Ononis spinosa alleviated capsaicin-induced mechanical allodynia in a rat model through transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 modulation

Background@#Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a non-selective cation channel implicated in pain sensation in response to heat, protons, and capsaicin (CAPS). It is well established that TRPV1 is involved in mechanical allodynia. This study investigates the effect of Ononis spinosa (Fabaceae) in CAPS-induced mechanical allodynia and its mechanism of action. @*Methods@#Mechanical allodynia was induced by the intraplantar (ipl) injection of 40 µg CAPS into the left hind paw of male Wistar rats. Animals received an ipl injection of 100 µg O. spinosa methanolic leaf extract or 2.5% diclofenac sodium 20 minutes before CAPS injection. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) was measured using von Frey filament 30, 90, and 150 minutes after CAPS injection. A molecular docking tool, AutoDock 4.2, was used to study the binding energies and intermolecular interactions between O. spinosa constituents and TRPV1 receptor. @*Results@#The ipsilateral ipl injection of O. spinosa before CAPS injection increased PWT in rats at all time points. O. spinosa decreased mechanical allodynia by 5.35-fold compared to a 3.59-fold decrease produced by diclofenac sodium. The ipsilateral pretreatment with TRPV1 antagonist (300 µg 4-[3-Chloro-2-pyridinyl]-N-[4-[1,1-dimethylethyl] phenyl]-1-piperazinecarboxamide [BCTC]) as well as the β2-adrenoreceptor antagonist (150 µg butoxamine) attenuated the action of O. spinosa. Depending on molecular docking results, the activity of the extract could be attributed to the bindings of campesterol, stigmasterol, and ononin compounds to TRPV1. @*Conclusions@#O. spinosa alleviated CAPS-induced mechanical allodynia through 2 mechanisms: the direct modulation of TRPV1 and the involvement of β2 adrenoreceptor signaling.

Ononis spinosa alleviated capsaicin-induced mechanical allodynia in a rat model through transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 modulation

Background@#Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a non-selective cation channel implicated in pain sensation in response to heat, protons, and capsaicin (CAPS). It is well established that TRPV1 is involved in mechanical allodynia. This study investigates the effect of Ononis spinosa (Fabaceae) in CAPS-induced mechanical allodynia and its mechanism of action. @*Methods@#Mechanical allodynia was induced by the intraplantar (ipl) injection of 40 µg CAPS into the left hind paw of male Wistar rats. Animals received an ipl injection of 100 µg O. spinosa methanolic leaf extract or 2.5% diclofenac sodium 20 minutes before CAPS injection. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) was measured using von Frey filament 30, 90, and 150 minutes after CAPS injection. A molecular docking tool, AutoDock 4.2, was used to study the binding energies and intermolecular interactions between O. spinosa constituents and TRPV1 receptor. @*Results@#The ipsilateral ipl injection of O. spinosa before CAPS injection increased PWT in rats at all time points. O. spinosa decreased mechanical allodynia by 5.35-fold compared to a 3.59-fold decrease produced by diclofenac sodium. The ipsilateral pretreatment with TRPV1 antagonist (300 µg 4-[3-Chloro-2-pyridinyl]-N-[4-[1,1-dimethylethyl] phenyl]-1-piperazinecarboxamide [BCTC]) as well as the β2-adrenoreceptor antagonist (150 µg butoxamine) attenuated the action of O. spinosa. Depending on molecular docking results, the activity of the extract could be attributed to the bindings of campesterol, stigmasterol, and ononin compounds to TRPV1. @*Conclusions@#O. spinosa alleviated CAPS-induced mechanical allodynia through 2 mechanisms: the direct modulation of TRPV1 and the involvement of β2 adrenoreceptor signaling.

Waist Circumference in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetics

Body mass index [BMI] is often used to reflect total body fat amount [general obesity] whereas waist circumference [WC], waist-to-hip ratio or waist-to height ratio is used as a surrogate of body fat centralization [central obesity]. The clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in association with disturbance of glucose and lipid metabolism is referred to as metabolic syndrome. Men and women who have waist circumference > 94cm and 80 cm respectively, are considered to be at increased risk for cardio metabolic disease.The relation between waist circumference and clinical outcome is consistently strong for diabetes risk, and waist circumference is a stronger predictor of diabetes than BMI. Our study is the first study to measure waist circumference in newly diagnosed Egyptian diabetic patients. We found that, 56% of newly diagnosed Egyptians diabetic patients have metabolic syndrome. At the same time we found a statistically significant difference as regard metabolic syndrome components between low waist and high waist groups but the difference was statistically insignificant when we compared low BMI with high BMI groups in newly diagnosed diabetics. This means that waist circumference is a simple tool to predict diabetes and metabolic syndrome better than other measures

Follow up of diabetic complications

Some research found that certain diabetic complications occur more frequently in some racial minority groups. Rate of diabetic complications in real-world practice is higher than expected from the clinical trial setting, especially among patients with complications at diagnosis. This suggests that in diabetic patients racial differences may exist in macro vascular and micro vascular disease frequency. 340 diabetic patients were chosen randomly from out patients' clinic of the national institute of diabetes and endocrinology. They received conventional treatment.by different doctors with no special protocol for treatment and was examined twice once at 2004 and another at 2006. Our result showed that during three year there are significant deterioration in weight, BMI. ECG, retinopathy, FBS, AST, ALT, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, uric acid, GFR, HBlAC.And there were significant improve as regard BP, ACR, LDL. The major complications develop by Egyptian diabetic patients within 3 years follow up was increase percent of retinopathy [27%], followed by teeth loss [23%] then IHD [5%] with no patient develop ESRD. also there are deterioration of GFR.. As regard risk factors there is deterioration in cholesterol followed by waist circumference, BMI, triglyceride then HDL.but significant improve in BP control In Egyptian diabetic patient nudus examination and lipid profile must checked regularly every three moth

Diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients attending the outpatient clinic of N.I.D.E: prevalence and risk factors

Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease [ESRD] worldwide, and it is estimated that 20% of type 2 diabetic patients reach ESRD during their lifetime [2]. Incidence of diabetes in Egypt was estimated to be 9-11% [5]. Our study is the first large study which try to evaluate the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy and its risk factors in Egyptian diabetic patients. The study included 2651 type 2 Egyptian diabetic patients attending the outpatient clinics of N.I.D.E. Our results show that 74.2% of our patients [1968 patients] have chronic kidney disease. Stage 1 [normal GFR and urine abnormality] and stage2 [mild decrease of GFR] represent more than 88% of them. This is the stage where we can do our best to prevent renal failure. CKD patients have older age, longer duration of diabetes, higher systolic and diastolic BP, higher FBS, glycated Hb, triglycerides LDL, uric acid, waist circumference and low HDL compared with non CKD diabetic patients. As regard GFR, 8.9% [236 patients] of our patients have hypofiltration and 26% [689 patients] have hyperfiltration. There is an urgent need to launch a national diabetes control program to tackle the potential economic burden due to diabetic nephropathy in Egypt

Effect of hypertension on retinopathy and nephropathy in diabetic patients

This study investigated the impact of hypertension on the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. Two hundred hypertensive diabetic patients and two hundred non hypertensive diabetic patients were investigated for fundus changes and renal changes. The mean values and standard deviation for diabetic hypertension groups were:-urea [27.8+/-11 mg/dl], creatinine [0.9+/-0.27 mg/dl], Microalbuminuria <30mg [16 +/-6.9 mg/l] Microalbumiuria >30mg [100+/-79], creatinineclearance [81.5+/-28.6 ml/min], Glycated HB [9.82+/-3.01%], FBS[190+88.3 mg/dl], cholesterol [214+/-78 mg/dl] triglyceride [167+/-99.2 mg/dl]. color blindness 15 cases out of 110 cases and retinopathy 23 cases out of 123 cases. For the non hypertension group the values and standard deviation were: Urea [25.5 +/-11.3 mg/dl], Creatinine [0.82+/-0.22 mg/dl], Microalbuminu <30mg [16.7 +/-6.1 mg/l/day], microalbuminuria >30mg [104 +/-82 mg/l], Creatinineclearance [91.9 +/-27.8 mum], Glycated HB [9.42 +/-2.69%], FBS [192+/-83.9mg/dl]. cholesterol [218+/-68.3 mg/dl], Triglyceride [186+/-139 mg/dl] Color blindness l5cases out of 137cases.and retinopathy 13 case out of 127 case . There was a statistical significant difference for urea [p<0.05], creatinine [p<0.002], Creatinine clearance [p<0.001] and retinopathy [p<0.04] for the hypertensive group in comparison to non hypertensive group. There was also non significant decrease in renal function as micro albuminuria increase above 30 mg in both groups

Conclusion: hypertension had a deleterious effect on the prevalence of retinopathy and nephropathy in diabetic patients

Detection of antigliadin antibodies [AGA] as a serological marker of silent celiac disease among young type 1 diabetic Egyptian patients

This work aimed to study the prevalence of serum AGA-IgA [immunoglobulin] as a marker of celiac disease [CD] in 150 asymptomatic young type 1 diabetic patients. The control group consisted of 100 healthy comparable subjects. Both groups had no gastrointestinal symptoms. They were subjected to full history taking, thorough clinical examinations, full laboratory investigations including the estimation of AGA-IgA using ELISA method. The results showed that seven type 1 diabetic patients were positive for AGA, while there were no positive AGA cases among the control group. Six out of seven positive AGA patients showed villous atrophy after doing intestinal biopsy. The level of serum AGA was not correlated to age, fasting as well as postprandial blood glucose levels, glycated HbA1c, microalbuminuria and duration of diabetes. It was concluded that in young type 1 diabetic patients, the prevalence of CD is higher than that in general population