ABSTRACT
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Several prospective randomized trials have shown that hypofractionation has the same efficacy and safety as the conventional fractionation in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. There are many benefits of hypofractionation, including a more convenient schedule for the patients and better use of resources, which is especially important in low- and middle-income countries like Brasil. Based on these data, the Brazilian Society of Radiotherapy (Sociedade Brasileira de Radioterapia) organized this consensus to guide and support the use of hypofractionated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer in Brasil. METHODS: The relevant literature regarding moderate hypofractionation (mHypo) and ultra-hypofractionation (uHypo) was reviewed and discussed by a group of experts from public and private centers of different parts of Brasil. Several key questions concerning clinical indications, outcomes and technological requirements for hypofractionation were discussed and voted. For each question, consensus was reached if there was an agreement of at least 75% of the panel members. RESULTS: The recommendations are described in this article. CONCLUSION: This initiative will assist Brazilian radiation oncologists and medical physicists to safely treat localized prostate cancer patients with hypofractionation.
Subject(s)
Prostatic Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated , Brazil , Prospective Studies , Treatment Outcome , Radiation Dose HypofractionationABSTRACT
SUMMARY This recommendation consensus for hypofractionated whole-breast radiotherapy (RT) was organized by the Brazilian Society of Radiotherapy (SBRT) considering the optimal scenario for indication and safety in the technology applied. All controversies and contraindication matters (hypofractionated RT in patients who underwent chemotherapy [CT], hypofractionated RT in lymphatic drainage, hypofractionated RT after mastectomy with or without immediate reconstruction, boost during surgery, hypofractionated RT in patients under 50 years old, hypofractionated RT in large breasts, hypofractionated RT in histology of carcinoma in situ [DCIS]) was discussed during a meeting in person, and a consensus was reached when there was an agreement of at least 75% among panel members. The grade for recommendation was also suggested according to the level of scientific evidence available, qualified as weak, medium, or strong. Thus, this consensus will aid Brazilian radiotherapy experts regarding indications and particularities of this technique as a viable and safe alternative for the national reality.
RESUMO Este consenso de recomendações para a radioterapia (RT) hipofracionada de toda a mama foi organizado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Radioterapia (SBRT) considerando o cenário ideal para indicação e segurança na tecnologia aplicada. Questões de controvérsias e contraindicações (RT hipofracionada em pacientes submetidas à quimioterapia [QT], RT hipofracionada nas drenagens linfáticas, RT hipofracionada após mastectomia com ou sem reconstrução imediata, a realização de reforço de dose em leito cirúrgico [ou boost], RT hipofracionada em pacientes com idade menor que 50 anos, RT hipofracionada em mamas volumosas, RT hipofracionada em histologia de carcinoma in situ [CDIS]) foram discutidas em encontro presencial, sendo o consenso atingido quando existisse concordância de pelo menos 75% dos panelistas. O grau de recomendação foi também sugerido de acordo com o nível de evidência científico disponível, qualificado entre fraco, médio ou forte. Assim, este consenso deverá servir para auxiliar os especialistas da radioterapia brasileira em relação às indicações e particularidades dessa técnica, como uma alternativa segura e viável para a realidade nacional.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Breast Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Carcinoma/radiotherapy , Radiation Dose Hypofractionation/standards , Brazil , Breast/radiation effects , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Carcinoma/pathology , Risk Factors , Evidence-Based MedicineABSTRACT
No Brasil, a expectativa de vida para as mulheres é de 75 anos e a população acima de 70 anos, atualmente, ultrapassa os 4,5 milhões de mulheres com previsão de crescimento para os próximos anos. Ao contrário do que se imaginava, a evolução clínica do câncer de mama parece ser semelhante em mulheres idosas quando comparadas àsmais jovens. Estudos prospectivos randomizados com nível I de evidência envolvendo pacientes com mais de 70 anos portadoras de câncer de mama são escassos. O diagnóstico precoce, por meio da mamografia, proporciona tratamentos menos agressivos. Portanto, a mamografia não deve ser negligenciada em idosas. O tratamento cirúrgico é de baixa morbidade e mortalidade mesmo em idosas. Por outro lado, comorbidades,estado geral comprometido e limitada expectativa de vida são fatores que limitam o tratamento sistêmico e radioterápico nessas mulheres. Diante disso, as idosas estão mais sujeitas ao subtratamento com prejuízo para a sobrevida global e sobrevida livre de doença. Sempre que possível, a abordagem do câncer de mama nas mulheres acima de 70 de idade deve respeitar os protocolos previamente estabelecidos para as mais jovens. Comorbidades, performance status e expectativa de vida devem ser consideradas para a definição do tratamento individualizado.
In Brazil, life expectancy among women is 75 years. The current population aged over 70 years exceeds 4.5 million, and is expected to grow even more in the coming years. Contrary to expectations, the clinical outcome of breast cancer appears to be similar in both younger and older women. Level I evidence randomized prospective studies involving patients older than 70 years with breast cancer are scarce. Early diagnosis using mammography enables less aggressive treatments. Therefore, the need for mammographies should not be overlooked in elderly women. Surgical treatment carries low morbidity and mortality even among elderly women. Nonetheless, comorbidities, impaired general health status and limited life expectancy are factors that limit systemic treatment and radiotherapy in these women. Thus, the elderly are more prone toundertreatment leading to reduced overall survival and disease-free survival. Whenever possible, the approach to breast cancer in women over age 70 should comply with protocols previously established for younger women. Comorbidities, performance status and life expectancy should be factored in planning for individualized treatment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/therapy , MammographyABSTRACT
Objectives: This paper aims to study biochemical control, hormonal therapy-free survival, and prognostic factors related tosalvage radiation for prostate cancer patients submitted to radical prostatectomy (RP) without hormonal therapy (HT) before orduring radiation. Materials and Methods: from August 2002 to July 2004, 39 prostate cancer patients submitted to RPpresented biochemical failure after achieving PSA nadir (<0.2ng/ml). All patients were submitted to three-dimensional conformalexternal beam radiation therapy (3DC-EBRT) and no patients had received HT. Median age was 62 years, median preoperativePSA was 9.4ng/ml, median Gleason Score was 7. We defined PSA rise above 0.2 as biochemical failure after surgery. Median3DC-EBRT dose was 70Gy, and biochemical failure after EBRT was defined as three consecutive rises in PSA or a single risesufficient to trigger HT. Results: Biochemical non-evidence of disease (BNED) in 3 years was 72%. PSA doubling time (PSADT)lower than 4 months (p=0.04), and delay to salvage EBRT (p=0.05) were associated to worse chance of successful salvagetherapy. Late morbidity was acceptable. Conclusion: Expressive PSA control (72% BNED / 3years) could be achieved withsalvage radiotherapy in well-selected patients. The importance of PSADT was confirmed, and radiotherapy should be started asearly as possible. Follow-up is somewhat short, but it is possible to conclude that it is possible to achieve a long interval freefrom hormonal therapy with low rate of toxicity, avoiding or at least delaying morbidity related to hormonal treatment.radiotherapy