Platysma: Human and Comparative Anatomy, Histology, and Clinical Aspects

SUMMARY: The quest for aesthetic procedures is experiencing a steady increase in popularity, concomitant with the expanding array of available treatment options. Of notable interest is the burgeoning trend in the use of minimally invasive techniques. Among the various aspects of facial anatomy, the platysma stands as a pivotal element that significantly influences the aesthetic appearance of the neck region. It has garnered particular attention as a strategic focal point in various treatments geared towards enhancing the neck's visual appeal. Additionally, the versatility of the platysma extends beyond the realm of cosmetic improvements. Its functional significance is recognized in reconstructive surgical procedures, where it may be harnessed for specific maneuvers. Furthermore, the muscle serves as a critical access point for minimally invasive endoscopic surgeries in the neck region. While these developments hold great promise, it is crucial to underscore that safety should always take precedence in any medical or surgical approach. This applies equally to the neck region, which presents a complex and intricate anatomical landscape. An in-depth understanding and meticulous investigation of the platysma in all its diverse aspects are paramount to ensuring the success and safety of any procedure conducted in this region. This comprehensive review aspires to provide a contemporary understanding of the platysma, offering an in-depth analysis that encompasses its intricate anatomy, histological characteristics, and multifaceted clinical implications. By delving into these diverse dimensions, it aims to equip healthcare professionals and researchers with a robust foundation for informed decision-making and practice.

La búsqueda de procedimientos estéticos ha experimentado un aumento constante en popularidad, junto con la creciente gama de opciones de tratamientos disponibles. De notable interés es la creciente tendencia en el uso de técnicas mínimamente invasivas. Entre los diversos aspectos de la anatomía facial, el platisma destaca como un elemento fundamental que influye significativamente en la apariencia estética de la región del cuello. Ha ocasionado especial atención como punto focal estratégico en varios tratamientos orientados a mejorar el atractivo visual del cuello. Además, la versatilidad del platisma se extiende más allá del ámbito de las mejoras cosméticas. Su importancia funcional se reconoce en procedimientos quirúrgicos reconstructivos, donde se puede aprovechar para maniobras específicas. Además, el músculo sirve como punto de acceso crítico para cirugías endoscópicas mínimamente invasivas en la región del cuello. Si bien estos avances son muy prometedores, es fundamental subrayar que la seguridad siempre debe tener prioridad ante cualquier abordaje médico o quirúrgico. Esto se aplica igualmente a la región del cuello, que presenta un aspecto anatómico complejo e intrincado. Una comprensión profunda y una investigación meticulosa del platisma en todos sus diversos aspectos son fundamentales para garantizar el éxito y la seguridad de cualquier procedimiento realizado en esta región. Esta revisión integral aspira a proporcionar una comprensión contemporánea del platisma, ofreciendo un análisis en profundidad que abarca su intrincada anatomía, características histológicas e implicaciones clínicas multifacéticas. Al profundizar en estas diversas dimensiones, su objetivo es dotar a los profesionales e investigadores de la salud de una base sólida para la toma de decisiones y la práctica informadas.

Delayed repair of the facial nerve and its negative impacts on nerve and muscle regeneration

Abstract Background: In this experimental protocol, we evaluated the immediate and delayed repair of the buccal branch of the facial nerve (BBFN) with heterologous fibrin biopolymer (HFB) as a coaptation medium and the use of photobiomodulation (PBM), performing functional and histomorphometric analysis of the BBFN and perioral muscles. Methods: Twenty-eight rats were divided into eight groups using the BBFN bilaterally (the left nerve was used for PBM), namely: G1 - control group, right BBFN (without injury); G2 - control group, left BBFN (without injury + PBM); G3 - Denervated right BBFN (neurotmesis); G4 - Denervated left BBFN (neurotmesis + PBM); G5 - Immediate repair of right BBFN (neurotmesis + HFB); G6 - Immediate repair of left BBFN (neurotmesis + HFB + PBM); G7 - Delayed repair of right BBFN (neurotmesis + HFB); G8 - Delayed repair of left BBFN (neurotmesis + HFB + PBM). Delayed repair occurred after two weeks of denervation. All animals were sacrificed after six weeks postoperatively. Results: In the parameters of the BBFN, we observed inferior results in the groups with delayed repair, in relation to the groups with immediate repair, with a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the diameter of the nerve fiber, the axon, and the thickness of the myelin sheath of the group with immediate repair with PBM compared to the other experimental groups. In measuring the muscle fiber area, groups G7 (826.4 ± 69.90) and G8 (836.7 ± 96.44) were similar to G5 (882.8 ± 70.51). In the functional analysis, the G7 (4.10 ± 0.07) and G8 (4.12 ± 0.08) groups presented normal parameters. Conclusion: We demonstrated that delayed repair of BBFN is possible with HFB, but with worse results compared to immediate repair, and that PBM has a positive influence on nerve regeneration results in immediate repair.

A biocomplex to repair experimental critical size defects associated with photobiomodulation therapy

The association of scaffolds to repair extensive bone defects can contribute to their evolution and morphophysiological recomposition. The incorporation of particulate biomaterials into three-dimensional fibrin bioproducts together with photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) has potential and can improve regenerative medicine procedures. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of PBM therapy on critical size defects filled with xenogenic bone substitute associated with fibrin biopolymer. Methods: A critical defect of 8 mm was performed in 36 Wistar male adult rats that were divided into four groups. Groups BC and BC-PBM were defined as controls with defects filled by a clot (without or with PBM, respectively) and groups XS and XS-PBM that comprised those filled with biocomplex Bio-OssTM in association with fibrin biopolymer. PBM was applied immediately after the surgery and three times a week every other day, with the parameters: wavelength of 830 nm, energy density 6.2 J/cm2, output power 30 mW, beam area of 0.116 cm2, irradiance 0.258,62 W/cm2, energy/point 0.72 J, total energy 2.88 J. Fourteen and 42 days after the surgery, animals were euthanatized and subjected to microtomography, qualitative and quantitative histological analysis. Results: The BC-PBM and XS-PBM groups had a similar evolution in the tissue repair process, with a higher density of the volume of new formed bone in relation to the groups without PBM (p = 0.04086; p = 0.07093, respectively). Intense vascular proliferation and bone deposition around the biomaterial particles were observed in the animals of the groups in which biocomplex was applied (XS and XS-PBM). Conclusion: PBM therapy allowed an improvement in the formation of new bone, with a more organized deposition of collagen fibers in the defect area. Biocomplex favored the insertion and permanence of the particulate material in bone defects, creating a favorable microenvironment for accelerate repair process.(AU)

A biocomplex to repair experimental critical size defects associated with photobiomodulation therapy

Abstract Background: The association of scaffolds to repair extensive bone defects can contribute to their evolution and morphophysiological recomposition. The incorporation of particulate biomaterials into three-dimensional fibrin bioproducts together with photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) has potential and can improve regenerative medicine procedures. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of PBM therapy on critical size defects filled with xenogenic bone substitute associated with fibrin biopolymer. Methods: A critical defect of 8 mm was performed in 36 Wistar male adult rats that were divided into four groups. Groups BC and BC-PBM were defined as controls with defects filled by a clot (without or with PBM, respectively) and groups XS and XS-PBM that comprised those filled with biocomplex Bio-OssTM in association with fibrin biopolymer. PBM was applied immediately after the surgery and three times a week every other day, with the parameters: wavelength of 830 nm, energy density 6.2 J/cm2, output power 30 mW, beam area of 0.116 cm2, irradiance 0.258,62 W/cm2, energy/point 0.72 J, total energy 2.88 J. Fourteen and 42 days after the surgery, animals were euthanatized and subjected to microtomography, qualitative and quantitative histological analysis. Results: The BC-PBM and XS-PBM groups had a similar evolution in the tissue repair process, with a higher density of the volume of new formed bone in relation to the groups without PBM (p = 0.04086; p = 0.07093, respectively). Intense vascular proliferation and bone deposition around the biomaterial particles were observed in the animals of the groups in which biocomplex was applied (XS and XS-PBM). Conclusion: PBM therapy allowed an improvement in the formation of new bone, with a more organized deposition of collagen fibers in the defect area. Biocomplex favored the insertion and permanence of the particulate material in bone defects, creating a favorable microenvironment for accelerate repair process.

Reproduction of Esthetic Individuality in Upper Immediate Complete Denture / Reproducción de la Individualidad Estética en Prótesis Completa Inmediata Superior

ABSTRACT: Prosthodontics, in general, aims to rehabilitate the masticatory function of the patient, as well as the stomatognathic system, maintaining his or her individual facial characteristics. The immediate removable complete denture is placed immediately after extraction of the natural teeth and allows adaptation of the patient from the dentate state to the denture, until the definitive denture is placed. When an immediate complete denture is fabricated, esthetics plays a fundamental role and thus the assembly of artificial teeth can be performed maintaining the same position, alignment and arrangement of the remaining anterior teeth, providing a natural and esthetic appearance to the denture, thus the transition from the dentate to the edentulous state is less noticeable. This paper reports the case of a patient who needed oral rehabilitation with an immediate upper complete denture and presented favorable smile esthetics of the anterior teeth, which allowed the preservation of alignment, position and arrangement of natural teeth during the assembly of artificial teeth, maintaining and preserving the esthetic individuality and facial harmonization, meeting the patient's desire and expectations.

RESUMEN: La prostodoncia, en general, tiene como objetivo rehabilitar la función masticatoria del paciente, así como el sistema estomatognático, manteniendo sus características faciales individuales. La dentadura postiza completa removible se coloca inmediatamente después de la extracción de los dientes naturales y permite la adaptación del paciente del estado dentado a la dentadura, hasta que se coloque la dentadura definitiva. Cuando se fabrica una dentadura postiza completa inmediata, la estética juega un papel fundamental y, por lo tanto, el ensamblaje de dientes artificiales se puede realizar manteniendo la misma posición, alineación y disposición de los dientes anteriores restantes, proporcionando un aspecto natural y estético a la dentadura, por lo tanto, la transición desde el estado dentado hasta el estado desdentado es menos notable. Este artículo informa el caso de una paciente que necesitó rehabilitación oral con una dentadura postiza completa superior inmediata y presentó una estética de sonrisa favorable de los dientes anteriores, lo que permitió preservar la alineación, la posición y la disposición de los dientes naturales durante el ensamblaje de los dientes artificiales, manteniendo y preservando la individualidad estética y la armonización facial, satisfaciendo los deseos y expectativas del paciente.

Unique heterologous fibrin biopolymer with hemostatic, adhesive, sealant, scaffold and drug delivery properties: a systematic review

Fibrin biopolymers, previously referred as "fibrin glue" or "fibrin sealants", are natural biomaterials with diverse applications on health. They have hemostatic, adhesive, sealant, scaffold and drug delivery properties and have become widely used in medical and dental procedures. Historically, these biomaterials are produced from human fibrinogen and human or animal thrombin, and the possibility of transmission of infectious diseases by human blood is not ruled out. In the 1990s, to overcome this problem, a new heterologous biomaterial composed of a thrombin-like enzyme purified from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom and a cryoprecipitate rich in fibrinogen extracted from buffaloes Bubalus bubalis blood has been proposed. Therefore, a systematic review of studies on exclusively heterologous fibrin sealants published between 1989 and 2018 was carried out using the following databases: PubMed, SciELO and Google Scholar. The keyword used was "heterologous fibrin sealant". The search resulted in 35 scientific papers in PubMed, four in SciELO and 674 in Google Scholar. After applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria and complete reading of the articles, 30 studies were selected, which formed the basis of this systematic review. It has been observed that the only completely heterologous sealant is the one produced by CEVAP/UNESP. This heterologous biopolymer is proven effective by several studies published in refereed scientific journals. In addition, clinical trials phase I/II for the treatment of chronic venous ulcers authorized by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) were completed. Preliminary results have indicated a safe and promising effective product. Phase III clinical trials will be proposed and required to validate these preliminary findings.(AU)

Action of a deproteinized xenogenic biomaterial in the process of bone repair in rats submitted to inhalation of cigarette smoke

Abstract Purpose: To investigate if the inorganic bovine bone matrix changes the bone formation in rats submitted to inhalation of cigarette smoke. Methods: Twenty Wistar rats were divided into two groups: Cigarette Clot Group (CCG), which in the inhalation chamber received the smoke of 10 cigarettes, 3 times a day, 10 minutes, for 30 days and had the surgical cavity filled by clot; Cigarette Biomaterial Group (CBG), submitted to the same inhalation technique but with the cavity filled by biomaterial. Results: In CCG there was a significant difference of new bone tissue in the analyzed periods (15 and 45 days), and in 15 days, there was 4.8 ± 0.42 of bone formed and 11.73 ± 0.59 (p <0.05) in 45 days. The CBG also showed a significant difference between the periods of 15 to 45 days, being respectively 6.16 ± 0.30 and 11.60 ± 0.61. However, when the groups were compared, within the same analyzed periods, a significant difference was observed only in the period of 15 days, with the new bone percentage being greater in the CBG. Conclusion: The bone matrix acted as an osteoinductive biomaterial, biocompatible and aided in the repair process, mainly in the initial period of recovery.

Inside-out and standard vein grafts associated with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in sciatic nerve repair. A histomorphometric study

Abstract Purpose: To evaluated the tubulization technique with standard and inside-out vein, filled or not with platelet-rich plasma (PRP), in sciatic nerve repair. Methods: Seventy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: IOVNF (Inside-Out Vein with No Filling); IOVPRP (Inside-Out Vein filled with PRP); SVNF (Standard Vein with No Filling); SVPRP (Standard Vein filled with PRP); Sham (Control). The left external jugular vein was used as graft in a 10 mm nervous gap. Results: In the morphological analysis of all groups, myelinated nerve fibers with evident myelin sheath, neoformation of the epineurium and perineurium, organization of intraneural fascicles and blood vessels were observed. In the morphometry of the distal stump fibers, SVPRP group had the highest means regarding fiber diameter (3.63±0.42 μm), axon diameter (2.37±0.31 μm) and myelin sheath area (11.70±0.84 μm2). IOVPRP group had the highest means regarding axon area (4.39±1.16 μm2) and myelin sheath thickness (0.80±0.19 μm). As for values of the fiber area, IOVNF group shows highest means (15.54±0.67 μm2), but are still lower than the values of the Sham group. Conclusion: The graft filled with platelet-rich plasma, with use standard (SVPRP) or inside-out vein (IOVPRP), promoted the improvement in axonal regeneration on sciatic nerve injury.

Comparative study between standard and inside-out vein graft techniques on sciatic nerve repair of rats. Muscular and functional analysis

Abstract Purpose: To compare the functional result of standart vein grafts and inside-out vein graft technique on sciatic nerve repair. Methods: We used 24 male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups: control group (CG), standard vein graft group (SVG), Inside-out vein graft group (IOVG) and denervated Group (DG). SVG, IOVG and DG underwent total section of the sciatic nerve, SVG and IOVG however underwent nerve repair surgery using a graft with normal jugular vein and inside-out jugular vein, respectively. Histological analysis of the soleus and Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL), and Sciatic Functional Index were used to compare the results after 6 weeks. Results: Both grafts acted favorably in muscle recovery and improved functionality; They were similar in all parameters, however, in more points SVG achieved similar to the CG, in the other hand IOVG more times was similar to DG. Fact that makes the graft with normal vein the most viable option between the two options. Conclusion: Both types of grafts acted beneficially wherein the graft normal vein has proved to be the best option

PPE tube filled with autologous fat in the repair of peripheral nerve: a new proposal / Tubo PPE relleno con grasa autóloga en la reparación de los nervios periféricos: una nueva propuesta

This study proposes the use of a porous polyethylene (PPE) tube as the conductive element in the regeneration in the sciatic nerve sectioning and evaluates the use of fill with autologous fat. The subject was divided randomly into five groups, 3 control and 2 experimental (PPE tube graft with/ without autologous fat). Each group was selected for functional, histological and morphometric evaluation of the sciatic nerve. Functional analysis of the sciatic nerve occurred through the "footprint" values near -100 refer sectioned sciatic nerve, near 0 (zero) refer to control group. On histological analysis of the experimental groups lots of dense connective tissue replacing nerve tissue was observed. In morphometric analysis the group EGPGf got higher performance in all of variables. The use of PPE has shown promise in nerve regeneration with favorable results when associate with fat as a trophic factor in the regeneration.

Este estudio propone el uso de un tubo de polietileno poroso (PPE) como elemento conductor en la regeneración del nervio ciático seccionado y evaluar el uso de relleno con grasa autóloga. Al azar se formaron cinco grupos, 3 y 2 de control experimental (PPE prótesis tubular con / sin grasa autóloga). Cada grupo fue seleccionado para estudiar la forma funcional, histológica y evaluación morfométrica del nervio ciático. Un análisis funcional del nervio ciático se produjo a través de los valores de "huella", cerca de -100 se refiere al nervio ciático seccionado; cerca de 0 (cero) se refiere al grupo control. En el análisis histológico de los grupos experimentales se observó una gran cantidad de tejido conjuntivo denso que sustituye el tejido nervioso. En el análisis morfométrico, el grupo experimental de injerto de polietileno lleno de grasa (EGPGf) obtuvo un mayor rendimiento en todas las variables. El uso de PPE ha mostrado ser prometedor en la regeneración del nervio, con resultados favorables cuando se asocia con la grasa como un factor trófico en la regeneración.

Ipsilateral supplementary lateral incisors: a case report

Supernumerary teeth are one of the dental anomalies which occur due to the developmental disturbances in teeth. They can be seen in various shape and form. They can occur in both the deciduous and permanent dentition and can impose aesthetic and occlusion problems. Morphologically the supernumerary teeth exhibit various forms ranging from conical to tuberculate and supplemental types. Supplemental teeth as the name suggests are similar in shape to that of the normal prototype. In this particular case, we are reporting a case of ipsilateral supplemental permanent lateral incisors and the treatment approach which would subsequently facilitate the patient to undergo orthodontic treatment.

Multidisciplinary approach in the teaching of dental sculpture and anatomy / Enfoque multidisciplinario para la enseñanza de escultura y anatomía dental

The purpose of the Dental Sculpture and Anatomy discipline is to introduce undergraduate students to the study of the anatomic and morphological characteristics of permanent and primary human dentition, through classes, books and cognitive and psychomotor activities. This discipline supports the teaching of specific knowledge necessary for a more extensive education, involving interdisciplinarity as a means of knowledge exchange among several areas of dentistry, to achieve comprehensive professional education. Students must recognize the dental morphology from samples of preserved teeth, and reproduce the morphology through three-dimensional models made of stone or wax blocks. In this article, the authors describe the process for producing teeth collars and macro dental models made of stone, their importance and benefits of utilization. The purpose of the study was to encourage the teaching of Dental Sculpture and Anatomy toundergraduate students of the Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, through activities that would associate theory, practice and the development of manual skills.

El propósito de la disciplina sobre escultura y anatomía de dientes es introducir a los estudiantes de pregrado para el estudio de las características anatómicas y morfológicas de la dentición humana permanente y primaria, a través de clases, libros y actividades cognitivas y psicomotoras. Esta disciplina se fundamenta en la enseñanza de conocimientos específicos necesarios para una educación más amplia, que implica la interdisciplinariedad como medio de intercambio de conocimientos entre diferentes áreas en odontología, y de esa forma, lograr una enseñanza profesional integral. Los estudiantes deben identificar la morfología dental a partir de dientes conservados, además de reproducir la morfología a través de modelos tridimensionales elaborados con bloques de yeso tipo piedra o cera. En este estudio, los autores describen el proceso para la producción de collares de dientes y macro modelos dentales hechos de yeso tipo piedra, su importancia y los beneficios de su utilización. El propósito del estudio fue incentivar la enseñanza de la escultura y anatomía dental a los estudiantes de pregrado de la Facultad de Odontología de Bauru, Universidad de São Paulo, a través de actividades que asocian la teoría, práctica y desarrollo de habilidades manuales.

Ozone Therapy in Dentistry: A Systematic Review / Ozonoterapia en Odontología: Una Revisión Sistemática

The purpose of this systematic review was to verify the literature available regarding the effectiveness and the biological effects of ozone therapy in periodontics, orthodontics and dental implants. Studies were searched in September 2012. Analyzed sources included the databases PubMed, Lilacs and SciELO, through a combination of key words, dental implants, periodontics, orthodontics, therapeutics. Studies between 2002 and 2012 were included. In vitro and in vivo studies English and Spanish language publications, excluding posters, letters to the editors and conferences. In Vitro and in Vivo studies showed the inactivation of the major periodontal pathogens by ozone. There were divergent results and lack of evidence for the activity of ozone on adhesion of orthodontic brackets, in implantology and orthodontics. Ozone could be considered as a promissory alternative therapy in dentistry. However, well-designed studies are needed to assess the application of ozone in order to evaluate its clinical effectiveness in the field of dentistry.

El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue verificar la literatura disponible relacionada a la efectividad y efectos biológicos de la ozonoterapia en periodoncia, ortodoncia e implantes dentales. Se realizó una revisión sistemática en septiembre del 2012 en las bases de datos PubMed, LILACS and SciELO por medio de la combinación de las palabras clave dental implants, periodontics, orthodontics, therapeutics. Se evaluaron los artículos publicados entre los años 2002 y 2012. Fueron incluidos estudios In vitro e in vivo y publicaciones en Inglés y Español, excluyendo pósters, carta al editor y conferencias. Estudios in vitro e in vivo mostraron inactivación de los principales patógenos periodontais con el uso del ozono. Hubo resultados contradictorios y falta de evidencia sobre la acción del ozono en la adhesión de los brackets ortodónticos, así como también en la osteointegración de los implantes dentales. El ozono puede ser considerado como una terapia alternativa promisoria en la Odontología. Sin embargo, es necesaria la realización de estudios bien diseñados para, de ese modo, evaluar la aplicación del ozono y su efectividad clínica en el campo de la Odontología.

Anatomical, clinical and radiographic characteristics of styloid syndrome (Eagle syndrome): a case report / Características anatómicas, clínicas y radiográficas del síndrome Estiloide (síndrome de Eagle): un caso clínico

Styloid syndrome is characterized by an elongated styloid process or calcification of the stylomandibular and stylohyoid ligament. This study describes a case of a 65-year-old woman who presented to the Stomatology Clinic, University of Marilia with temporomandibular joint pain, ear ringing and a reduced ability to open the mouth. Panoramic and posteroanterior digital radiographs showed bilateral elongation of the styloid processes, especially of the right side, whose length extended beyond the mandible angle. The diagnosis was confirmed with the association of clinical data and image examinations. The treatment options for styloid Syndrome include clinical follow-up, surgical removal of the styloid process or fracture of the elongated process. The case was managed by providing prosthetic rehabilitation and clinical follow-up, observing the level of discomfort and the benefit that could be achieved by the therapy, and avoiding surgical intervention.

El síndrome estilode (Síndrome de Eagle) se caracteriza por un proceso estiloides alargado o calcificación de los ligamentos estilohioideo y estilomandibular. Este estudio describe el caso de una mujer de 65 años de edad que concurrió a la Clínica Estomatológica de la Universidad de Marilia con dolor de la articulación temporomandibular, zumbido en los oídos y una disminución de la capacidad de abrir la boca. Las radiografías digitales panorámica y posteroanterior mostraron alargamiento bilateral de los procesos estiloides, especialmente del lado derecho, cuya longitud se extendió más allá del ángulo de la mandíbula. El diagnóstico se confirmó con la asociación de los datos clínicos y los exámenes de imagen. Las opciones de tratamiento para el síndrome estiloide incluyen el seguimiento clínico, la extirpación quirúrgica del proceso estiloides o la fractura del proceso alargado. El caso fue tratado con rehabilitación protésica y seguimiento clínico, observando el nivel de molestia y el beneficio que se podría lograr mediante la terapia, evitando la intervención quirúrgica.

Bovine bone matrix action associated with morphogenetic protein in bone defects in rats submitted to alcoholism / Acción de la matriz ósea bovina asociada a la proteína morfogenéticaen defectos óseos en ratones sometidos a alcoholismo

Extended excessive alcohol use causes changes in bone tissue, thus affecting osteogenesis. The objective of this study was to evaluate if demineralized bone matrix (Gen-ox®) associated with bone morphogenetic protein (Gen-pro®) changes bone neoformation in rats submitted to experimental alcoholism. Forty male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were separated into 2 groups of 20 animals each: Group E1, which received ethyl alcohol at 25 percent and had the surgical cavity filled in only with blood clot; and Group E2, which received ethyl alcohol at 25 percent and had the surgical cavity filled in with demineralized bovine cortical bone associated with bone morphogenetic protein. The animals were submitted to a three-week period of gradual adaptation to alcohol, and then continued receiving alcohol at 25 percent for 90 days, when the surgical cavity was made. After the surgery, the animals continued consuming alcohol until reaching the sacrifice periods of 10, 20, 40, and 60 days, when the tibias were removed for histological processing. Results showed that surgical cavity repair and bone marrow reorganization occurred faster in Group E1 than in Group E2. At the end of the experiment, it was observed that animals in Group E2 had thick bony trabeculae surrounding the implanted material particles and a small area of connective tissue in the surface region. In conclusion, the implanted material did not accelerate bone neoformation, rather it served as a structure for osteogenesis.

El abuso prolongado del alcohol produce alteraciones en el tejido óseo, interfiriendo en el proceso de la osteogénesis. El estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar si la matriz ósea bovina desmineralizada (Gen-ox®) asociada a la proteína morfogenética ósea (Gen-pro®) altera la neoformación ósea en ratones sometidos a alcoholismo experimental. Fueron utilizados 40 ratones machos (Rattus norvegicus), separados en dos grupos de 20 animales cada uno: Grupo E1, que recibió alcohol etílico a 25 por ciento con cavidad quirúrgica rellenada solamente por coágulo sanguíneo, y Grupo E2, que recibió sólo alcohol etílico a 25 por ciento con cavidad quirúrgica rellenada con hueso bovino desmineralizado cortical asociado a proteína morfogenética ósea. Después de 3 semanas de adaptación gradual al alcohol, los animales continuaron recibiéndolo en concentración de 25 por ciento por 90 días, cuando fue realizada la cavidad quirúrgica. Luego de la cirugía, los animales continuaron la ingestión alcohólica hasta los períodos de sacrificio de 10, 20, 40 y 60 días, cuando las tibias fueron removidas para su procesamiento histológico. Los resultados mostraron que en el Grupo E1 hubo reparación de la cavidad quirúrgica y reorganización de la médula ósea en un menor lapso temporal que en el Grupo E2. En el período final del experimento, se observó en los animales del Grupo E2 la presencia de trabéculas óseas espesas alrededor de las partículas de material implantado y pequeña área de tejido conjuntivo en la región superficial. Se puede concluir en que el material implantado no aceleró el proceso de neoformación ósea, sirviendo como estructura de base para generar osteogénesis.

Ação da matriz óssea bovina desmineralizada na neoformação óssea em ratos submetidos ao alcoolismo experimental: avaliação histológica e histométrica / Action of demineralized bovine bone matrix on bone neoformation in rats submitted to experimental alcoholism: histological and histometric evaluation

O etanol inibe a proliferação de células osteoblásticas, gerando baixa massa óssea e aumento na prevalência de fraturas na população alcoólatra. A quantidade de defeitos ósseos criados cirurgicamente, e pelos vários tipos de acidentes, tem aumentado atualmente e existe uma preocupação muito grande na descoberta de substâncias que acelerem a neoformação óssea que preencham essas cavidades. Baseado no exposto anteriormente resolveu-se realizar este trabalho com o objetivo de observar se a matriz óssea bovina desmineralizada (Genox ®) altera a neoformação óssea em ratos submetidos ao alcoolismo experimental, usando para isso análise histológica e histométrica. Para isso foram utilizados 40 ratos machos (Rattus norvegicus), separados em 2 grupos de 20 animais cada, assim distribuídos: Grupo E1, que recebeu álcool etílico a 25%, diluído em água de torneira, e cavidade cirúrgica preenchida somente por coágulo sanguíneo, e Grupo E2, que recebeu álcool etílico a 25%, diluído em água de torneira, e cavidade cirúrgica preenchida por Gen-ox®. Após um período de 3 semanas de adaptação gradativa ao álcool, os animais receberam dieta alcoólica de 25% por um período de 90 dias. Decorrido esse período, a tíbia esquerda de todos os animais foi submetida a uma cirurgia onde se produziu uma cavidade cirúrgica experimental, que no Grupo E1 ficou preenchida por coágulo sanguíneo, e no Grupo E2 preenchida por Gen-ox®. Cinco animais de cada grupo foram sacrificados em períodos de 10, 20, 40 e 60 dias contados a partir do dia da cirurgia experimental, para retirada de parte da tíbia, onde a cavidade cirúrgica foi realizada. Os blocos retirados foram processados histologicamente e submetidos à coloração por Tricrômico de Masson, para estudo histomorfológico e histométrico da área total do defeito, quantidade de tecido conjuntivo presente e quantidade de tecido ósseo neoformado. Os resultados mostraram que a reorganização da medula óssea e reparação total da...

Ethanol inhibits the proliferation of osteoblastic cells, leading to low bone mass and increased prevalence of fractures in the alcoholic population. The amount of bone defects surgically created, and various types of accidents has increased and there is currently a great concern in the discovery of substances that accelerate new bone formation to fill those cavities. Based on the foregoing it was decided to undertake this work in order to see whether demineralized bovine bone (Gen-ox®) alters bone formation in rats subjected to experimental alcoholism, using it for histological and histometric analysis. For this we used 40 male rats (Rattus norvegicus) separated in two groups of 20 animals each one, distributed as follows: Group E1, which received 25% ethanol, diluted in tap water, and the surgical cavity filled only by a blood clot, and Group E2, which received 25% ethanol, diluted in tap water, and the surgical cavity filled with Gen-ox®. After a period of three weeks of gradual adaptation to alcohol, the animals received 25% alcohol diet for a period of 90 days. After this period, the left tibia of all animals underwent a surgery where it produced an experimental surgical cavity, which in Group E1 was filled by blood clot, and in Group E2 filled with Gen-ox®. Five animals from each group were sacrificed on days 10, 20, 40 and 60 days from the day of experimental surgery to remove part of the tibia, where the sinus surgery was done. The blocks were removed and processed histologically stained by Masson trichrome, for histomorphological and histometric study of the total area of the defect, amount of connective tissue and amount of new bone. The results showed that the reorganization of the bone marrow and full repair of the surgical cavity in Group E1 had occurred in a shorter time than in Group E2. It was also noted that in the final period, the animals in Group E2 showed areas of connective tissue and thick bone...

Ação da matriz óssea bovina desmineralizada na neoformação óssea em ratos submetidos ao alcoolismo experimental: avaliação histológica e histométrica / Action of demineralized bovine bone matrix on bone neoformation in rats submitted to experimental alcoholism: histological and histometric evaluation

O etanol inibe a proliferação de células osteoblásticas, gerando baixa massa óssea e aumento na prevalência de fraturas na população alcoólatra. A quantidade de defeitos ósseos criados cirurgicamente, e pelos vários tipos de acidentes, tem aumentado atualmente e existe uma preocupação muito grande na descoberta de substâncias que acelerem a neoformação óssea que preencham essas cavidades. Baseado no exposto anteriormente resolveu-se realizar este trabalho com o objetivo de observar se a matriz óssea bovina desmineralizada (Genox ®) altera a neoformação óssea em ratos submetidos ao alcoolismo experimental, usando para isso análise histológica e histométrica. Para isso foram utilizados 40 ratos machos (Rattus norvegicus), separados em 2 grupos de 20 animais cada, assim distribuídos: Grupo E1, que recebeu álcool etílico a 25%, diluído em água de torneira, e cavidade cirúrgica preenchida somente por coágulo sanguíneo, e Grupo E2, que recebeu álcool etílico a 25%, diluído em água de torneira, e cavidade cirúrgica preenchida por Gen-ox®. Após um período de 3 semanas de adaptação gradativa ao álcool, os animais receberam dieta alcoólica de 25% por um período de 90 dias. Decorrido esse período, a tíbia esquerda de todos os animais foi submetida a uma cirurgia onde se produziu uma cavidade cirúrgica experimental, que no Grupo E1 ficou preenchida por coágulo sanguíneo, e no Grupo E2 preenchida por Gen-ox®. Cinco animais de cada grupo foram sacrificados em períodos de 10, 20, 40 e 60 dias contados a partir do dia da cirurgia experimental, para retirada de parte da tíbia, onde a cavidade cirúrgica foi realizada. Os blocos retirados foram processados histologicamente e submetidos à coloração por Tricrômico de Masson, para estudo histomorfológico e histométrico da área total do defeito, quantidade de tecido conjuntivo presente e quantidade de tecido ósseo neoformado. Os resultados mostraram que a reorganização da medula óssea e reparação total da...

Ethanol inhibits the proliferation of osteoblastic cells, leading to low bone mass and increased prevalence of fractures in the alcoholic population. The amount of bone defects surgically created, and various types of accidents has increased and there is currently a great concern in the discovery of substances that accelerate new bone formation to fill those cavities. Based on the foregoing it was decided to undertake this work in order to see whether demineralized bovine bone (Gen-ox®) alters bone formation in rats subjected to experimental alcoholism, using it for histological and histometric analysis. For this we used 40 male rats (Rattus norvegicus) separated in two groups of 20 animals each one, distributed as follows: Group E1, which received 25% ethanol, diluted in tap water, and the surgical cavity filled only by a blood clot, and Group E2, which received 25% ethanol, diluted in tap water, and the surgical cavity filled with Gen-ox®. After a period of three weeks of gradual adaptation to alcohol, the animals received 25% alcohol diet for a period of 90 days. After this period, the left tibia of all animals underwent a surgery where it produced an experimental surgical cavity, which in Group E1 was filled by blood clot, and in Group E2 filled with Gen-ox®. Five animals from each group were sacrificed on days 10, 20, 40 and 60 days from the day of experimental surgery to remove part of the tibia, where the sinus surgery was done. The blocks were removed and processed histologically stained by Masson trichrome, for histomorphological and histometric study of the total area of the defect, amount of connective tissue and amount of new bone. The results showed that the reorganization of the bone marrow and full repair of the surgical cavity in Group E1 had occurred in a shorter time than in Group E2. It was also noted that in the final period, the animals in Group E2 showed areas of connective tissue and thick bone...

Efeitos de 03 dietas alcoólicas na reparação óssea em tíbia de ratos / Effects of three alcoholic diets on the bone repair in the tibia of rats

Os efeitos do uso abusivo e prolongado do álcool sobre vários tecidos, incluindo o ósseo, têm sido amplamente estudados. A quantidade de defeitos ósseos criados cirurgicamente e pelos vários tipos de acidentes tem aumentado e existe uma preocupação muito grande quanto ao reparo desses defeitos, associados ao alcoolismo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi de observar histologicamente os efeitos de 03 dietas alcoólicas na reparação óssea e se o aumento da concentração do álcool também interfere neste fenômeno. Foram utilizados 64 ratos machos (Rattus norvegicus), divididos em 4 grupos de 16 animais cada, assim distribuídos: Grupo controle (C) – animais que não receberam álcool; Grupos Experimentais I, II e III (EI, EII e EIII, respectivamente) - animais que foram submetidos à alcoolização de 6%, 15% e 25% respectivamente, por um período de 90 dias. Após este período a tíbia esquerda de todos os animais foi submetida a uma cirurgia onde se realizou uma cavidade no sentido longitudinal. Quatro animais de cada grupo foram sacrificados em períodos de 10, 20, 40 e 60 dias contados a partir do dia da cirurgia experimental. As tíbias foram retiradas, processadas histologicamente e submetidas às colorações de HE e tricrômico de Masson. Os resultados mostraram que a neoformação óssea foi decrescente de acordo com o aumento da concentração alcoólica e pode-se concluir que as 03 dietas alcoólicas (6%, 15% e 25%) influenciam a neoformação óssea em todas as suas fases, retardando o processo de reparação óssea.

The effects of long-term alcohol abuse on several tissues, including bone, have been extensively studied. Considering the increase in occurrence of bone defects caused by trauma or even created for surgical purposes, the putative influence of alcoholism on bone healing has been a matter of growing concern. The aim of the present study was to assess histologically the effects of three schemes of alcohol intake at different concentrations on bone repair. 64 male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were assigned to four experimental groups (n=16), which received alcohol diluted with drinking water to the final concentrations of 6% (Group EI), 15% (Group EII) or 25% (Group EIII). The control group (Group C) received drinking water. After 90 days, the animals were subjected to a surgical procedure in which a cavity (3 mm in width) was created on the left tibia. Four animals of each group were sacrificed on 10th, 20th, 40th or 60th days after the surgical procedure. The samples were processed for histological analysis, paraffin embedded and stained with hematoxylin and eosin; and Masson tricromic. The qualitative histological analysis showed that the amount of bone neoformation was inversely proportional to the alcohol concentration. It may be concluded that the schemes of alcohol consumption at the concentrations used in the present study (6%, 15% e 25%) led to a decrease in osseous neoformation in all analyzed periods, resulting in delay on the healing process.

Biocompatibility of anionic collagen matrices and its influence on the orientation of cellular growth / Biocompatibilidade de matrizes de colágeno aniônico e sua influência na orientação do crescimento celular

This study aimed to analyze the biocompatibility of anionic collagen matrices, the local bone response following implantation in surgically-created bone defects, and also the influence of the collagen fiber orientation on the neoformed osseous tissue. Seventy two rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) were used in this experiment. The animals were divided into four experimental groups: Group 1 (control), without implants; Group 2, pericardium medullar implants 12 hours; Group 3, medullar implants of tendon 24 hours, with the long axis of collagen fibers oriented parallel to the long axis of the tibia; and Group 4, medullar implants of tendon 24 hours, with the long axis of collagen fibers perpendicular to the long axis of the tibia. After the experimental surgery, the evolution of the repair process was microscopically evaluated at 7, 15, and 30 days post-surgery. The results demonstrated that the implanted matrices are biocompatible and act as a scaffold inducing bone formation, mainly in the Group 4 animals. At first, cellularity follows the arrangement of collagen fibers, later obtaining a multidirectional growth.

Este estudo apresentou como objetivo, examinar a biocompatibilidade de matrizes de colágeno aniônico, sua respostaóssea local após implantação em defeitos ósseos criados cirurgicamente e a influência da orientação das fibras colágenasno tecido ósseo neoformado. Foram utilizados 72 ratos (Rattus norvegicus albinus) divididos em 4 grupos experimentaisde 6 animais cada: Grupo 1 (Controle), sem implante; Grupo 2, implante medular de pericárdio 12 horas; Grupo 3,implante medular de tendão 24 horas, com o maior eixo de suas fibras colágenas direcionados paralelamente ao maioreixo da tíbia e, Grupo 4, implante medular de tendão 24 horas, com o maior eixo de suas fibras colágenas direcionados perpendicularmente ao maior eixo da tíbia. A evolução do processo de reparo, após a cirurgia experimental, foi avaliada microscopicamente com 7, 15 e 30 dias pós-operatórios. Os resultados demonstraram que as matrizes implantadas são biocompatíveis e funcionam como uma matriz tridimensional induzindo a formação de osso, maior no grupo 4. A celularidade, inicialmente, acompanha o arranjo das fibras colágenas, adquirindo um arranjo multidirecional crescente.

Implante de Gen-Phos(R) em cavidades cirúrgicas realizadas em tíbia de ratos submetidos ao alcoolismo crônico experimental: estudo microscópico / Gen-Phos(R) implant in surgical cavities performed in the tibia of rats submitted to experimental chronic alcoholism: a microscopic study

No presente trabalho foi avaliada em ratos, submetidos ao alcoolismo crônico experimental, a reaçäo do tecido ósseo na presença da Gen-phos(R). Para tanto foram utilizados 60 ratos divididos em grupo controle, que receberam água como dieta líquida, e o grupo experimental, que receberam álcool etílico a 6 por cento durante 60 dias. O reparo ósseo foi avaliado microscopicamente aos 10, 20 e 40 dias após a cirurgia experimental. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a dieta alcoólica provocou uma neoformaçäo óssea mais discreta em todos os espécimes e em todos os períodos, ocasionando um preenchimento ósseo incompleto da loja cirúrgica até os 40 dias de reparaçäo. A neoformaçäo óssea foi mais favorável em alguns espécimes com a implantaçäo da Gen-phos(R), aos 20 dias de reparaçäo