ABSTRACT
Objective@#To evaluate the effectiveness of AIDS intervention programs on men aged 50 or over and having had non-marital sexual behavior.@*Methods@#A community-based intervention/experimental and based on individual level study was adopted. Stratified sampling method was used. 12 townships/streets in Fuyang district of Hangzhou were identified as intervention or control group (six research sites each). All of the subjects in the township (street) were included. The inclusion criteria of study objects would include men aged 50 or older who reported having unmarried sex in the last year. Estimated sample size was 290, with each 145 in the intervention group and the control group. All the intervention group participants were provided with a total of 4 intervention-related items (knowledge and education on AIDS prevention, information radiation and behavioral change, broadcast expert lectures), every 3 months, for 12 month, the main evaluation indicators would include: incidence of non-marital sex and commercial sex in the last year, condom use when having non-marital sex in the last episode.@*Results@#A total of 312 subjects were recruited. 300 of them completed the baseline study while 284 of them completed the follow-up survey. Among the subjects who had undergone the baseline study, the average age was (65.58±7.89), 71.33% were married or cohabiting with someone, 52.00% having had primary school education. After the implementation of intervention programs, the incidence of non-marital sex dropped to 59.42% (82/138) and the incidence of commercial sex dropped from 79.73% (118/148) to 55.07% (76/138). Condom use rate in the last non-marital sexual contact increased from 19.59% (29/148) to 51.22% (42/82). In the control group, the incidence of non-marital sex in the year before dropped to 74.66% (109/146) and the incidence of commercial sex dropped from 91.45% (139/152) to 72.60% (106/146). Rates of condom use during the last non-marital sexual contact dropped from 32.89% (50/152) to 31.19% (34/109). Statistically, there were significant differences appeared between the two groups on the incidence of non-marital sex in the past year (χ2=7.48, P=0.008), the incidence of commercial sex in the last year (χ2=9.47, P=0.003) and the rate of condom use in the last sex experience (χ2=7.83, P=0.007).@*Conclusions@#Results from this intervention study showed that: in the intervention group, both the incidence rates of non-marital or commercial sex had reduced, together with the increase of condom use in non-marital sex in the last sexual experience. Intervention strategies that involving knowledge and education on AIDS prevention, information radiation and behavioral change, broadcasting lectures by experts etc. were all proved effective.
ABSTRACT
Objective: :To establish a quality standard for glycyrrhizic acid in compound loquat and pentoryverine granule.Methods: TLC was applied in the qualitative detection of glycyrrhizic acid.An HPLC method was used for the quantitative determination of glycyrrhizic acid.A C 18 (250 mm× 4.6 mm ,5 μm)column was used.The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol-0.2 mol·L-1 ammonium acetate-acetic acid(60∶39∶1).The flow rate was at 1.0 ml·min-1 , and the detection wavelength was at 250 nm.Results: The TLC spots were clear and well separated without interference from the negative sample.The calibration curves were linear within the range of 0.01-1.01 g·L-1 (r=1.000 0).The average recovery was 103.2% (RSD %=1.8% , n =9).Conclusion: The method is simple and accurate, which can be used for the quality control of compound loquat and pentoryverine granule.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the problems in the network direct reporting of information about intervention service conducted in population at high risk for HIV infection in China during 2013-2014,and provide evidence for the improvement of the network direct reporting of the intervention information.Methods The wrong records of the intervention service in population at high-risk were collected from national AIDS prevention and treatment information system.The wrong records,including those found at county (district) level and those found at state level,were analyzed with descriptive statistical method.Results A total of 1 066 wrong records were found during 2013-2014,and average annual wrong record rate was ＜0.1％.Up to 71.3％ (760/1 066) of wrong records occurred in the first half year.The wrong records in eastern,central and western areas accounted for 14.9％ (159/1 066),22.6％ (241/1 066) and 62.5％ (666/1 066) of the total respectively.More wrong records were found in the intervention information for men who have sex with men and injecting drug users than in those for female sex workers.Among the total wrong records,86.4％ (921/ 1 066) were found at county level and 13.6％ (145/1 066) were found at state level.The wrong records were mainly "annual number of persons receiving the first HIV test" and "annual number of persons covered by intervention".Common causes of wrong records were underreporting and delay,staff fault,miscalculation and misunderstanding.Conclusion In general,the wrong record rate in intervention information for population at high risk for HIV infection reported directly through network was low in China.It is necessary to strengthen the recording of the intervention service,the quality control of statistics and network direct reporting and staff training to improve the quality of reported data of intervention service.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the problems in the network direct reporting of information about intervention service conducted in population at high risk for HIV infection in China during 2013-2014,and provide evidence for the improvement of the network direct reporting of the intervention information.Methods The wrong records of the intervention service in population at high-risk were collected from national AIDS prevention and treatment information system.The wrong records,including those found at county (district) level and those found at state level,were analyzed with descriptive statistical method.Results A total of 1 066 wrong records were found during 2013-2014,and average annual wrong record rate was ＜0.1％.Up to 71.3％ (760/1 066) of wrong records occurred in the first half year.The wrong records in eastern,central and western areas accounted for 14.9％ (159/1 066),22.6％ (241/1 066) and 62.5％ (666/1 066) of the total respectively.More wrong records were found in the intervention information for men who have sex with men and injecting drug users than in those for female sex workers.Among the total wrong records,86.4％ (921/ 1 066) were found at county level and 13.6％ (145/1 066) were found at state level.The wrong records were mainly "annual number of persons receiving the first HIV test" and "annual number of persons covered by intervention".Common causes of wrong records were underreporting and delay,staff fault,miscalculation and misunderstanding.Conclusion In general,the wrong record rate in intervention information for population at high risk for HIV infection reported directly through network was low in China.It is necessary to strengthen the recording of the intervention service,the quality control of statistics and network direct reporting and staff training to improve the quality of reported data of intervention service.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To learn about the effects of psychological counseling intervention on reducing heroin use, increasing methadone dosage and improving compliance rate of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Subjects who had had at least one positive result for regular urine morphine tests during the past three months were recruited from 16 MMT clinics. During the three-month intervention period, the subjects received regular psychological counseling provided by doctors (once every other week) and peer education (once a week). Positive rates of urine morphine tests, average days receiving MMT during three months before the intervention and during the intervention, and average daily dosage of methadone during the last week before intervention and during the last week of the intervention programs conducted were recorded and compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 492 patients receiving MMT were surveyed. There were significant changes in positive rates for urine morphine tests, average daily dosage, and average days on MMT before and during the intervention programs. The positive rate for urine morphine tests dropped from 50.1% to 27.1%; the average daily dosage of methadone increased from 63.0 mg to 72.6 mg; the average days receiving MMT increased from 69.4 days to 73.9 days.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Intensive psychological counseling intervention was effective in reducing heroin use, increasing methadone dosage and improving compliance rate of MMT among patients receiving MMT.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Counseling , Heroin Dependence , Drug Therapy , Psychology , Methadone , Therapeutic Uses , Opiate Substitution Treatment , Psychology , Patient Compliance , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand that whether initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) would impact on the change and its reasons regarding the HIV-related high risk behaviors among HIV-positive clients who attending the methadone maintenance treatment (MMT).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In-depth interviews were conducted among 34 MMT clients in Yunnan province who were under ART. The related contents would include information on general demographic charicteristics, HIV infection,MMT, number of sexual partners before and after ART, sexual behavior and frequency of condom use, drug use, needle sharing, changes in risk behaviors before and after the ART, reasons for high-risk behavior, of the clients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average age of the interviewees was 38.5 years, and most of them were male (70.6%). The clients under this study all admitted that the frequencies of unsafe sex and needle sharing did not increase after the ART initiation, with the main reasons as increasing HIV related awareness, the use of methadone, high accessibility of free condoms and access to clean needles etc. However, 12 of 34 reported being relapsed and 3 reported inconsistent condom use. The interaction of ART and dosage of methadone were connected to the episodes of relapsing and the ART optimism would result in inconsistent condom use.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>No evidence supported that the ART initiation would increase the risk behaviors among the HIV-infected MMT clients. However, attention needs to be paid to the new challenges caused by high expectation of ART.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , China , Epidemiology , Condoms , HIV Infections , Epidemiology , Methadone , Therapeutic Uses , Needle Sharing , Opiate Substitution Treatment , Qualitative Research , Risk-Taking , Safe Sex , Sexual Behavior , Sexual Partners , Substance-Related Disorders , Drug Therapy , Unsafe SexABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the impacts of antiretroviral treatment on drug use and high risk sexual behaviors among HIV-positive MMT clients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients undergoing ART (ART-experienced) and patients not undergoing ART (ART-naive) attending MMT in 5 clinics in Yunnan Honghe and Dehong prefectures in 2014. A questionnaire was designed to collect socio-demographic characteristics, ART and MMT information and sexual and drug use behaviors within 3 months before the investigation was conducted. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the predictors for drug use and risky sexual behaviors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 328 cases were included in the analysis, among which 202 were ART-experienced and 126 were ART-naÏve. Among 152 respondents who were sexually active, 61 (40.1%) reported having unprotected sex (UPS) with their regular partners in the prior 3 months. A total of 57.6% (189/328) of the respondents used drugs in the prior 3 months. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that younger than 35 years old (OR = 3.57, 95% CI: 1.23-10.37), fertility desire (OR = 4.47, 95% CI: 1.49-13.41), partner being HIV-positive (OR = 4.62, 95% CI: 1.80-11.86), length of MMT attendance less than 5 years (OR = 2.92, 95% CI: 1.14-7.53), agreed that it was necessary to use condom no matter the viral load is high or low (OR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.04-0.51) were protective factors of UPS in the prior 3 months. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that being Han (OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.24-0.89), feeling having good health status (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.18-0.85), being enrolled in ART (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.17-0.60) were protective factors for drug use in the prior three months, having contact with drug using friends (OR = 4.41, 95% CI: 2.31-8.29), having experience of missing an MMT dose (OR = 3.47, 95% CI: 1.92-6.29), and not satisfied with current MMT dose (OR = 13.92, 95% CI: 3.24-59.93) were risk factors for drug use during the prior three months.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ART was not associated with risky sexual behavior and drug use in the prior 3 months in this population. Future interventions should promote ART among this population, and provide education at the same time to prevent the emergence of cross infections and drug-resistant strains.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-HIV Agents , China , Condoms , Cross-Sectional Studies , HIV Infections , HIV Seropositivity , Organometallic Compounds , Protective Factors , Risk Factors , Risk-Taking , Sexual Behavior , Sexual Partners , Substance-Related Disorders , Unsafe SexABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe club-based drug use and to explore the determinants on those HIV-positive methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This study was conducted in 5 MMT clinics in Yunnan province and 612 MMT clients who met the survey criteria were recruited for the study. Urine sample was tested as a biological marker to identify if heroin, methamphetamine, methylene-dioxy-methyl-amphetamine, buprenorphine or benzodiazepine had been used.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average age among the 612 clients was 38.9 ± 6.3 years. Among these, 78.9% were males, with the average years of education as 8.0 ± 3.4 years. There were 60.5% clients who had good relationship with their families. 153 (25.0%) clients reported having used club-related drugs in the last 12 months. Results from the urine test showed that the positive rate on morphine was 14.4%, while the positive rate for club-related drugs was 26.6%. Factors as residential area, casual sexual partners, retention on MMT and occasionally use of heroin were associated with urine results on club-related drugs and the prevalence of self-reported club drug use (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Club-related drug use was common among HIV-positive MMT clients. Inspection and supervision for club-related drugs and the education and intervention programs on related high risk behaviors should be strengthened.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , China , Epidemiology , HIV Seropositivity , Drug Therapy , Methadone , Therapeutic Uses , Opiate Substitution Treatment , Risk Factors , Substance-Related Disorders , EpidemiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the adherence and related determinants among HIV-positive methadone maintenance treatment(MMT)clients in Dali,Yunnan province from 2005 to 2013.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Cases were selected from the "National MMT Information Management System". The main information included demographic, drug abuse behaviors prior to enrollment, MMT treatment and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Detailed medication records were collected to calculate the adherence to MMT. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression was conducted to analyze the impact factors of adherence.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The MMT adherence rate of 480 subjects is 58.11%. Data from the multivariate unconditional logistic regression indicated that among those HIV-positive MMT clients that on HAART program (OR = 1.52, 95% CI:1.03-2.24), related factors as:having stable job(OR = 1.69, 95% CI:1.11-2.56), having compulsory history prior to enrollment in MMT (OR = 1.78, 95% CI:1.04-3.04) were likely to have higher rate on MMT adherence, whereas clients who showed positive result in the last urine morphine test (OR = 0.38, 95% CI:0.24-0.59) were associated with lower rate on MMT adherence.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In order to improve the rate of adherence to MMT among those HIV-positive MMT clients, the coverage of HAART needed to be expanded and new approaches in combining MMT and HAART developed. Education and intervention efforts should be focused on clients who currently were jobless, those with last urine morphine testing as positive or had never received compulsory treatment.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , China , Epidemiology , HIV Infections , Drug Therapy , Epidemiology , Psychology , HIV Seropositivity , Medication Adherence , Methadone , Therapeutic UsesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the routes and factors associated with HIV new infection of heroin addicts who had been attending the methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) program.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A 1 : 1 nested case-control study was implemented with the cases (new HIV infections) and controls (HIV negative) selected from the treatment cohort of China MMT clients. Questionnaire was developed to collect information on demographic characters, behaviours on drug use, sexual behaviour, daily dosage of methadone intake, adherence to MMT, and psychological problems. Univariate analysis and multivariate condition logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with HIV infection.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>108 (54 paired) clients on MMT were recruited, with 76 males and 32 females. Among them, 95 were Han Chinese and 13 were minorities, with average time of drug use as 12.1 ± 5.0 years. Among 54 new HIV infections, 33 were infected through sharing needles, 12 were through sexual contact and 9 unidentified. Results from multivariate condition logistic regression indicated that having longer duration of heroin use before on MMT (More than 10 years vs. less than 10 years,OR = 20.9, 95% CI:1.62-269.34, P = 0.02), shared needles in the last 6 months (OR = 276.7, 95%CI:5.65-> 999.99, P < 0.01) were risk factors while better adherence (More than 0.5 vs. less than 0.5,OR = 0.07, 95%CI:0.42-0.87, P = 0.04) and living with families (OR = 0.002, 95% CI:0.001-0.94, P < 0.01) were protective factors.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Sharing needles was the main route of HIV new infection among those clients that were on MMT. Factors as having received more support from both family and community, improvement of adherence to MMT, reducing the frequency of injection etc., could reduce the risk of HIV infection among those MMT clients.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Case-Control Studies , Follow-Up Studies , HIV Infections , Epidemiology , Heroin Dependence , Drug Therapy , Matched-Pair Analysis , Methadone , Therapeutic UsesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the protective effect of atractylenolide I on immunological liver injury induced by BCG and LPS.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups: the normal group, the model group, positive control biphenyl group, the atractylenolide I high does group, the atractylenolide I middle dose group and the atractylenolide I low dose group (60, 120, 240 mg x kg(-1)), with 12 mice in each group. Immunological liver injury in mice was induced by BCG and LPS to compared liver index and spleen index and detect content of serum ALT, AST, MDA and GSH-px in serum and NO, iNOS, TNF-alpha in serum and liver homogenate. Liver pathological changes were observed by HE staining.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Both of atractylenolide I and biphenyl remarkably decrease the increased live index and spleen index (P < 0.05), improve the histopathological changes in liver and pathological grades of liver tissues and relieve the inflammatory reaction induced by BCG and LPS. They showed a notable effect in improving MDA and GSH-px in serum.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Atractylenolide I can obviously protect immunological injury liver a dose-dependent manner within the range of test doses. Its mechanism may be related to release or over expression of inhibitory inflammatory medium such as NO, iNOS and TNF-alpha.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury , Allergy and Immunology , Metabolism , Pathology , Lactones , Pharmacology , Lipopolysaccharides , Liver , Metabolism , Pathology , Mycobacterium bovis , Allergy and Immunology , Oxidative Stress , Allergy and Immunology , Sesquiterpenes , PharmacologyABSTRACT
A simple, precise, and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of vitexin-2-O-glucoside, vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside, rutin, vitexin, and hyperoside. The HPLC separation was performed using a Shim-pack VP-ODS C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d. , 5 μm) with the isocratic mobile phase consisting of tetrahydrofuran/acetonitrile/0.05％ phosphoric acid solution (20:3:77, v/v/v), and the flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min. UV detection was carried out at a wavelength of 360 nm and the whole analysis took 25 min. The method was linear in the range of 4.12-206.00 μg/mL for vitexin-2-O-glucoside, 4.05-202.50 μg/mL for vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside, 1.64-82.00 μg/mL for rutin, 1.74-87.00 μg/mL for vitexin, and 1.41-70.60 μg/mL for hyperoside with the correlation coefficient for each analyte more than 0.998.The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of qnantitation (LOQ) were 0.6 and 2 ng for vitexin-2-O-glucoside, 0.6 and 2 ng for vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside, 0.3 and 1 ng for rutin, 1 and 3 ng for vitexin, and 0.5 and 2 ng for hyperoside, respectively. Lntra- and inter-day precision and accuracy (RSD) were less than 3％. The developed HPLC method was successfully applied to the analysis of five flavonoids in hawthorn leaves, hawthorn fruits, and the preparations containing hawthorn leaves or fruits.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the absorption kinetics of atractylenolide I in intestines of rats and the influence of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on the absorption.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The absorption kinetics was investigated using the method of in situ intestine absorption in rats and the samples were determined by HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Atractylenolide I is absorbed quite well at all segments of intestine in rats and no specific absorption was founded in different segment. When the concentration of perfusion solution was increased contrarily the absorption rate constant (Ka) kept at the same level. Compared Ka of three different concentration of perfusion solution with variance analysis method, Ka of atractylenolide I had no significant differences. But the Ka values were significently increased in the presence of P-gp inbibitor, verapamil or digoxin.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Atractylenolide I can be classified into high penetrating drug. Passive diffusion dominates the absorptive transport behivior of atractylenolide I. Atractylenolide I can be absorbed in the whole intestinal segments and there is not a preferntial absorption zone in the intestine. The absorption and secretion of atractylenolide I are mediated by the efflux transport system, P-gp.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 , Metabolism , Intestinal Absorption , Intestines , Chemistry , Metabolism , Kinetics , Lactones , Pharmacokinetics , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Sesquiterpenes , PharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Objective To understand the prevalence and the factors associated with depression and anxiety among patients attending the community-based methadone maintenance treatment(MMT) program.Methods 9 MMT clinics in 3 provinces were randomly selected,in which 1 301 MMT patients who met the criteria of recruitment were all interviewed.A cross-sectional study by administrative questionnaire was employed to investigate the demographics,drug abuse and MMT treatment status of the respondents.The 1301 respondents were also evaluated for depression and anxiety by SDS(Self-Rating Depression Scale) and SAS(Self-Rating Anxiety Scale) respectively.ANOVA and multivariate linear regressions analysis was used to verify the factors associated with depression and anxiety respectively.Results The prevalence of depression and anxiety among the MMT patients were 38.3%(498/1 301) and 18.4%(239/1 301).The multivariates linear regression analysis indicated that at the level of ?=0.05,gender,employment status were associated with depression,while gender,employnment status,educational level,drug abuse and methadone daily dosage were associated with anxiety.Conclusions There are certain proportions of MMT clients who suffer from depression and anxiety.The MMT clinic staff should put more emphasis on the efforts to reduce psychological disorders and its potential risks by enhancing psychological councelling,intervention and social support towards the MMT patients.
ABSTRACT
2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer membranes are synthesized as biomaterials of the biomembrane structure. The MPC polymer membranes have excellent biocompatibility and blood compatibility, they can effectively reduce protein adsorption and denaturation and inhibit cell adhesion even when the polymer membranes are in contact with whole blood in the absence of any anticoagulants. So, the MPC polymer membranes are widely used in blood purification, artificial organs, membrane oxygenator, and other field of biomedicine. The paper mainly expounds the research advancement and the application prospect of MPC polymer membranes.