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1.
Belo Horizonte; s.n; 2019. 90 p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS, ColecionaSUS | ID: biblio-1413207

ABSTRACT

A deficiência da biotinidase (DB) é doença metabólica hereditária, autossômica recessiva, causada por mutações no gene da biotinidase (BTD), localizado no cromossomo 3. Apresenta expressão fenotípica diversa em razão de deficiência variável da atividade da enzima biotinidase. Se não diagnosticada precocemente, pode causar retardo mental e até morte. O tratamento preventivo é simples e de baixo custo, consistindo na ingestão de doses farmacológicas de biotina livre durante toda a vida. Este é um estudo populacional para confirmar a incidência da DB profunda e parcial em recém-nascidos (RN) triados pelo PTN-MG, estabelecer a frequência das variantes identificadas no BTD, estimar a frequência da variante p.D444H na população triada e correlacionar os níveis de atividade enzimática da biotinidase com o genótipo. Todos os testes bioquímicos e moleculares foram realizados nos laboratórios do Nupad-UFMG. Durante os 5 anos de estudo foram triados 1.168.385 RN e 634 apresentaram resultados alterados para triagem em papel filtro. Em 620 RN foi determinada a atividade sérica da biotinidase, sendo confirmados 84 RN com DB (6 com DB profunda e 78 com DB parcial) e 52 RN considerados suspeitos de terem a doença. A incidência combinada da DB foi de 1:13.909 (IC95% - 1:11.235 a 1:17.217). O sequenciamento de BTD nos 136 RN identificou 36 mutações, sendo 9 ainda sem registro em banco de dados. As variantes mais frequentes foram a p.D444H, p.[A171T;D444H], p.D543E, intrônica (c.310-15delT), p.V199M e p.H485Q. A frequência do alelo p.D444H foi estimada em 0,016 e a de indivíduos heterozigotos, 0,031. Observou-se que nem sempre a correlação fenótipo bioquímico e genótipo é consistente dada a variabilidade da atividade enzimática tanto entre pacientes com o mesmo genótipo quanto no mesmo paciente em dosagens consecutivas. Na grande maioria dos pacientes com DB parcial identificou-se a dupla heterozigose de p.D444H com outra variante, sendo observada um contínuo de valores entre 15% e 33% da atividade enzimática de referência. Quando a outra variante era sabidamente patogênica "grave", a variação sempre ocorria dentro da faixa para DB parcial. Quando da segunda variante decorria defeito enzimático mais brando, os valores se aproximavam ou pouco ultrapassavam o ponto de corte superior para DB parcial. Conclui-se que a incidência combinada de DB em MG está entre as mais altas do mundo e que, portanto, a triagem neonatal cumpre papel crucial na identificação precoce da doença, propiciando tratamento preventivo dos sintomas e sequelas. A grande variabilidade genotípica observada nos pacientes reflete a origem multiétnica do estado. A determinação sérica da atividade enzimática é, sem dúvida, o teste mais importante para confirmação do diagnóstico da DB. O sequenciamento do gene BTD, principalmente nos casos com classificação bioquímica duvidosa, cumpre papel relevante na definição do status do paciente e da necessidade de suplementação de biotina. Este estudo demonstra que o programa de triagem neonatal para DB em Minas Gerais é viável, útil e provavelmente efetivo sob o ponto de vista econômico.


Biotinidase deficiency (BD) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the BTD gene, located on chromosome 3. Diverse phenotypic expression is due to variable deficiency of biotinidase enzyme activity. If not diagnosed early in life, BD may cause mental retardation and even death. Preventive treatment is simple and inexpensive, consisting of administration of free biotin at pharmacological doses throughout life. This is a population-based study aiming to confirm the incidence of profound and partial BD in newborns (NB) screened by the PTN-MG, to establish the frequency of mutations identified in BTD gene, to estimate the frequency of p.D444H variant in the screened population, and to correlate levels of biotinidase enzymatic activity with the genotype. All biochemical and molecular tests were performed at Nupad-UFMG laboratories. During the five-year study, 1,168,385 newborns were screened and 634 had abnormal results in the filter-paper screening. Serum biotinidase activity was determined in 620 newborns, and BD was confirmed in 84 NB (6 with profound and 78 with partial BD); 52 NB were suspected of having the disease (upper borderline range). The combined incidence of BD was 1:13,909 (95%CI; 1:11,235 to 1:17,217). BTD sequencing in the 136 NB identified 36 mutations, 9 of which had not yet been registered in a public database. The most frequent variants were p.D444H, p.[A171T;D444H], p.D543E, intronic (c.310-15delT), p.V199M and p.H485Q. The frequency of the p.D444H allele was estimated at 0.016 and for heterozygous individuals, 0.031. Biochemical phenotype and genotype correlation has not been always consistent given some variability of enzymatic activity both between patients with the same genotype and in the same patient in consecutive dosages. In the great majority of patients with partial BD, the double heterozygosis of p.D444H was identified with another variant, being observed a continuum of values between 15% and 33% of the reference enzymatic activity. When the other variant was known to be "severely" pathogenic, the variation always occurred within the range for partial BD. When the second variant was due to a milder enzyme defect, the values approached or slightly exceeded the upper cutoff point for partial BD. In conclusion, the combined incidence of BD in MG is among the highest in the world and, therefore, neonatal screening plays a crucial role in the early identification of the disease, providing preventive treatment of symptoms and avoiding sequelae. The large genotypic variability observed in patients reflects the multiethnic origin of the state of MG. The serum determination of enzymatic activity is undoubtedly the most important test to confirm the diagnosis of BD. The BTD gene sequencing, especially in cases with doubtful biochemical classification, plays a relevant role in defining patient status and the need for biotin supplementation. This study demonstrates that DB screening program is feasible, useful, and probably cost-effective in Minas Gerais.


Subject(s)
Neonatal Screening , Biotinidase Deficiency , Academic Dissertation , Genotype
2.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 16(2): 164-169, May-Apr. 2012. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-622738

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence and the risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) among HIV-infected women. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 494 HIV-infected women in Brazil, between 1998 and 2008. Gynecologic exam was performed, and samples were collected for cervical cytology and for HPV DNA detection. Cervical biopsy was carried out when indicated. HPV infection, CD4 T-lymphocyte count and HIV viral load were compared with cervical histopathology. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the statistical association of several risk factors. RESULTS: CIN prevalence detected by histopathology was 23.4% (6% of CIN2/3 and 17.4% cases of CIN1). Multivariate analysis confirmed an independent association of CIN with CD4 T-lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mm³ (OR 5.0, 95% CI 2.5-10.1), with a positive detection of HPV DNA (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.5), and with age < 34 years old (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.4). HIV viral load and antiretroviral use were not independent risk factors for CIN. CONCLUSIONS: Severity of immunosupression, presence of HPV infection and younger age are strong predictors of CIN among HIV-infected women.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/epidemiology , HIV Infections/complications , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology , Biopsy , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/virology , DNA, Viral , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/virology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , Papillomaviridae/genetics , Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis , Papillomavirus Infections/etiology , Risk Factors , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology , Vaginal Smears , Viral Load
3.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 57(4): 425-430, jul.-ago. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-597027

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To detect the frequency and subtypes of HPV in the uterine cervix of HIV-infected women. METHODS: Sample consisted of 288 HIV-infected women, recruited from the public health system of five cities of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Women were seen from August 2003 to August 2008. Cervical samples were collected for cytological analysis and for HPV DNA detection, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HPV DNA was classified according to its oncogenic potential in low risk (types 6, 11) and high risk (types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35). Colposcopy was performed, followed by cervical biopsy when necessary. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-squared test, with a significance level established at the 5 percent level. RESULTS: HPV prevalence was 78.8 percent. Most frequent genotypes were HPV-6 (63.9 percent) and HPV-16 (48.5 percent). High-risk HPV were observed in 70.5 percent of the women; low-risk in 71.4 percent; both high and low-risk HPV were detected in 55.1 percent of the patients. Multiple HPV genotypes were detected in 64.8 percent of the patients; two genotypes in 23.8 percent, and three in 18.9 percent. CONCLUSION: HPV prevalence was high among HIV-infected women. Multiple HPV genotypes were common in samples from the uterine cervix of HIV-infected women.


OBJETIVO: Detectar a frequência e os subtipos do HPV na cérvice uterina de mulheres infectadas pelo HIV. MÉTODOS: A amostra era composta por 288 mulheres infectadas pelo HIV, recrutadas do sistema público de saúde de cinco cidades de Minas Gerais, Brasil. As mulheres foram avaliadas de agosto de 2003 a agosto de 2008. Amostras cervicais foram coletadas para análise citológica e para detecção do HPV DNA, usando a reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). O HPV DNA foi classificado de acordo com seu potencial oncogênico em baixo risco (tipos 6,11) e alto risco (tipos 16, 18, 31, 33, 35). Foi realizada colposcopia, seguida de biópsia cervical, quando indicada. Variáveis categóricas foram comparadas usando o teste do quiquadrado, com nível de significância estabelecido de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: A prevalência do HPV foi 78,8 por cento. Os genótipos mais frequentes foram HPV-6 (63,9 por cento) e HPV-16 (48,5 por cento). Genótipos de HPV de alto risco foram observados em 70,5 por cento das mulheres; de baixo risco em 71,4 por cento; HPV de alto e baixo risco foram detectados em 55,1 por cento das pacientes. Múltiplos genótipos de HPV foram detectados em 64,8 por cento das pacientes; dois genótipos em 23,8 por cento, e três em 18,9 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência do HPV foi alta entre mulheres infectadas pelo HIV. Múltiplos genótipos de HPV foram comuns em amostras da cérvice uterina destas mulheres.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Cervix Uteri/virology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Alphapapillomavirus/genetics , Brazil/epidemiology , DNA Probes, HPV , DNA, Viral/analysis , Genotype , HIV Infections/virology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Risk Factors
4.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 105(1): 73-78, Feb. 2010. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-539308

ABSTRACT

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease worldwide and there is a strong link between certain high-risk viral types and cervical carcinogenesis. Although there are several typing methods, it is still unclear which test is the best. This study compared the effectiveness of type-specific PCR (TS-PCR) and sequencing, with a focus on their clinical application. A total of 260 cervical samples from HPV-positive patients were tested for types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33 and 35 using TS-PCR and sequencing. The genotype was identified in 36 percent of cases by TS-PCR and in 75 percent by sequencing. Sequencing was four times more likely to identify the viral type in positive samples than TS-PCR (p = 0.00). Despite being more effective for virus genotyping, sequencing was unable to identify viral types in multiple infections. Combining both techniques resulted in highly sensitive detection (87 percent of cases), showing that they are complementary methods. HPV genotyping is an important step in HPV management, helping to identify patients with a higher risk of developing cervical cancer and contributing to the development of type-specific vaccines.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , DNA, Viral/genetics , Genotype , Papillomaviridae/genetics , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Papillomaviridae/isolation & purification , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Species Specificity
5.
Femina ; 37(6): 319-323, jun. 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-534077

ABSTRACT

Indivíduos que praticam atividade sexual desprotegida têm risco combinado de se infectarem pelo HIV e HPV porque esses vírus têm forma de aquisição comum. Dados atuais sugerem que a exposição à infecção pelo HIV pode aumentar a prevalência do HPV, provavelmente pela fraca resposta do sistema imune. O desenvolvimento de métodos baseados em reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), que são mais sensíveis e capazes de detectar tipos específicos de HPV simultaneamente, tem permitido a investigação sistemática de infecções múltiplas. Foram pesquisados no MEDLINE (Pubmed) e LILACS os artigos relacionados ao tema, publicados entre 2004 e 2008, e selecionados artigos relevantes na literatura sobre prevalência e multiplicidade do HPV em pacientes infectadas pelo HIV. Mulheres infectadas por HIV têm mais prevalência de HPV, de múltiplos tipos de HPV, e prevalência mais elevada de subtipos oncogênicos que mulheres não infectadas pelo HIV. O HPV-16 tem sido o genótipo mais prevalente, e a infecção múltipla pelo HPV é comumente detectada quando se emprega a PCR. A prevalência de HPV na cérvice uterina de mulheres portadoras do HIV é alta, variando de 52 a 87 por cento. A infecção por múltiplos genótipos é o padrão predominante de infecção pelo HPV nesse grupo de pacientes (41 a 52 porcento).


Individuals that practice umprotected sexual activity have the risk to be infected by both HIV and HPV because these viruses have similar form of acquisition. Current data suggest that the exposition to the infection by HIV can increase the prevalence of the HPV, probably because of the weak reply of the immune system. The development of methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which are more sensible and capable of detect specific types of HPV simultaneously, has allowed the systematic study of multiple infections. Articles related to the subject published between 2004 and 2008 hab been searched in MEDLINE (Pubmed) and LILACS and relevant articles in literature on prevalence and multiplicity of the HPV in patients infected by HIV were chosen. Women infected by HIV have mores prevalence of HPV, multiple types of HPV and higher prevalence of oncogenic subtypes than women who are not infected by HIV. The HPV-16 has been the most prevalent genotype and the multiple infection by HPV is usually detected when the PCR is used. The prevalence of HPV in the uterine cervix of HIV women is high, varying from 52 to 87 percent. The infection with multiple genotypes is the predominant standard of infection by HPV in this group of patients (41 a 52 percent).


Subject(s)
Female , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia , Cervix Uteri/pathology , Cervix Uteri/virology , HIV Infections/virology , Papillomavirus Infections/complications , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Prevalence , /pathogenicity , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
6.
Rev. bras. ginecol. obstet ; 30(9): 437-444, set. 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-496143

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: verificar a acuidade do exame citológico do colo uterino para o diagnóstico do HPV, comparado à reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), em amostras de mulheres portadoras do HIV. MÉTODOS: foram incluídas 158 pacientes, sendo realizada uma primeira coleta de material da cérvice uterina com a espátula de Ayre para a PCR. A seguir, foi realizada outra coleta com espátula de Ayre e escova para a citologia oncótica. Foram revisadas 109 lâminas, tendo em vista que 49 foram destruídas, por terem ultrapassado dois anos de arquivo. RESULTADOS: a prevalência de HPV foi de 11 por cento no estudo citológico e 69,7 por cento na PCR. A idade do grupo variou de 20 a 61 anos, com mediana de 35 anos. A forma de contágio pelo HIV foi a heterossexual em 91,8 por cento dos casos e 79,1 por cento dos pacientes tiveram um a cinco parceiros sexuais em toda a vida. A queixa mais freqüente foi massa pélvica (5,1 por cento) e 75,3 por cento procuraram o serviço para consulta de rotina. A comparação de variáveis categóricas foi realizada através de tabelas de contingência sendo utilizado o teste do χ2 com correção de Yates para comparação de proporções. Quando uma das freqüências esperadas foi menor que cinco, foi utilizado o teste de Fisher. Na comparação de testes diagnósticos foram calculados: a sensibilidade, a especificidade e razões de verossimilhança. Das 76 pacientes com HPV detectado pela PCR, somente 12 foram confirmadas pela citologia (sensibilidade=15,8 por cento) que, por outro lado, não apresentou resultados falsos-positivos (especificidade=100 por cento). Comparando-se os dois resultados, encontraram-se valor preditivo positivo de 100 por cento e negativo de 33,3 por cento para a citologia, na predição da presença do HPV. Entre as 12 pacientes com citologia positiva para HPV, quatro (33,3 por cento) apresentaram neoplasias intra-epiteliais cervicais (OR=5,6; razão de verossimilhança positiva=infinidade positiva; razão de verossimilhança...


PURPOSE: to verify the accuracy of uterine cervix cytology for HPV diagnosis, as compared to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in samples of women with HIV. METHODS: 158 patients who had undergone a first collection of material from the uterine cervix with Ayre's spatula for PCR were included in the study. Then, another collection with Ayre's spatula and brush for oncotic cytology was performed. Only 109 slides were reviewed, as 49 of them had already been destructed for have being filed for over two years. RESULTS: the prevalence of HPV was 11 percent in the cytological exam and 69.7 percent in the PCR. Age varied from 20 to 61 years old, median 35 years. The HIV contagious route was heterosexual in 91.8 percent of the cases, and 79.1 percent of the patients had had from one to five sexual partners along their lives. The most frequent complaint was pelvic mass (5.1 percent), and 75.3 percent of the women had looked for the service for a routine medical appointment. The categorical variable comparison was done through contingency tables, using the χ2 test with Yates's correction to compare the ratios. The Fisher's test was used when one of the expected rates was lower than five. In the comparison of diagnostic tests, sensitivity, specificity and similarity ratios have been calculated. Among the 76 patients with HPV, detected by PCR, only 12 had the diagnosis confirmed by cytology (sensitivity=15.8 percent), which on the other hand did not present any false-positive results (specificity=100 percent). Concerning the HPV presence, the cytological prediction for positive results was 100 percent and 33.3 percent for negative, when both results were compared. Among the 12 patients with HPV positive cytology, four (33.3 percent) presented cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (OR=56; positive similarity ratio=positive infinity; negative similarity ratio=0.83). CONCLUSIONS: As the cytology specificity is quite high, it is possible to rely on...


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Cervix Uteri/pathology , Cervix Uteri/virology , HIV Infections/complications , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Papillomavirus Infections/complications , Papillomavirus Infections/pathology , Reproducibility of Results , Young Adult
7.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 41(3): 238-242, maio-jun. 2008. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-489738

ABSTRACT

O vírus da hepatite C é caracterizado pela significativa heterogeneidade genética e é atualmente classificado em seis genótipos principais e diversos subtipos. A determinação do genótipo do vírus tem importância na prática clínica para orientar o tratamento dos pacientes portadores de hepatite C crônica. A prevalência dos diferentes genótipos e subtipos do vírus da hepatite C não tem sido amplamente estudada em algumas regiões do Brasil. Neste estudo foram analisadas 788 amostras de pacientes portadores de hepatite C crônica atendidos nos Centros de Referência em Hepatites Virais de Belo Horizonte, entre 2002 e 2006. A genotipagem do vírus foi realizada por seqüenciamento direto da região 5’ UTR. Adicionalmente, foi realizada análise filogenética incluindo todas as variantes genotípicas obtidas. Observou-se alta prevalência do genótipo 1 (78,4 por cento; 1b [40,4 por cento], 1a [37,5 por cento] e 1a/b [0,5 por cento]), seguida pelo genótipo 3a (17,9 por cento) e pelo 2b (3,1 por cento). Foram identificadas três amostras (0,4 por cento) com o genótipo 2a/c e duas amostras (0,2 por cento) com o genótipo 4. A análise filogenética mostrou a segregação esperada das seqüências obtidas junto às seqüências de referência para os genótipos 1, 2, 3 e 4, exceto em duas amostras do genótipo 1a. A alta prevalência do genótipo 1 (78,4 por cento), encontrada na população de Belo Horizonte é semelhante à previamente descrita em outras cidades, como Rio de Janeiro, mas superior à encontrada em São Paulo e no Sul do país. A presença de raras seqüências atípicas da região 5’UTR sugere a presença de variantes do vírus da hepatite C nesta população.


The hepatitis C virus is characterized by significant genetic heterogeneity. It is currently classified into six main genotypes and several subtypes. Determining the genotype of the virus is important in clinical practice for guiding the treatment for individuals with chronic hepatitis C. The prevalence of different genotypes and subtypes of the hepatitis C virus has not been fully studied in some regions of Brazil. In this study, 788 samples from patients with chronic hepatitis C who were attended at the Viral Hepatitis Reference Centers in Belo Horizonte were analyzed between 2002 and 2006. The genotyping of the virus was performed by direct sequencing of the 5’ UTR region. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis was performed, including all of the genotypic variants obtained. High prevalence of genotype 1 (78.4 percent; 1b [40.4 percent], 1a [37.5 percent] and 1a/b [0.5 percent]) was observed, followed by genotypes 3a (17.9 percent) and 2b (3.1 percent). Three samples were identified as genotype 2a/c (0.4 percent) and two as genotype 4 (0.2 percent). The phylogenetic analysis showed the expected segregation of the sequences obtained, with regard to the reference sequences for genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4, except for two samples of genotype 1a. The high prevalence of genotype 1 (78.4 percent) found in this population from Belo Horizonte was similar to previous reports from other cities such as Rio de Janeiro, but it was higher than what has been described in São Paulo and in the south of the country. The presence of rare atypical sequences from the 5’ UTR region suggests that variants in the hepatitis C virus exist in this population.


Subject(s)
Humans , /genetics , DNA, Viral/analysis , Hepacivirus/genetics , Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology , Brazil/epidemiology , Genotype , Hepatitis C, Chronic/epidemiology , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence
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