BIOLOGÍA REPRODUCTIVA DEL BOCACHICO Prochilodus magdalenae (PROCHILODONTIDAE) EN EL RÍO SAN JORGE, COLOMBIA / Reproductive biology of Bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae (Prochilodontidae) in the San Jorge River, Colombia

RESUMEN Se estudió la biología reproductiva del Bocachico, Prochilodus magdalenae, en el río San Jorge, Colombia. La especie es un pez con proporción sexual hembra: macho de 1,2:1, diferente a lo esperado. Presenta desarrollo ovocitario sincrónico en dos grupos, un desove anual que se extiende de abril a septiembre asociado al ciclo hidrológico del río San Jorge, talla media de madurez sexual estimada en 30,2 cm LT, ovocitos grandes de 950 μm y fecundidad promedio de 109 972 ovocitos, cuya ecuación fue F =7271,6 WO0,60, r =0,93, n =14.

ABSTRACT The reproductive biology of the Bocachico, Prochilodus magdalenae, in the San Jorge River, Colombia, was studied. The species is a fish with sexual proportion female: male of 1.2:1, different than expected. It presents synchronous ovocitary development in two groups, an annual spawning that extends from April to September associated to the hydrological cycle of the San Jorge River, length at first maturity estimated in 30.2 cm TL, large oocytes of 950 μm, and average fecundity of 109 972 oocytes, whose equation was F = 7271,6 OW0,60, r = 0,93, n = 14.

Glenohumeral joint capsular tissue tension loading correlates moderately with shear wave elastography: a cadaveric investigation

Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the mechanical properties of capsular tissue using shear wave elastography (SWE) and a durometer under various tensile loads, and to explore the reliability and correlation of SWE and durometer measurements to evaluate whether SWE technology could be used to assess tissue changes during capsule tensile loading. @*Methods@#The inferior glenohumeral joint capsule was harvested from 10 fresh human cadaveric specimens. Tensile loading was applied to the capsular tissue using 1-, 3-, 5-, and 8-kg weights. Blinded investigators measured tissue stiffness and hardness during loading using SWE and a durometer, respectively. Intraobserver reliability was established for SWE and durometer measurements using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The Pearson product-moment correlation was used to assess the associations between SWE and durometer measurements. @*Results@#The ICC3,5 for durometer measurements was 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 0.96; P<0.001) and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.88 to 0.98; P<0.001) for SWE measurements. The Pearson correlation coefficient values for 1-, 3-, and 5-kg weights were 0.56 (P=0.095), 0.36 (P=0.313), and -0.56 (P=0.089), respectively. When the 1- and 3-kg weights were combined, the ICC3,5 was 0.72 (P<0.001), and it was 0.62 (P<0.001) when the 1-, 3-, and 5-kg weights were combined. The 8-kg measurements were severely limited due to SWE measurement saturation of the tissue samples. @*Conclusion@#This study suggests that SWE is reliable for measuring capsular tissue stiffness changes in vitro at lower loads (1 and 3 kg) and provides a baseline for the non-invasive evaluation of effects of joint loading and mobilization on capsular tissues in vivo.

Reproductive biology of Liseta Leporinus muyscorum Steindachner, 1901 in the Sinu River, Colombia / Biología reproductiva de Liseta Leporinus muyscorum Steindachner, 1901 en el río Sinú, Colombia

ABSTRACT Objective. The reproductive biology of Liseta Leporinus muyscorum (Steindachner, 1901) in the Sinu river, Colombia, was studied. Materials and methods. Individuals were collected between March 2006 and February 2007, with lengths and weights ranging 20.5-41.0 (30.0 ± 3.7) cm of total length and 97.6-728.0 (320.9±117.9) g, respectively. The gonads were placed in Gilson solution, the Vazzoler scale was applicated and sexual proportion, sexual maturity index, spawning season, the length at first maturity, ovocites's diameter and fecundity were estimated. Results. 344 individuals were collected, of which 249 were females and 95 were males, with sexual proportion female: male of 2.6:1, different from expected. The length at first maturity was estimated in 28.9, 28.1 y 28.8 cm TL for females, males and combined sexes, respectively, ovocites's diameter was 977 µ and fecundity was estimated in 30793 oocytes. Conclusions. The Liseta is a fish with synchronous oocyte development in two groups, whose spawning season extends from February to September, with large oocytes and high fecundity, strongly associated with ovarian weight.

RESUMEN Objetivo . Se estudió la biología reproductiva de la Liseta Leporinus muyscorum (Steindachner, 1901) en el río Sinú, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Los individuos fueron colectados entre marzo 2006 y febrero 2007, con tallas y pesos entre 20.5-41.0 (30.0±3.7) cm de longitud total y 97.6-728.0 (320.9±117.9) g, respectivamente. Las gónadas se conservaron en solución Gilson, se utilizó la escala de Vazzoler y se estimaron proporción sexual, índices de madurez sexual, época de desove, talla media de madurez sexual, diámetro de ovocitos y fecundidad. Resultados. Se colectaron 344 individuos, de los cuales 249 fueron hembras y 95 machos, con proporción sexual hembra: macho de 2.6:1, diferente a lo esperado. La talla media de madurez fue estimada en 28.9, 28.1 y 28.8 cm LT para hembras, machos y sexos combinados, respectivamente, el diámetro de los ovocitos fue 977 µ y la fecundidad promedio fue estimada en 30793 ovocitos. Conclusiones. La Liseta es un pez con desarrollo ovocitario sincrónico en dos grupos, cuya época o período de reproducción se extiende de febrero a septiembre, con ovocitos grandes y alta fecundidad, fuertemente asociada al peso de los ovarios.

Erratum: Child health promotion program in South Korea in collaboration with US National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Improvement in dietary and nutrition knowledge of young children

The paper was printed with an error in the order of the authors.

Feeding habits of Cocobolo Andinoacara pulcher in the cienaga Grande de Lorica, Colombia / Hábitos alimentarios de Cocobolo (Andinoacara pulcher) en la ciénaga Grande de Lorica, Colombia

Objective. The feeding habits of Cocobolo (Andinoacara pulcher) in the cienaga Grande de Lorica, Sinu river basin, were studied. Materials and methods. The stomach content was analyzed using the Proportion of empty stomachs, Grade of digestion, Frequency of occurrence, numerical Frequency, Gravimetry, relative importance Index (RII) and the gut length-total length relationship. Results. 39.8% of stomachs were empty, 47.1% of preys were fresh and five food groups were identified. Vegetable remains was the most frequent group (63.8%) and the prey with greatest composition in weight (33.5%), while Rest of fishes was the most abundant group (34.7%). It was observed that in low and rising waters, fishes was the most consumed prey, while that in high and falling waters the most consumed prey was vegetable remains. Vegetable remains, detritus and fishes were food groups of secondary relative importance, while Insects and Others were circumstantial or incidental groups. Conclusions. The results achieved indicate that Cocobolo is a fish with omnivores feeding habits with a preference for vegetable remains.

Objetivo. Se estudiaron los hábitos alimentarios de Cocobolo (Andinoacara pulcher) en la ciénaga Grande de Lorica, cuenca del río Sinú, Colombia. Materiales y Métodos. El contenido estomacal se evaluó con el Coeficiente de vacuidad, Grado de llenado, Grado de digestión, Frecuencia de ocurrencia, Frecuencia numérica, Gravimetría, Índice de importancia relativa y la relación longitud intestinal-longitud total. Resultados. El 39.8% de los estómagos se encontró vacío, el 47.1% de las presas en estado fresco y se identificaron cinco grupos alimentarios. Material vegetal fue el grupo más frecuente (63.8%) y con mayor composición por peso (33.5%), mientras que Restos de peces fue el más abundante (34.7%). Se observó que en aguas bajas y en aguas ascendentes, peces fue la presa más consumida, mientras que en aguas altas y aguas descendentes, fue material vegetal. Material vegetal, detritos y restos de peces fueron grupos alimentarios de importancia relativa secundaria, mientras que insectos y otros fueron circunstanciales o incidentales. Conclusiones. Los resultados alcanzados indican que Cocobolo es un pez de hábitos alimentarios omnívoros con preferencia por material vegetal.

Child health promotion program in South Korea in collaboration with US National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Improvement in dietary and nutrition knowledge of young children

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Childhood obesity has become a global epidemic. Development of effective and sustainable programs to promote healthy behaviors from a young age is important. This study developed and tested an intervention program designed to promote healthy eating and physical activity among young children in South Korea by adaptation of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Mission X (MX) Program. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The intervention program consisted of 4 weeks of fitness and 2 weeks of nutrition education. A sample of 104 subjects completed pre- and post-surveys on the Children's Nutrition Acknowledgement Test (NAT). Parents were asked for their children's characteristics and two 24-hour dietary records, the Nutrition Quotient (NQ) at baseline and a 6-week follow-up. Child weight status was assessed using Korean body mass index (BMI) percentiles. RESULTS: At baseline, 16.4% (boy: 15.4%; girl: 19.2%) of subjects were overweight or obese (based on BMI≥85%tile). Fat consumption significantly decreased in normal BMI children (48.6 ± 16.8 g at baseline to 41.9 ± 18.1 g after intervention, P < 0.05); total NQ score significantly increased from 66.4 to 67.9 (P < 0.05); total NAT score significantly improved in normal BMI children (74.3 at baseline to 81.9 after the program), children being underweight (from 71.0 to 77.0), and overweight children (77.1 at baseline vs. 88.2 after intervention, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The 6-week South Korean NASA MX project is feasible and shows favorable changes in eating behaviors and nutritional knowledge among young children.

Evaluation of a Real-Time PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Kingella kingae and Staphylococcus aureus from Synovial Fluid in Suspected Septic Arthritis

Direct plating of synovial fluid (SF) on agar-based media often fails to identify pathogens in septic arthritis (SA). We developed a PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Kingella kingae and Staphylococcus aureus from SF to evaluate molecular detection in SF and to estimate the incidence of K. kingae in SA in North America. The assay was based on detection of the cpn60 gene of K. kingae and the spa gene of S. aureus in multiplex real-time PCR. K. kingae was identified in 50% of patients between 0 and 5 yr of age (n=6) but not in any patients >18 yr old (n=105). Direct plating of SF on agar-based media failed to detect K. kingae in all samples. The PCR assay was inferior to the culture-based method for S. aureus, detecting only 50% of culture-positive cases. Our findings suggest that K. kingae is a common pathogen in pediatric SA in North America, in agreement with previous reports from Europe. PCR-based assays for the detection of K. kingae may be considered in children with SA, especially in those with a high degree of clinical suspicion.

HÁBITOS ALIMENTARIOS DEL BARBUL DE PIEDRA (Ariopsis sp.) EN EL RÍO SINÚ, COLOMBIA / Feeding Habits of Barbul de Piedra (Ariopsis sp.) in the Sinu River, Colombia

Se estudiaron los hábitos alimentarios del barbul de piedra en el río Sinú. El contenido estomacal se evaluó con el coeficiente de vacuidad, grado de digestión, frecuencia de ocurrencia, frecuencia numérica, gravimetría, índice de importancia relativa y relación longitud intestinal-longitud total. Solo 18,8% de los estómagos se encontró vacío, la mayoría de las presas estaban medio digeridas y se identificaron cinco grupos alimentarios: crustáceos, peces, material vegetal, moluscos y otros. Crustáceos fue el grupo más frecuente, abundante y con mayor composición en peso. El índice de importancia relativa indicó que crustáceos y peces son grupos de importancia relativa secundaria, mientras que restos vegetales, moluscos y otros fueron ocasionales o circunstanciales. Los resultados alcanzados en este trabajo muestran que el barbul de piedra es un pez que mantiene sus hábitos alimentarios a medida que va creciendo y a lo largo del ciclo hidrológico, aunque muestra preferencia carnívora, especialmente por los Crustáceos.

The feeding habits of Barbul de piedra in the Sinu river were studied. The stomach content was analyzed using the proportion of empty stomachs, grade of digestion, frequency of occurrence, numerical frequency, gravimetry, relative importance index and the gut length-total length relationship. Only 18.8% of stomachs were empty, most of preys were half-digested and five food groups were identified: Crustaceans, fishes, vegetable rests, molluscs and others. Crustaceans were the most frequent, abundant and greater weight composition group. The relative importance index indicated that crustaceans and fishes were secondary relative importance groups and vegetable rests, molluscs and others were occasional or circumstantial groups. The results achieved in this work indicate that Barbul de piedra is a fish that keeps your feeding habits as they grow and along the hydrological cycle, although shows carnivorous preference, especially by Crustaceans.

RELACIÓN LONGITUD-PESO DE LA CACHANA (Cynopotamus Atratoensis) EN LA CIÉNAGA GRANDE DE LORICA, COLOMBIA / Length-Weight Relationship of Cachana (Cynopotamus Atratoensis) in the Cienaga Grande de Lorica, Colombia

Se estimó la relación longitud-peso de Cachana (Cynopotamus atratoensis) en la ciénaga grande de Lorica entre enero 2000 y diciembre 2002. La relación longitud-peso fue: WT = 0,0028 (± 0,03) LT3,41 (± 0,02), r = 0,99, n = 2.671, con coeficiente de crecimiento alométrico positivo, que osciló entre 3,34 (2002) y 3,44 (2001), sin diferencias estadísticas significativas. El factor de condición osciló entre 0,0026 (2001) y 0,0034 (2002), sin diferencias estadísticas significativas, confirmándose la premisa de la relación inversa entre este parámetro y el coeficiente de crecimiento de la relación longitudpeso. Se encontró correlación entre el factor de condición, los niveles de la ciénaga grande de Lorica y la época de desove de Cachana y se infiere que sus proporciones corporales no variaron durante el período estudiado, adaptándose a las nuevas condiciones de la ciénaga.

The length-weight relationship of Cachana (Cynopotamus atratoensis) in the cienaga Grande de Lorica between January 2000 and December 2002 was estimate. The length- weight relationship was TW = 0.0028 (± 0.03) TL3,41 (± 0,02), r = 0,99, n = 2,671, with growth coefficient positive allometric, ranging between 3.38 (2000) and 3.44 (2001) without statistically significant differences. The condition factor ranged from 0.0026 (2001) and 0.0034 (2002), without statistically significant differences, confirming the premise of the inverse relationship between this parameter and the growth coefficient of length-weight relationship. There was a correlation between the condition factor, the levels of the cienaga Grande de Lorica and spawning season of the Cachana and it appears that its body proportions remained unchanged over the study period, adapting to new conditions of the cienaga.

BIOLOGÍA REPRODUCTIVA DEL LISO Rhamdia quelen (PISCES: HEPTAPTERIDAE) EN EL RÍO SINÚ, COLOMBIA / Reproductive Biology of Liso Rhamdia quelen (Pisces: Heptapteridae) in the Sinu River, Colombia

RESUMEN Se estudió la biología reproductiva del Liso (Rhamdia quelen) en el río Sinú. Los peces fueron colectados entre enero y diciembre del 2005, con tallas y pesos entre 15,5 -37 cm de longitud total (LT) y 28 -486 g de peso total. Las gónadas se conservaron en solución Gilson, se utilizó la escala de Vazzoler y se estimó proporción sexual, índices de madurez sexual, época de desove, talla media de madurez sexual, diámetro de ovocitos y fecundidad. Se evaluaron 207 hembras, 130 machos y un indiferenciado, con proporción sexual hembra: macho de 1,6:1, diferente a lo esperado. La talla media de madurez fue estimada en 24 cm LT para sexos combinados, el diámetro promedio de los ovocitos fue de 963 µm y la fecundidad promedio fue estimada en 26.305 ovocitos, con ecuación de mejor ajuste F=2960,61 WG 0,88, r=0,94, n=125. El Liso es un pez con tipo de desarrollo ovocitario asincrónico en más de dos grupos, con desoves parciales durante todo el año.

ABSTRACT The reproductive biology of Liso (Rhamdia quelen) in the Sinu river was studied. The fishes were collected between January and December 2005, with lengths ranging 15,5 -37 cm of total length (TL) and 28 - 486 g of total weight. The gonads were placed in Gilson solution, the Vazzoler scale was applicated and sexual proportion, sexual maturity index, spawning season, the length at first maturity, ovocites’s diameter and fecundity were estimated; 207 females, 130 males and 1 undifferentiated were evaluated, with sexual proportion female: male of 1,6:1, different from expected. The length at first maturity was estimated in 24 cm TL for combined sexes; average ovocites’s diameter was 963 mm and average fecundity was estimated in 26.305 ovocites, with better equation F=2960,61 0,88, r=0,94, n=125. The Liso is a fish with asynchronous oocyte development in more than two groups, with partial spawning throughout the year.

[Tobacco use and cessation counseling among health professional students Lebanon global health professions student survey, 2005]

The number of deaths attributable to tobacco use is rising globally. Health professionals can help reduce tobacco use by providing advice to patients regarding smoking cessation. Very few studies have collected information on tobacco use and cessation counseling training among health professional students. The purpose of this paper is to examine these issues using data from the 2005 Lebanon Global Health Professions Student Survey [GHPSS]. The 2005 Lebanon GHPSS includes nationally representative estimates of third-year students in ail dental, medical, nursing, and pharmacy schools in Lebanon. Current cigarette use ranged from 14.8% for pharmacy students to 26.9% for nursing students and 27.4% for medical students. Current waterpipe use ranged from 20.6% for medical students to 44.9% for nursing students. About 8 in 10 students in all four disciplines were exposed to second-hand smoke in public places. More than 8 in 10 students in medical, nursing, and pharmacy schools believed that health professionals have a role in giving advice or information on smoking cessation to patients. More than 9 in 10 students in all four disciplines believed that health professionals should receive training on smoking cessation techniques. However, those who received training ranged from 19.8% of pharmacy students to 43.7% of nursing students. Tobacco use [cigarettes and water-pipe] is high among third-year health professional students in Lebanon. Students are willing to provide smoking-cessation counseling but lack training. The Ministry of Public Health, the Ministry of Education, and educational institutions in Lebanon should work together with other interested partners in developing, testing, and implementing successful patient cessation counseling training programs for health professionals

Ethical challenges in cluster randomized controlled trials: experiences from public health interventions in Africa and Asia

Public health interventions usually operate at the level of groups rather than individuals, and cluster randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are one means of evaluating their effectiveness. Using examples from six such trials in Bangladesh, India, Malawi and Nepal, we discuss our experience of the ethical issues that arise in their conduct. We set cluster RCTs in the broader context of public health research, highlighting debates about the need to reconcile individual autonomy with the common good and about the ethics of public health research in low-income settings in general. After a brief introduction to cluster RCTs, we discuss particular challenges we have faced. These include the nature of ­ and responsibility for ­ group consent, and the need for consent by individuals within groups to intervention and data collection. We discuss the timing of consent in relation to the implementation of public health strategies, and the problem of securing ethical review and approval in a complex domain. Finally, we consider the debate about benefits to control groups and the standard of care that they should receive, and the issue of post-trial adoption of the intervention under test.

Cultivo de dorada (Brycon sinuensis Dahl, 1955) en jaulas flotantes a diferentes niveles de proteína / Dorada´s culture (Brycon sinuensis Dahl, 1955) in floating cages at different levels of protein

Se evaluó el cultivo de dorada (Brycon sinuensis) en jaulas flotantes durante 180 días. Se determinó el crecimiento mediante la ganancia en longitud, ganancia en peso, tasa de crecimiento específico, sobrevivencia final, biomasa total, factor de condición y factor de conversión alimenticia. Se sembraron 816 juveniles con talla promedio de 17.8 cm de longitud total y peso promedio de 78.7 g, en cuatro tratamientos con densidad de siembra de 25 peces/m3 y tres réplicas cada uno. Las dietas balanceadas (proteína bruta) suministradas fueron: tratamiento 1: 20 por ciento; tratamiento 2: 32 por ciento; tratamiento 3: 28 por ciento; y tratamiento 4: 24 por ciento, con diseño experimental completamente aleatorio. Se puede afirmar que la dorada consumió las dietas de origen vegetal de igual manera que las de origen animal, sin embargo la dieta del 28 por ciento de proteína bruta (tratamiento 3) muestra los mejores resultados, sin diferencias significativas entre tratamientos (p>0.05). En todos los trabajos anteriores, la ganancia en peso diaria fue baja, pero mejor que las obtenidas en esta investigación. Mientras que el rendimiento en biomasa fue mayor que los reportados para cultivos en estanques, para todos los tratamientos en este estudio fue muy bajo.

Evaluación del cultivo de dorada (Brycon sinuensis Dahl, 1955) en estanques a diferentes densidades de siembra / Evaluation of dorada´s culture (Brycon sinuensis Dahl, 1955) in ponds at different stocking densities

Se evaluó el cultivo de la dorada (Brycon sinuensis) a diferentes densidades de siembra. La longitud y peso de siembra fueron de 4.6±0.1 cm de longitud horquilla (LH) y 1.6±0.2 gramos (g), y 14.2±0.4 cm LH y 42.5±7.2 g en levante y preceba, respectivamente. Se alimentó con dieta comercial de 24 por ciento de proteína bruta y 2600 Kcal/Kg y el tiempo de cultivo fue de 129 días. Los parámetros físico-químicos fueron: oxígeno disuelto, 3.1±0.5 mg/L; temperatura 30.4±0.1 °C; y pH 5.8±0.2; sólidos totales disueltos 73.7±1.1 mg/L y conductividad, 148.0±2.3 µS/cm. Los mejores valores para crecimiento en longitud y peso fueron 14.7±1.3 cm LH (T1) y 45.4±10.2 g (T1) y 20.2±1.2 cm LH (T2) y 116.8±18.8 (T2) g enlevante y preceba, respectivamente, sin diferencias significativas entre tratamientos (p>0.05). Las tasas de crecimiento fueron similares y bajas; la sobrevivencia fue muy baja durante el levante (20.6 por ciento ±18.8), mejorando en preceba (98.1 por ciento ±0.4); y el mejor rendimiento en biomasa fue de 3842.3 g (T3) y 6253.2 g (T3) en levante y preceba, respectivamente. En general, se infiere que el tratamiento 3 alcanzó los mejores resultados, que el oxígeno, la temperatura y el pH del agua de los estanques afectaron el crecimiento y desarrollo de los peces, y que la dorada no asimiló eficientemente la dieta suministrada durante el cultivo, debido a que el alimento consumido fue utilizado para el mantenimiento o sobrevivencia y no para el crecimiento.

Linking Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data to the WHO framework convention on tobacco control: the case for India.

India ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) on February 27, 2005. The WHO FCTC is the world's first public health treaty that aims to promote and protect public health and reduce the devastating health and economic impacts of tobacco. Post ratification, each member state as part of general obligation has agreed to develop, implement, periodically update and review comprehensive multisectoral national tobacco control strategies, plans and programmes in accordance with this Convention and the protocols to which it is a Party. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) was developed to track tobacco use among young people across countries and the GYTS surveillance system intends to enhance the capacity of countries to design, implement, and evaluate tobacco control and prevention programs. The South-East Asia Region of WHO has developed the "Regional Strategy for Utilization of the GYTS" to meet this need for countries in the Region. In 2003, India has passed its national tobacco control legislation (India Tobacco Control Act [ITCA]), which includes provisions designed to reduce tobacco consumption and protect citizens from exposure to second hand smoke. Data in the GYTS (India) report can be used as a baseline measure for future evaluation of the tobacco control programs implemented by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. India has to upscale some provisions of its National Law to accommodate all of the requirements of FCTC. Using determinants measured by GYTS in India, the government can monitor the impact of enforcing various provisions of the ITCA and the progress made in achieving the goals of the WHO FCTC and the Regional Strategies. Effective enforcement of the provisions of ITCA will show in the receding numbers of tobacco use prevalence figures and reduction in the expenditures associated with tobacco use in India.