58.9%. Correlación: IMC y cintura punto medio (r=0.750, p=0.000); IMC y porcentaje grasa corporal (r=0.586,p=0.000). Hábitos alimentación: preferencia alimentos fritos 42.3%; bajo consumo: proteína animal (12.7%), lácteos (31.8%), frutas (64.7%) y verduras (57.9%); alto consumo almidones (43.4%). Conclusiones: las actividades de prevención por médicos y pacientes son deficientes. Se evidenciaron factores de riesgo para diabetes mellitus y pie diabético: hiperlipidemia, hiperglucemia, obesidad y hábitos alimentarios inadecuados.
Objectives: to determine prevalence and prevention activities by physicians and patients. Identify risk factors: foot, metabolic, dietary and nutritional status. Methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional study, from October 2009 to June 2011 in adult patients hospitalized with diabetes mellitus. Ethics Committee approval. Medical questionnaire, nutritional assessment, measurement A1c and lipids, education through self care booklet. Descriptive analysis: quantitative and qualitative variables, Pearson correlation coefficients; Excel 2007 and SPSS version-15.0 programs. Results: 263 patients were surveyed; 44.1% men and 55.9% women; mean age 63.6 ± 13.3; time of diabetes diagnosis 11.4 ± 8.5 years. 58.9% had primary schooling, socioeconomic status 1-2 (71.3%). Clinical antecedents: ulcers 14.8%, 1.9% amputation, dysesthesias 49.8%, 22.7% intermittent claudication, foot exam by physician 42.9%. Prevention activities by doctors are precarious because 59.5% do not educate about foot self-care, 57.1% examine feet, 68.3% ask about dysesthesias, 74.8% about intermittent claudication. Inadequate daily feet self-care by patients because they don`t inspect their feet 27.4% or the inner shoes 28.1%; 8% do not make interdigital drying; 58.8% do not lubricate their feet; 63.2% make no self-monitoring; 68.1% have inadequate nail cutting; 21.7% do not use stockings, 98.5% do not have therapeutic footwear; 55.1% have no family collaboration. Metabolic dyscontrol: A1c 9.6 ± 2.7%; LDL-C 99.1% ± 31.3 mg; triglycerides: 171.9 ± 97.9 mg%. 39.4% do not have nutritionist counseling; 58.9% present pre-obesity-obesity. Correlation: BMI and waist midpoint circumference (r = 0.750, p = 0.000); BMI and body fat percentage (r = 0.586, p = 0.000). Eating habits: fried food preference 42.3%; Low consumption: animal protein (12.7%), dairy (31.8%), fruits (64.7%) and vegetables (57.9%); high starch consumption (43.4%). Conclusions: prevention efforts by doctors and patients are deficient. Risk factors for diabetes mellitus and diabetic foot observed were: hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, obesity and inadequate eating habits.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged, 80 and over , Diabetes Mellitus/prevention & control , Risk Factors , Diabetic Foot , Education , Nutritional SciencesABSTRACT
Antecedentes. La diabetes mellitus causa gran morbimortalidad, su aparición se asocia con estilos de vida. Objetivo. Determinar factores de riesgo relacionados con alimentación y estado nutricional, medir variables metabólicas y brindar educación alimentaria a pacientes con diabetes mellitus hospitalizados en medicina interna segundo nivel. Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, transversal, octubre 2009-junio 2011, 221 pacientes con diabetes mellitus, mayores de 18 años. Se aplicó encuesta, consejería alimentaria y nutricional, valoración de antropometría, dinamometría y evaluación de hábitos alimentarios, laboratorios HbA1c y perfil lipídico. Resultados. 44,1% hombres, 55,9% mujeres; edad promedio 63,6, DE, 13,3; 39.4% no había recibido consejería por nutricionista. Antropometría-dinamometría: 58,9% presentaba malnutrición por exceso (preobesidad y obesidad). Correlación significativa: IMC y cintura punto medio (r=0,750, p=0,000); IMC y grasa corporal (r=0,586, p=0.000); cintura punto medio y grasa corporal (r=0,334, p=0,000); CMB y fuerza muscular (r=0,246, p=0.000). Hábitos alimentarios: 42,3% prefería alimentos fritos; bajo consumo de proteína de origen animal (12,7%), lácteos (31,8%), frutas (64,7%) y verduras (57,9%); alto consumo de almidones (43,4%); el 35,3% adicionaba azúcar, panela o miel; 18,8% utilizaba salero. A cada paciente se entregó y explicó una cartilla educativa. Conclusión. Predominio de preobesidad y obesidad, asociadas con hábitos alimentarios que pueden ocasionar complicaciones de diabetes mellitus.
Background. Diabetes mellitus causes large-scale morbimortality; its appearance is associated with a particular individual's life-style. Objective. Determining the risk factors related to feeding habits and nutritional state, measuring metabolic variables and providing nutrition education for patients suffering diabetes mellitus who have been hospitalised in second level internal medicine facilities. Materials and methods. This was a descriptive, crosssectional study which took place from October 2009 to June 2011; 221 patients aged older than 18 years suffering from diabetes mellitus were included. A survey was applied, food and nutrition counselling given, anthropometry, dynamometry and dietary habits assessed, HbA1c laboratory tests made and lipid profile constructed. Results. 44.1% were males and 55.9% female; average age was 63.6 (13.3 SD). 39.4% had not received counselling from a nutritionist. Anthropometrydynamometry: 58.9% suffered malnutrition due to excess (pre-obesity and obesity). Significant correlation: BMI and waist circumference midpoint (r=0.750, p=0.000); BMI and body fat (r=0.586, p=0.000); waist circumference midpoint and body fat (r=0.334, p=0.000); mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) and muscular strength (r=0.246, p=0.000). Eating habits: 42.3% preferred fried food; low animal protein consumption (12.7%), dairy products (31.8%), fruit (64.7%) and vegetables (57.9%); high starch consumption d (43.4%); 35.3% added sugar, cane sugar (panela) or honey; 18.8% added salt. Each patient was given an educational booklet which was explained to them. Conclusion. Pre-obesity and obesity predominated; they were associated with eating habits which could cause complications regarding diabetes mellitus.