Microanatomy of the nerve to iliacus muscle and its clinical significance / Microanatomía del nervio del músculo ilíaco y su importancia clínica

The iliacus muscle, arising from iliac fossa is innervated chiefly by nerves to iliacus and femoral nerve. The tendon of iliacus muscle in the caudal part fuses with the tendon of psoas major muscle to form iliopsoas tendon As the iliacus/iliopsoas is responsible for flexing of the thigh and the forward tilting of the pelvis, body posture, Olympic lifts, daily activities like walking and running, so impairment of above functions, due to spinal cord injury or injury to nerves to iliacus, remained a grey area to explore manifestation of nerve lesions at fascicular level. Therefore an experimental study was designed to map the complex fascicular pathways suffering from splits, fusions and multiplexing coupled with measurement of distances of closely sampled histological slides. Tracking, correlation and interpretation of fascicles, in these slides of a cropped femoral nerve in iliacus region from a 70 year old female cadaver were analyzed. The study resulted in three schematic models of fascicular pathways in 3 nerves to iliacus and 2 tabular models of 2 remaining nerves to iliacus revealing complete picture of fascicles interrupted by dynamic transformational processes. These results would facilitate MRI neurographic interpretation at fascicular level and neurosurgical treatment through identification. The fascicular identification and setup would also discover anatomical complications and location of injury. Besides the huge data volume evolved off this experiment, the study would not only open up grey area for neuroanatomical research but also would revolutionize the neurosurgical repair and grafting of nerves to iliacus at fascicular level.

El músculo ilíaco, que se inserta en la fosa ilíaca, está inervado principalmente por los nervios ilíaco y femoral. El tendón del músculo ilíaco en la parte caudal se fusiona con el tendón del músculo psoas mayor para formar el tendón del músculo iliopsoas. Los músculos ilíaco e iliopsoas son responsables de la flexión del muslo y la inclinación hacia delante de la pelvis, la postura del cuerpo, los levantamientos olímpicos, las actividades diarias como caminar y correr, por lo que el deterioro de las funciones anteriores, debido a lesiones de la médula espinal o de los nervios ilíacos, constituyen una dificultad para explorar la manifestación de lesiones nerviosas a nivel fascicular. Por lo tanto, se diseñó un estudio experimental para mapear las complejas vías fasciculares que presentan divisiones, fusiones y multiplexación, junto con medición en muestras histológicas. Se analizó el seguimiento, correlación y la interpretación de los fascículos en muestras de secciones del nervio femoral en la región ilíaca de un cadáver femenino de 70 años. Se obtuvieron tres modelos esquemáticos de vías fasciculares en 3 ramos del nervio ilíaco y dos modelos tabulares de los 2 ramos nerviosos restantes del nervio ilíaco, que muestran una imagen completa de los fascículos interrumpidos por procesos de transformación dinámica. Estos resultados facilitarían la interpretación neurográfica de la resonancia nuclear magnética a nivel fascicular y el tratamiento neuroquirúrgico a través de su identificación. La identificación y configuración del fascículo también permitirían descubrir complicaciones anatómicas y la localización de la lesión. Además del enorme volumen de datos que se desprendió de este estudio, éste no solo contribuiría a la investigación neuroanatómica, sino también puede aportar a la reparación neuroquirúrgica y al injerto de nervios al músculo ilíaco a nivel fascicular.

Morphometric Study Of Foramen Magnum Of Skull In Population Of Uttar Pradesh

Background: Foramen Magnum (FM) is a latin word meaning the largest aperture in the base of the skull. It is ovaland wider behind, with the greatest diameter (dm) being antero-posterior (AP). The major vital neuroanatomicpasses through this largest foramen. Many authors have classified FM depending upon its shapes.Objectives: To determine the morphometric parameters of Foramen MagnumMaterials and Methods: The study was conducted on 71 dry human skulls of unknown sex and measured itsAntero-Posterior, Transverse, Right Oblique and Left Oblique diameters with the help of digital caliper.Result: The dormancy of Oval shaped Foramen Magnum was found in this study. The range of Antero-posteriorand Transverse diameter falls between 30.22-40.9 mm and 22.67-33.36 mm respectively. The range of Rightoblique and Left Oblique diameter was found in between 20.84-35.52 mm and 28.88-35.47 mm respectively.Conclusion: The present study will useful not only for anatomists but also in neurosurgery. As the nomenclatureof the opening in the occipital bone at the base of the skull and bounded by Oval and Rounded on visualizationsupported by Antero-Posterior and Transverse diameter of the opening.

Evaluation of Lumber Vertebral Canal at Disc Level in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic subjects: A Radiological Evaluation.

Background: Spinal stenosis is defined as the narrowing of central spinal canal or its lateral recesses. Stenosis of spinal canal becomes important only when it results in interference with the normal functions of the contents of the canal. Narrowing of spinal canal seems to be a normal part of advancing age but certain uncertainties persist as regards to radiological definition of lumbar spinal canal stenosis. Material & Method: The present study was aimed to evaluate the clinical relevance of stenosis of spinal canal through the most recent technique, MRI. Fifty symptomatic and 18 asymptomatic subjects were included. Antero-posterior and transverse diameters of vertebral canal were compared between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects and statistically analyzed. Results & Discussion: The present study clearly shows that in both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects there is a gradual decrease in the antero-posterior diameter from above downwards . The minimum anteroposterior and maximum transverse diameter was seen at L4L5 level making this level susceptible to compressive symptomatology. Apparent stenosis was observed in some asymptomatic subjects.

Pharmacognostical Standardization and HPTLC Fingerprint of Alstonia Scholaris Linn. Bark.

There is increasing global interest in herbal and other forms of traditional medicines. Herbs have long been an important source of numerous effective drugs. As per World Health Organization recommendations, there is a need for investigation of traditional medicinal plants for their potential therapeutic efficacy. The bark of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. (Family: Apocynaceae) locally known as ‘Sapthaparni’ or ‘Satwid’, is reported to have anticancer, antihelminthic, antidiarrhoeal, antiasthamatic, antimalarial etc. The present work embodies the study carried out for quality control of herbal drugs which comprises of macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical properties, phytochemical analysis, fluorescence analysis and HPTLC fingerprint. The anatomical markers present were found to be stone cells, sclereids, cork cells, fibers and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate. Methanol soluble extractive value was found to be higher than Water, Ethanol and Petroleum ether soluble extractive values. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, steroids, amino acids, fats, fixed oil, glycosides, proteins, starch and flavonoids. A unique HPTLC fingerprint for A. scholaris (L.) R. Br. bark was developed. Results of the present study on pharmacognostical and phytochemical investigation of A. scholaris (L.) R. Br. bark will be helpful in developing standards for quality, purity and sample identification of this plant.

Physical and chemical characteristics of carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) fruit at three stages of maturity.

The fresh fruits of carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) are used in jelly making, for garnishing salads and to prepare drinks. In some Asian countries, the green mature fruit is relished and consumed fresh and used in pickle preparations. In the present work the physical and chemical properties of carambola fruits were studied at different maturity stages. The fruits were characterized for physical properties like length, diameter, fresh weight, dry weight and moisture content. The fruits were also analyzed for soluble protein, total sugars, reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, oxalic acid, amino acid, pectin and chlorophyll. The composition of fruit varied widely during maturation. The length, diameter, fresh weight and dry weight increased as fruit mature and ripen. The pH of the fruit increased with maturity. The contents of reducing sugars, total sugars, soluble protein, amino acid and oxalic acid increased with maturity. Total chlorophyll content increased from young to half ripe fruit but in full ripe fruit it decreased significantly.

Effect of Asteracantha longifolia Nees. against CCl4 induced liver dysfunction in rat.

Significant recovery after treatment with the whole plant slurry of A.longifolia Nees. was observed in plasma AST, ALT and cholesterol levels in CCl4 induced hepatotoxic rats. This was amply supported by electron micrographs, which indicated normalization of cytoarchitecture of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. The results suggest that the slurry of the plant is useful as a liver tonic.

Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts from plant parts and corresponding calli of Bixa orellana L.

Ethanol extracts from the different parts of B. orellana showed differential antimicrobial activity. It was found that the extracts of in vitro leaves showed maximum activity against Bacillus pumilus followed by the extracts from the roots and hypocotyls. The callus derived from different explants too showed antimicrobial activity. The leaf callus showed maximum activity. The zone of inhibition for the diluted extracts of in vitro hypocotyls and roots and their corresponding calli showed minimum zone of inhibition at concentration 24 mg/ml, whereas the diluted extract of in vitro leaves and leaf derived callus showed minimum zone of inhibition at 16 mg/ml.