Epidemiological indicators of Chagas disease in the metropolitan region of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

ABSTRACT Background: Chagas disease (CD) is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by triatomines. Historical information from the 20th century demonstrates T. cruzi records in the metropolitan region of Salvador (MRS), the third largest urban agglomeration in the Brazilian Northeast and the eighth largest in Brazil, an area with intense migratory activity from CD-endemic regions. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate CD indicators (prevalence and mortality) in the MRS. Methods: A mixed ecological and descriptive study was conducted using secondary data. We analyzed data from 2008 to 2015: deaths due to CD, self-reported cases of CD, and blood donors that were non-negative for T. cruzi infection. Results: São Francisco do Conde was one of the municipalities with the highest mortality rates due to CD. The seroprevalence rates varied by year and municipality; those with the highest values were 2008: Vera Cruz, 2009: Mata de São João, 2010: Dias D'Ávila, 2011 and 2015: São Francisco do Conde, 2012: São Sebastião do Passé, and 2013 and 2014: Pojuca. Spatial correlations between the municipalities were not detected. Conclusions: We conclude that CD is present in the MRS. The indicators analyzed in the MRS are below-state-level data. Given the importance of indicator analysis for the surveillance and control of CD at the state and national levels, it is important to strengthen the surveillance program at the municipal level, including the regions classified as low risk for T. cruzi vector transmission.

Dental care for patients with special needs at a private higher education institute / Atendimento odontológico a pacientes com necessidades especiais em uma instituição privada de ensino superior

Objetivo: Pacientes com necessidades especiais são aqueles indivíduos que necessitam de cuidados especiais por tempo indeterminado ou por toda a vida. O presente estudo tem como objetivo abordar o atendimento odontológico de pacientes com necessidades especiais em uma instituição privada de ensino superior da cidade de São Paulo. Material e Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, para análise de 210 prontuários odontológicos de pacientes com necessidades especiais atendidos no Departamento de Odontologia para Pacientes Especiais da Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul entre 2012 e 2018. Dados sobre sexo, idade, diagnóstico da condição debilitante, motivo da consulta, uso continuado de medicamentos, imagens radiográficas e tratamentos odontológicos prestados foram todos coletados e posteriormente submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e inferencial (teste do qui-quadrado) ao nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Quanto aos tipos de procedimentos odontológicos avaliados no presente estudo, dos 210 pacientes, 24% necessitaram de tratamentos curativos dentários em que a terapia periodontal foi o tipo mais prevalente, enquanto os tratamentos endodônticos tiveram a menor prevalência, representando apenas 4%. Houve alta prevalência de doenças crônicas sistêmicas, acometendo 56% dos casos, cuja faixa etária era superior a 40 anos. Conclusão: Check-ups odontológicos regulares devem ser priorizados em pacientes com necessidades especiais para evitar intervenções mais invasivas como em nosso grupo (AU)

Objective: Patients with special needs are those individuals who need special care for an undetermined period of time or for lifetime. The present study is aimed to address the dental care of special needs patients at a private higher education institute in the city of São Paulo. Material and Methods: A descriptive, retrospective study was performed for analysis of 210 dental records of special needs patients who were treated at the Dental Department for Special Patients of the Cruzeiro do Sul University between 2012 and 2018. Data on gender, age, diagnosis of the debilitating condition, reason of the consultation, continued use of medications, radiographic images and dental treatments provided were all collected before being submitted to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis (chi-square test) at a significance level of 5%. Results: As for the types of dental procedures assessed in the present study, of the 210 patients, 24% needed dental curative treatments in which periodontal therapy was the most prevalent type, whereas endodontic treatments had the lowest prevalence, representing 4% only. There was a high prevalence of chronic systemic diseases, affecting 56% of the dental records, whose age group was above 40 years old. Conclusion: Regular dental check-ups should be prioritized in patients with special needs to avoid more invasive interventions as found in our group (AU)

Effect of Xylitol Varnishes on the Inhibition of Demineralization in Vitro

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of xylitol varnishes in the inhibition of enamel demineralization in vitro. Material and Methods: Bovine enamel blocks (n=120) were randomly allocated to four groups (n = 30), and the surface hardness (SH) was measured at baseline. The blocks were treated with the following varnishes: 20% xylitol, 20% xylitol plus F (5% NaF), Duraphat™ (5% NaF, positive control), and placebo (no-F/xylitol, negative control). The varnishes were applied and removed after 6 h of immersion in artificial saliva. The blocks were subjected to pH cycles (demineralization and remineralization for 2 and 22h/day, respectively, for 8 days). Surface and cross-sectional hardnesses were measured to calculate the percentage of SH loss (%SHL) and the integrated loss of the subsurface hardness (ΔKHN). Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey's tests (p<0.05). Results: %SHL was significantly decreased by 20% xylitol plus F, Duraphat™, and 20% xylitol varnishes compared to placebo. The use of 20% xylitol plus F varnish led to a significantly lower percentage of SH loss compared to the use of 20% xylitol varnish without F. However, the experimental and commercial varnishes led to significantly lower subsurface demineralization compared to placebo and did not differ from each other. Conclusion: Xylitol varnishes, especially when combined with F, effectively prevent enamel demineralization (AU).

COVID-19 outbreaks among crew members in non-cruise vessels anchoring in Salvador, Brazil, 2021

BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected the maritime sector due to virus transmission onboard and traffic restrictions. However, reports of SARS-CoV-2 transmission on board have been mostly restricted to those occurring on cruise ships. OBJECTIVES To report COVID-19 outbreaks in eight non-cruise vessels and discuss measures to prevent and control the onboard transmission of SARS-CoV-2. METHODS We investigated outbreaks of COVID-19 on vessels anchoring in Baía de Todos-os-Santos, Salvador, Brazil, between February and November 2021. FINDINGS Most vessels were cargo ships that had docked several times before anchoring in Salvador (five had docked in ≥ 9 ports). The crew ranged from 22 to 63 members. The infection attack rate on each vessel ranged from 9.7 to 88.9%. The risk of symptomatic infection largely varied among the crew of each vessel (0 to 91.6%). Overall, the risk of developing COVID-19 signs and symptoms was lower among crew members vaccinated (age-adjusted risk ratio: 0.19; 95% confidence interval 0.06-0.65). SARS-CoV-2 variants not previously identified in Salvador were detected (C.14, B.1.617.2 and B.1.351). MAIN CONCLUSIONS Despite maritime guidelines to avert COVID-19 on board, outbreaks have happened. The multiple stopovers of non-cruise vessels during their routes may contribute to the spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants worldwide. Reducing the onboard transmission of SARS-CoV-2 depends on joint efforts by the crew and local health authorities and, equally important, achieving high vaccination coverage to prevent infections and illness.

Effect of the cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ) juice on reducing dentin erosion: an in vitro study

Abstract Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) is a fruit that has an inhibitory effect on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) present in dentin and saliva. The inhibition of MMPs has been shown to prevent dentin erosion. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of cranberry juice on the reduction of dentin erosion in vitro. Specimens of bovine dentin (4×4×2 mm) were randomized and divided into 4 groups (n = 17/group): distilled water (C-control, pH 7.2); green tea extract solution containing 400 µm epigallo-catechin-gallate (EGCg, positive control, pH 4.5); 10% cranberry extract (CrE, pH 3.9), and cranberry juice (CrJ, Cranberry JuxxTM, pH 2.8). Specimens were submitted to erosive pH cycles for 5 days. Each day, four demineralizations were carried out with 0.1% citric acid (90 s). After the acid challenges, specimens were rinsed and kept in treatment solutions for 1 min; afterwards, they were rinsed and stored in artificial saliva for 1 h at 37°C (or overnight at the end of each day). After the experimental period of 5 days, dentin loss was evaluated by contact profilometry. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Dentin loss (µm ± SD) was significantly lower for all treatments (EGCg = 9.93 ± 2.90; CrE = 12.10 ± 5.44; CrJ = 11.04 ± 5.70) compared to control (21.23 ± 11.96), but it did not significantly differ from each other. These results indicate that the commercial cranberry juice, despite its low pH, is able to reduce dentin erosion, which might be due to the ability of cranberry components to inhibit MMPs.

Effect of dentifrices with different pH and fluoride concentrations on fluoride levels in biofilm and nails: an RCT

Abstract: Purpose: to evaluate the effect of dentifrice pH and fluoride concentration ([F]) on fluoride uptake on the biofilm and nails of children from a non-fluoridated area. Methods: two hundred and twenty-eight two- to four-year-old children were randomly allocated into 3 groups according to the type of dentifrice: G1: 1100 μg F/g, pH 4.5 (n = 76); G2: 750 μg F/g, pH 4.5 (n = 74); and G3: 1100 μg F/g, pH 7.0 (n = 78). Nails were collected at 4, 8, and 12 months after starting dentifrice use and biofilm was collected 5 and 60 minutes after toothbrushing. The concentrations of F in nails and biofilm were analyzed by HMDS facilitated diffusion. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis/Mann-Whitney's test and the comparison between biofilm collection times was done using Wilcoxon test (p £ 0.05). Results: a significant reduction of [F] in biofilm was observed 60 minutes after toothbrushing, regardless of the dentifrice used. However, 5 minutes after toothbrushing, G1 had a significantly higher [F] compared to G2 and G3, and 60 minutes after toothbrushing, [F] was significantly higher for G1 and G2 compared to G3. G1 and G3 had significantly higher [F] in the nails compared to G2. Conclusion: a lower dentifrice concentration is a relevant factor for the reduction of excessive fluoride intake. The use of a low-F acidified dentifrice combines the reduction of fluoride uptake with caries prevention by leading to greater incorporation of F into the biofilm over time.

American tegumentary leishmaniasis in the population of the city of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil: a 2007­2015 time series analysis

American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is a public health problem in the State of Acre. This study analyses the incidence of all forms of ATL time series in the human population from 2007 to 2015. This time series ecological study investigated the incidence of all forms of ATL in the city of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. Data on the number of cases of all forms of ATL diagnosed from 2007 to 2015 were collected from the secondary Health Surveillance Board database, Rio Branco City Health Department. Prais­Winsten regression was used to analyze the trends in ATL incidence. Subsequently, the annual percent change (APC) was estimated. The incidence of disease remained stationary during the studied period, except in the age group from 15 to 19 years old with an increase in the annual variation percentage (APC: 6,48%; IC95%: 1,67; 11,53) and a decline between 20 and 34 years old (APC: -15,41%; IC95%: -18,57; -12,13) and 35 and 49 years old (APC: -8,52%; IC95%: -14,63; -1,97). There was a higher frequency of cases between 2007 and 2015 in the cutaneous form, entry of new cases, evolution to cure, and diagnosis by clinical-laboratory procedures. In conclusion, there was a high disease incidence during the studied period. Additionally, an increase in the ATL incidence in the younger age group and a decrease in the ATL incidence in the middle age groups were observed.

Cone Beam Computed Tomography Based Sex Estimation by Volume of Odontoid Process of The Second Cervical Vertebra / Estimativa sexual baseada em tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico pelo volume do processo odontóide da segunda vértebra cervical

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the volume of odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra on CBCT images can be used for sex estimation. Material and Methods: The volume of odontoid process on CBCT images of 138 subjects was measured. In addition, the patients were classified into five age groups. The comparisons between the groups in relation to sex and age were performed by using Mann-Whitney's test and Kruskal-Wallis' test, respectively. The ROC curve was used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the volume to determine the sex. Results: No statistically significant difference was observed between age and volume. Males had significantly larger volumes than females. Values of volume equal to or greater than 1.254 mm3 have sensitivity of 68.2% and specificity of 68.1% to determine male sex. Conclusion: The volume of the odontoid process tends to be larger in males than in females and can be used as sex estimation (AU)

Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o volume do processo odontóide da segunda vértebra cervical em imagens de TCFC pode ser usado para estimativa do sexo. Material e Métodos: O volume do processo odontóide em imagens CBCT de 138 indivíduos foi medido. Além disso, os pacientes foram classificados em cinco faixas etárias. As comparações entre os grupos em relação ao sexo e idade foram realizadas por meio dos testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, respectivamente. A curva ROC foi utilizada para avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade do volume para determinar o sexo. Resultados: Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre idade e volume. Os machos tiveram volumes significativamente maiores do que as fêmeas. Valores de volume igual ou superior a 1,254 mm3 apresentam sensibilidade de 68,2% e especificidade de 68,1% para determinação do sexo masculino. Conclusão: O volume do processo odontóide tende a ser maior no sexo masculino do que no feminino e pode ser usado como estimativa do sexo. (AU)

Atypical odontalgia: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management / Odontalgia atípica: fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Atypical odontalgia, a subtype of persistent idiopathic facial pain, is characterized by continuous pain in one tooth or more, or inside the alveolus after exodontia, with no apparent clinical causes. These patients run the risk of going through unnecessary dental/surgical procedures which would worsen their pain. Since the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of atypical odontalgia are not clear, this article aims to present an integrative literature review about these aspects. CONTENTS: A review of articles related to the topic was conducted on the Pubmed database using the keywords "atypical odontalgia" OR "phantom tooth pain" OR "idiopathic tooth pain" OR "odontalgia" OR "odontalgias" OR "atypical toothache". Applying the inclusion criteria (publications in the last ten years, in English, as clinical trials, multicenter studies, case reports, reviews, integrative and systematic reviews, 114 articles were found, and 39 were selected after the application of the exclusion criteria (articles with no relation to the topic). CONCLUSION: Although studies suggest the involvement of strong neuropathic mechanism, the psychological/psychiatric aspects might be considered not as a primary cause, but as an aggravator of the patient´s pain. Knowledge of other pathologies is recommended in order to determine the differential diagnosis. Also, complementary image tests, qualitative somatosensorial test, and reference to an orofacial pain specialist should be considered. In case of uncertain diagnosis, it is recommended to avoid any dental procedures because the pain can get worse.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A odontalgia atípica, um subtipo da dor facial idiopática persistente, se caracteriza por dor contínua em um ou mais dentes, ou no alvéolo, após exodontia sem qualquer causa aparente e é um desafio para o dentista. O desconhecimento por parte do profissional pode levar a procedimentos odontológicos desnecessários e mutiladores, piorando e/ou cronificando a dor do paciente. Diante desse panorama, o objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar informações referentes à fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento da odontalgia atípica através de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. CONTEÚDO: A busca na base de dados Pubmed foi realizada com os termos: "atypical odontalgia" OR "phantom tooth pain" OR "idiopathic tooth pain" OR "odontalgia" OR "odontalgias" OR "atypical toothache". Aplicando-se critérios de inclusão (publicações nos últimos 10 anos, de língua inglesa, tipo ensaio clínico, estudo multicêntrico, relato de caso, revisão, revisão integrativa científica e sistemática) foram encontrados 114 artigos, dos quais 39 foram selecionados após aplicação do critério de exclusão (trabalhos sem relação com o tema). CONCLUSÃO: Embora os estudos apontem forte envolvimento de mecanismos neuropáticos, aspectos psicogênicos/psiquiátricos devem ser levados em consideração como agravante do estado de dor do paciente. Sugere-se conhecimento sobre as outras doenças existentes para se realizar um diagnóstico diferencial, exames complementares de imagem, realização do teste somatossensorial qualitativo, encaminhamento a um especialista em dor orofacial e neurologista, e em casos de dúvida, não realizar nenhum procedimento a fim de não piorar a sua dor.

A localized outbreak of Chikungunya virus in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

A localized Chikungunya virus (CHIKV; East/Central/South African genotype) outbreak (50 cases, 70% laboratory-confirmed; attack rate: 5.3 confirmed cases/100 people) occurred in a Salvador, Brazil neighborhood, between Apr-Jun/2017. Highly clustered cases in space and time, mostly along a single street, highlight an increased risk of CHIKV transmission among pockets of susceptible populations. This finding underscores the need for ongoing local level surveillance for arboviral outbreaks.

Resultados de um programa de condicionamento físico para indivíduos com hemiplegia após acidente vascular encefálico: comparação de dois métodos de intervenção / Results of a physical fitness training for individuals with hemiplegia after stroke: Comparison of two methods of intervention

Objetivo: Comparar os resultados obtidos na força muscular de membros inferiores e capacidade funcional de pessoas com sequelas neurológicas após Acidente Vascular Encefálico, obtidos por meio de dois métodos de intervenção: uso de faixas elásticas e aparelhos de musculação. Métodos: 14 pessoas idades 58,5±9,4 (07 Grupo A; 07 Grupo B) participaram do programa de exercícios (grupo A intervenção com faixas elásticas e grupo B intervenção em aparelhos de musculação). Resultados: Houve aumento da força muscular, melhora do equilíbrio dinâmico e na capacidade funcional em sentar e levantar da cadeira para ambos os grupos. Conclusão: Exercícios físicos realizados com uso de faixas elásticas trazem benefícios para essas pessoas, tanto quanto os realizados em aparelhos de musculação.

Objective: Compare the results in lower limbs muscle strength and functional capacity in people post stroke, obtained with two intervention methods: exercise with elastic band and gym equipment. Methods: 14 individuals 58,5±9,4 age (07 group A; 07 group B), participated in a program exercises (Group A elastic band intrvention and Group B gym equipment intervention). Results: There was a increase in muscle strength, balance and functional capacity in sit and up from the chair in both groups. Conclusion: Exercises with elastic bands area benefits to people post stroke.

Resultados de um programa de exercício físico combinado na força muscular e capacidade funcional de um indivíduo com síndrome Pós-Poliomielite: relato de caso / Effects of a combined exercise program in muscle strength and functional capacity in a individual with Postpoliomyelitis syndrome: case report

A Poliomielite Anterior Aguda (PAA) é uma patologia causada por um enterovírus, que predominantemente prejudica os neurônios motores inferiores, o que causa a paralisia muscular flácida e assimétrica, principalmente nos membros inferiores e que, tardiamente causa sintomas neuromusculares e declínio funcional denominados como Síndrome Pós-Poliomielite (SPP). Objetivo: Aplicar um programa de exercícios combinado e verificar os resultados na força muscular e capacidade funcional de um indivíduo idoso, com SPP. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 1 mulher, idade 66 anos, com SPP, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, dislipidemia, hipotireoidismo. A força muscular foi mensurada por meio do teste de 7 ­ 10 repetições máximas (RM). A distância percorrida ao pedalar foi realizada por meio do Teste 12 minutos adaptado e o equilíbrio dinâmico foi avaliado por meio do Timed Up & Go Test. Os exercícios foram realizados em 2 séries de 10 repetições, com intensidade de 60% de 1 RM, por 24 semanas. Resultados: Após 24 semanas, a força muscular de MMII apresentou aumento de 333,3% e a força de MMSS 216,5%. O equilíbrio dinâmico melhorou 34,3%. A distância percorrida ao pedalar aumentou 11,8%. Conclusão: Os dados por nós obtidos sugerem que pessoas com SPP, mesmo que idosas, poderão se beneficiar de um programa de exercícios para aumento da força muscular e melhora da capacidade funcional, porém é importante que outros estudos sejam desenvolvidos para verificar esses resultados em um número maior de pessoas.

Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome is a enterovirus pathology, which predominantly damages the lower muscles, which cause flaccid and asymmetric muscle paralysis, based on lower and late neuromuscular and functional symptoms denominate Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome (PPS). Objective: To apply a combined exercise program and to verify the results on the muscle strength and functional capacity of an elderly individual with PPS. Methods: The sample was one women, 66 years old, with comorbities hypertension, dyslipidemia, hypothyroidism. Muscle strength was measured by 7 - 10 maximal repetitions (MR) test. The distance traveled pedaling was performed by Adapted 12-minute Test and the balance was evaluated by Timed Up & Go Test. The muscle strength training was intensity 60% of a one maximum repetition. Results: After 24 weeks, the muscular strength of lower limbs increased 333.3% and the upper limbs, 216.5%. The balance improved 34.3%. The distance traveled pedaling increased 11.8%. Conclusion: The results suggest that individuals with PPS, even if elderly, may benefit from an exercise program to increase muscle strength and improve functional capacity, but it is important that other studies are developed to verify these results in a larger number of individuals.

Resultados de um programa de exercícios físicos para indivíduos com hemiplegia pós acidente vascular encefálico / Effects physical training program for individuals with hemiplegia after stroke

Dentre as várias sequelas causadas pelo acidente vascular encefálico (AVE), destaca-se o comprometimento motor como a hemiplegia e a hemiparesia. A recuperação das sequelas neurológicas pode ocorrer de maneira espontânea, porém parte da recuperação depende de estímulo motor. Isto posto, o exercício físico é um método importante para a reabilitação e promoção da saúde em indivíduos que sofreram AVE. Objetivo: Verificar os resultados obtidos na força muscular global e em equilíbrio dinâmico, em indivíduos com hemiplegia pós AVE, que participaram de um programa de exercícios físicos. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 29 indivíduos, com média de idade de 57 anos. Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, dados dos prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de hemiplegia após AVE do Instituto de Medicina Física e Reabilitação do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo ­ IMREA HCFMUSP, unidade Lapa, que participaram de programa de exercícios no serviço de Condicionamento Físico da instituição no período de setembro de 2011 a julho de 2013. Resultados: Observou-se aumento significativo em força muscular (p<0,05) em todas as musculaturas envolvidas no teste de 10 RM. O maior ganho de força foi no grupo dos isquiotibiais (65,85%) e a musculatura com menor ganho de força foi tríceps braquial, com 31,34%. A média total de ganho de força foi de 45,20%. O tempo de realização dos testes Timed Up and Go (TUG) e Teste de Sentar e Levantar (TSL) foi menor ao término do programa, o que significa que os pacientes melhoraram a capacidade de realizar as mesmas funções avaliadas inicialmente. Conclusão: Este estudo mostrou que o treinamento resistido é muito importante para as pessoas com sequelas de hemiplegia pós AVE, por melhorar a capacidade funcional como o equilíbrio dinâmico, além de contribuir em suas atividades cotidianas com o aumento da força muscular global.

Among all impairment caused after stroke, the main commitment is the motor skills like hemiplegia and hemiparesis. The recovery of neurological sequel depends on motor stimulation. Physical exercise is an important method to promote health and rehabilitate stroke survivors. Objective: The aim of this study was to check results obtained in muscle strength and balance in stroke survivors who participated in a physical exercise program. Method: Was included 29 subjects with a mean age of 57 years. The data was analyzed retrospectively from the records of the patients diagnosed with hemiplegia after stroke in the Instituto de Medicina Física e Reabilitação do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo ­ IMREA HCFMUSP who participated in a physical fitness program of the institution from September 2011 to July 2013. Result: There was a significant increase in muscle strength (p <0.05) in all the muscles. The time to perform the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and 5 repetitions sit to stand (TSL) was lower at the end of the study. Conclusion: This study showed that resistance training is very important for people with hemiplegia post stroke to improve the functional capacity as the dynamic balance and contribute in their daily activities.

Protocolo de assistência do serviço de condicionamento físico para indivíduos com doenças neuromusculares e musculoesqueléticas / Assistance protocol physical conditioning department for individuals with neuromuscular and musculoskeletal diseases

O condicionamento físico supervisionado por profissionais de Educação Física inserido em um programa de reabilitação para pacientes com distúrbios neuromusculares e musculoesqueléticos visa o aumento da força muscular, melhora da coordenação motora, equilíbrio dinâmico, capacidade aeróbia, capacidade funcional e da aptidão física voltada à saúde. Trata-se de importante intervenção para prevenir e atenuar a sinergia entre a perda de função física e a exacerbação de várias comorbidades que comprometem a independência funcional, modificar fatores de risco, aumentar a qualidade de vida e longevidade com redução da mortalidade. O objetivo desse artigo é apresentar o protocolo de assistência do Serviço de Condicionamento Físico do Instituto de Medicina Física e Reabilitação do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (IMREA-HCFMUSP), elaborado para que a intervenção de exercícios físicos seja adequada, respeitando o perfil e limitações físicas desses pacientes, bem como na observação de seus marcadores clínicos.

The Physical Conditioning Department supervised by physical education professionals included in the rehabilitation program for neuromuscular and musculoskeletal disorders aims to increase muscular strength, improve motor capacity, dynamic balance, aerobic capacity, functional capacity and physical fitness for health. It is an important function to prevent and attenuate a synergy between physical function and the exacerbation of several comorbidities, compromising functional independence, removing risk factors, increasing quality of life and longevity with mortality. The objective of this article is to present the physical conditioning protocol of the Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Hospital das Clínicas of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (IMREA-HCFMUSP), elaborated so that the intervention of physical exercises is adequate, respecting the profile and physical limitations of these patients, as well as in the observation of their clinical markers.

Epidemiological aspects of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in an endemic area of forest extractivist culture in western Brazilian Amazonia

ABSTRACT The study sought to analyze clinical and epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Xapuri, Acre, Brazil. Data from 2008 to 2014 registered in the notification records of the disease of the Information System of the Complaints of Notification (SINAN), and the data of the Information Department of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) available from 2007 to 2013 were used and analyzed in the light of the statistics of the temporal series by the Prais-Winsten method and chi-squared test. A total of 906 cases were registered with 60.2% occurring in men and 39.7% in women. The groups from 0 to 4 years of age (48.0%) and from 5 to 19 years of age (23.3%) were the most affected. Regarding the clinical forms, 77.7% presented CL and 22.3% mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). Among the 896 cases with information on the diagnostic methods used, Montenegro’s skin test predominated (66.4%), with a positive result of 95.8% for CL and 99.3% for MCL. Treatment with N-methylglucamine antimony was performed in 99.4% of the cases, but discontinuously used in the majority of patients. This study presents information which may be used as a tool for the epidemiological surveillance and control of the disease in Xapuri, a region which depends essentially on forest resources and ecological tourism.

Colaboração pedagógica na ação inclusiva nas escolas regulares / Educational cooperation in action inclusive in regular schools

Este estudo tem como objetivo discutir as ações profissionais de professores da sala regular e de professores especializados no que concerne aos postulados da educação inclusiva, tendo em vista os desafios e perspectivas para a constituição de uma prática profissional colaborativa. Para tanto, foram participantes do estudo 50 professores da rede regular e nove professores especializados. O conjunto de dados foi constituído por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, que versou sobre espaços formativos, experiências e atuação profissional na temática inclusiva, assim como a concordância e concepções sobre o tema. A análise das informações foi organizada em dois eixos: "Atuação individual e (des) comprometida na educação inclusiva" e "Necessária parceria de trabalho pedagógico para a educação inclusiva". Os resultados apontaram que, de modo geral, os professores não indicam um reconhecimento efetivo das ações educacionais inclusivas; demonstram que suas ações profissionais são embasadas em atuação individual e isolada, distante dos postulados de uma ação colaborativa; assim como mostraram concordância e concepções que se contrapõem à estruturação de novas ações profissionais. Conclui-se que a premissa da instauração de novos modelos de atuação profissional para a educação inclusiva depende do desenvolvimento do protagonismo dos docentes envolvidos neste processo, a fim de que efetivem ações profissionais atreladas aos princípios de acesso, permanência e aprendizagem a todos os alunos.

This study aims to discuss the professional actions of teachers in the regular classroom and specialized care in relation to the principles of inclusive education, in view of the challenges and prospects for the formation of a professional practice collaboratively. For this study participants were fifty teachers of regular and nine specialized teachers. The dataset consisted of using a semi-structured questionnaire that turned on formative spaces, experiences and professional practice in inclusive theme, as well as correspondence and views on the subject. Analysis of the data was organized into two areas: "Acting individually and (dis) engaged in inclusive education" and "Necessary Partnership pedagogical work for inclusive education." The results showed that in general, teachers do not indicate an effective recognition of educational activities inclusive; demonstrate that their professional actions here are based on individual performance and secluded away from the postulates of a collaborative action, as shown agreement and conceptions that oppose the structuring of new shares professionals. We conclude that the premise of introducing new models of professional practice for inclusive education depends on the development of the role of teachers involved in this process, so that enforce professional actions linked to the principles of access, retention and learning for all students.

Oral rehabilitation in pediatric dentistry: a clinical case report / Reabilitação bucal em Odontopediatria: relato de caso clínico

ABSTRACT Despite the emphasis and effort devoted to preventive dentistry, massive coronal destruction caused by dental caries or trauma is still seen in pediatric dentistry practice today. The technical difficulties related to dental treatment are compounded by problems related to the behavior of young patients in these circumstances, which brings the need for a broader understanding of behavior management techniques and certain skills in dealing with patients by dental practitioners, aimed at ensuring the well-being of both patient and dentist during treatment. This case report presents and discusses the scientific rationale for the treatment options adopted, considering the techniques and materials already established for aesthetic rehabilitation of adult patients (such as resins, glass-fiber posts, and glass ionomers), and now employed and adapted for pediatric dental care, that would best suit the clinical situation described. At the end of treatment, the patient achieved full rehabilitation and a restored smile, through the use of modern techniques and materials, while the dental practitioner gained a better understanding of the optimal treatment possibilities and strategies for similar cases.

RESUMO Apesar da ênfase e esforço dedicados à Odontologia preventiva, as grandes destruições coronárias causadas por cárie ou traumatismos dentários ainda são hoje problemas que ocorrem na prática clínica da odontopediatria. Além das dificuldades técnicas relacionadas a tais tratamentos, soma-se a isso, os problemas inerentes ao controle da conduta de um paciente muito jovem, o que traz a necessidade de um maior conhecimento de técnicas de manejo comportamental e uma habilidade no trato odontológico por parte do profissional, visando o bem-estar de ambos nestas circunstâncias. O relato de caso a seguir tem como objetivo apresentar e discutir o embasamento científico da opção de tratamento adotada, considerando os materiais, pinos de fibra de vidro, ionômeros de vidro, resinas, e as técnicas disponíveis atualmente, ou seja, procedimentos já consagrados na reabilitação estética em adultos, agora aplicados e adaptados à odontologia de bebês, e que melhor solucionariam a situação clínica descrita, visando sua aplicabilidade em clínica. Ao final obtemos um paciente reabilitado, gozando de um tratamento com técnicas e materiais bastante modernos, com seu sorriso restabelecido, e um profissional informado das possibilidades e técnicas mais adequadas para o tratamento de pacientes em situações semelhantes.

Preventive effect of toothpastes with MMP inhibitors on human dentine erosion and abrasion in vitro

ABSTRACT The use of gels and mouthrinses with MMP inhibitors (chlorhexidine, and green tea extract) was shown to prevent erosive wear. The aim of this study was to analyze the protective effect of toothpastes containing MMP inhibitors on dentine loss induced by erosion in vitro. Material and Methods Five groups each containing 12 specimens of human root dentine were prepared. The specimens were subjected to 1 min erosion by immersion in a cola drink, 4 times a day, for 5 d. Each day, after the first and last erosive challenges, the specimens were brushed for 15 s with a slurry of dentifrice and water (1:3) containing placebo, 1,100 ppm fluoride, 0.61% green tea extract, 0.12% chlorhexidine or 0.004% chlorhexidine (commercial toothpaste). Between the acid challenges, the specimens were stored in artificial saliva with remineralizing potential until the next treatment. Dentine loss was determined using profilometry. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA after log transform (p<0.05). Results The mean wear values (μm) were as follows: placebo 1.83±0.53; 0.61% green tea extract 1.00±0.21; fluoride 1.27±0.43; 0.12% chlorhexidine 1.19±0.30; and 0.004% chlorhexidine 1.22±0.46. There was a significant difference in wear between placebo and all the treatment toothpastes, which did not differ from each other. Conclusion The results suggest that toothpastes containing MMP inhibitors are as effective as those based on NaF in preventing dentine erosion and abrasion.

Intervenções Escolares para Promover um Estilo de Vida Saudável em Escolares do Ensino Fundamental: uma Revisão Sistemática / School-based Interventions to Promote a Healthy Life Style among Elementary School Students: A Systematic Review

Analisar os modelos de intervenções escolaresmais eficientes que objetivaram aumentar o nível de atividadefísica e melhorar os hábitos alimentares de crianças do ensinofundamental. Material e Métodos: Utilizou-se a base de dadosPubMed com as seguintes palavras-chave: school basedintervention; physical activity; physical education; health;nutrition; interventions; children; obesity; schoolenvironmental; elementary school; intervention; motor activity.Foram excluídos todos os artigos que especificaram que aintervenção não fora realizada no ambiente escolar e noensino fundamental, além de todos os estudos publicadosantes do ano de 2010. Resultados: Foram encontrados 95artigos. Após a exclusão dos duplicados e aplicação doscritérios de exclusão restaram 14 artigos para análise. Asamostras variaram de 40 a 3769 crianças e as intervençõesduraram de 8 a 156 semanas. A estratégia de intervençãomais presente nos estudos foi o aumento da atividade físicadentro do ambiente escolar. Sete estudos concluíram que aintervenção melhorou algum aspecto da saúde dos escolarese, dentre eles, o aspecto que mais se modificou foi a reduçãodo percentual de gordura. Conclusão: Intervenções queaumentaram o volume de atividade física e incluíram umaalimentação saudável no ambiente escolar foram estratégiasválidas para melhorar as condições de saúde ecomportamentais de escolares do ensino fundamental. Ainclusão de conhecimentos específicos sobre a temática deatividade física e nutrição, precisa ser mais pesquisada paraque se possa definir se essa é uma estratégia válida paraque ocorra mudanças comportamentais nessa população...

Objective: To carry out a systematic review analyzing themost efficient school-based intervention models to increasephysical activity performance and improve the dietary habitsof elementary school students. Material and Methods:Literature searches were performed in PubMed databaseusing the following keywords: school-based intervention;physical activity; physical education; health; nutrition;interventions; children; obesity; school environment;elementary school; intervention; and motor activity. All articleswhose intervention was performed outside the schoolenvironment; not addressing elementary school students;and published before 2010, were excluded from the analysis.Results: A total of 95 articles were found, of which 14 wereselected for analysis after exclusion of duplicates andscreening for eligibility criteria. The sample ranged from 40 to3769 children and the intervention period from 8 to 156 weeks.The increase in physical activity at school was found to bethe most commonly used intervention. Seven studiesconcluded that this intervention improved some healthaspects in the students, particularly reduction of body fatpercentage. Conclusion: Interventions that increased theperformance of physical activity and included a healthy dietat school were valid approaches to improve the health ofelementary school students. The inclusion of specific topicsrelating physical activity and nutrition should be furtherinvestigated, in order to verify whether it is a valid strategyto modify behavior in this population group...

Resultados de um programa de condicionamento físico em um paciente com hemofilia A grave / Results of a physical fitness program for a patient with severe hemophilia A

A hemofilia é uma doença que afeta a coagulação do sangue pela falta ou diminuição do fator de coagulação VIII ou IX. Esta deficiência faz com que a pessoa sangre por um tempo maior do que uma pessoa normal se não for medicada. Foi avaliado um indivíduo do sexo masculino de 31 anos com hemofilia A grave, artropatia hemofílica em cotovelo esquerdo e tornozelo direito. Foram realizadas 20 meses de treinamento resistido e aeróbio. As musculaturas envolvidas nos exercícios resistidos foram o peitoral maior, latíssimo do dorso, bíceps braquial, tríceps braquial, deltoide, quadríceps e isquiotibiais, sendo realizadas duas séries de 10 repetições para cada um e intervalo de 45 segundos, com intensidade de acordo com o teste inicial de 10 RM baseados na percepção de esforço de 11 a 13 da Escala de Borg. O exercício aeróbio foi realizado em bicicleta ergométrica horizontal com duração de 20 minutos, sendo aferida a frequência cardíaca de repouso, aos 10 e aos 20 minutos do exercício, e após três minutos do término. Nos seis meses antes de iniciar o programa o paciente sofreu três hemorragias, duas espontâneas, em cotovelo e tornozelo esquerdos e uma em coxa direita por pequeno trauma não identificado - em todas fazendo uso do FAH. Durante os 20 meses, o paciente teve uma hemorragia após oito meses de tratamento, no cotovelo esquerdo por trauma durante os exercícios após aumento de carga. Após este episódio, o paciente teve outro sangramento, porém espontâneo, na mesma articulação 12 meses depois. O menor ganho de força foi de tríceps braquial com 33% e o maior foi 257% em extensores de joelho, sendo a média de ganho geral de força muscular de 121%. A prática de exercícios físicos de forma supervisionada é um importante instrumento auxiliar no tratamento das pessoas com hemofilia, demonstrando a necessidade de treino de força e resistência muscular específico para este grupo de pessoas quanto à prevenção de lesões, evitando o desgaste e comprometimento do sistema musculoesquelético. O propósito deste estudo é apresentar os resultados obtidos em um programa de Condicionamento Físico, na prevenção de hemorragias de uma pessoa com hemofilia A grave e sua ação profilática, sem a administração do fator anti-hemofílico (FAH)

Hemophilia is a blood clotting disorder that causes the decrease or absence of blood coagulation factors VIII or IX. This disease causes a person to bleed longer than a normal person if it is not treated. A 31-year-old male with hemophilic arthropathy in the left elbow and right ankle was evaluated. The program lasted 20 months, with aerobic and muscle strength training. The muscles involved were the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, deltoideus, quadriceps femoris, and hamstring. The patient performed two series of 10 repetitions with 45 seconds between series. The intensity was based on the initial test of 10 maximum repetitions in accordance with the rate of perceived exertion on the Borg Scale. Aerobic exercise was performed on a horizontal stationary bike for 20 minutes. Pulse rate was registered at rest, after 10 and then 20 minutes of workout, and again after three minutes of recovery. Six months before the initiation of the fitness program the patient suffered three hemorrhages: two spontaneous in the left elbow and left ankle and one in the right leg due to a small unspecified trauma. All three hemorrhages were treated by means of clotting factors (CF's). During the program period, the first hemorrhage treated with CF's occurred in the left elbow by trauma after increasing the exercise load. Twelve months later, the patient had spontaneous bleeding in the same joint. The least improvement in strength was found for the triceps brachii with 33%, whereas the knee extensors improved the most with 257%. The average muscle strength increase was 121%. Monitored physical exercise is an important vehicle in treating of people with hemophilia, presenting the need for resistance training specific for hemophilic patients to prevent injuries and avoiding early wear of the musculoskeletal system. The objective of this study was to present the results of a physical activity program to prevent bleeding episodes in a person with severe hemophilia A and the prophylaxis without administering any clotting factors