ABSTRACT
It has been demonstrated by animal and human experiments that the growth promoting effect of soybean milk substitute formula 5410 is comparable with that of human milk or cow's milk formula commonly used in infant feeding. It was assumed that such a favorable effect is due in part to the inclusion of 5% of egg yolk powder in the formula. However, such an assumption remains to be confirmed.In the present animal experiment, the 5% egg yolk powder was either removed (diet 5700), or substituted with 5% whole egg powder (diet 5411), 5% whole cow's milk powder (diet 5720), 10% whole cow's milk powder (diet 5721).It was fouad that the growth promoting effect of diet 5411 is the, same as that of 5410, while that of the other, diets are all significantly inferior than that of 5410. The role played by the definite amount of egg yolk in the soybean milk substitute is postulated.
ABSTRACT
The trypsin inhibitor of soybean can not be removed when, the dry bean in heated by steaming. The presence of a definite amount of water is necessary for such a process. The quantitative relationship between the water content of the bean during steaming and the degree of the removal of the trypsin inhibitor has been studied. It was found that the trypsin inhibitor can be completely removed by steaming at atmospheric pressure for 30 minutes when the water content of the bean reached 45-55% after soaking in water at 20-30℃ for 4 hours or in the water at 10℃ for 8 hours or longer. The role played by water in the removal of the trypsin inhibitor is postulated.
ABSTRACT
Sixty four infants (25 males and 39 females), including 9 under nour- ished and 4 prematures, were fed with a commercial spray dried soybean milk preparation, while 32 (17 males and 15 females) were fed with a whole cow's milk powder diet, and 48 (24 males and 24 female) were fed with either human milk or fresh cow's milk. There were 5 pairs of twins, one of each pair was fed with the soybean preparation; and among the other 5, 2 were fed with cow's milk powder diet and 3 were fed human milk.The ages of the infants at the start of the observation were. 41 under one month, 76 at two months, and 28 at three months. Their ages at the conclusion were all one year.Twenty five mg of ascorbic acid and 1-2 drops of concentrate fish liver oil, furnishing 5000 I.U. of vitamin A and 500 I.U. of vitamin D, were supplied daily to all infants from the very beginning. Foods, including egg yolk, rice porridge, wheat flour noodles, soybean curd, chopped meat or vegetables etc were supplemented at the proper ages.Infants fed with the soybean milk product all had goo'd appetite, and no digestive disorder. Most of them passed formed stools once or twice a day. Only a few passed thin stools 5-6 times a day at the beginning, and changed to excrete formed stools after three weeks.The average daily calorie intake of the normal infants fed with the soybean product at the age of five months was 107 kcal; the prematures took 144 kcal, while the undernourished took 147 kcal.The growth rate of the infants fed with the soybean product was normal; the average growth curve is below that of infants fed with cow's milk powder diet or human milk before the 7th month, and there is practically no difference between the three curves after this age.Among the twins, those who took the soybean product all grew better in height and weight than their siblings.The average age of the eruption of the first tooth of the infants in the three groups were all at the 7th month. The blood hemoglobin and red cell count of the infants in the three groups were all normal.As to the serum alkaline phosphatase activity, 3.3% of the infants in the soybean food group and 12.5% of the infants in the human milk group were above 15 Bodansky units at the beginning, and all fall below 15 units at the end of the observation.X-ray photographs of the long bone at the beginning revealed that, among 55 infants, there were 4 had signs of rickets, 3 had doubtful rickets in the soybean food group, 48 had doubtful rickets in the human milk group. No signs of rickets were observed in the three groups at the end.It may be concluded that the nutritional quality of the spray dried soybean milk preparation seems to be equal to, if not better than, that of whole cows milk powder or human milk.
ABSTRACT
The nutritive effects of the milk substitutes prepared according to formulas No. 5410-A and 5410-B, as previously reported, were to.tested in two experiments on weanling rats with respect to growth, liver vitamin A and bone formation, and protein, calcium and phosphorous utilization. Cow's milk-powder and sucrose mixture (in which protein provides 13% of the total energy as ordinarily used in infant dietary) were used as the control diet.In experiment 1, no significant difference in body weight was found between the animals in the experimental and the control groups; while in experiment 2, the body weight of the male rats in the experimental groups was significantly higher than that of the corresponding control animals. The average body length of the male rats in the experimental group was greater than that of the control group, but the difference was not significant. The better growth of the experimental group may be attributed to higher food intake.The vitamin A storage in the liver of the experimental group was lower than that of the control, and that of the femals was higher than the male in both groups. Despite the low vitamin A content in the milk substitutes and the low vitamin A storage in the liver in the experimental groups, the growth promoting effect of the milk substitutes is not inferior to that of the cow's milk-sucros'e mixture.Blood hemoglobin values and the composition of the bones of the experimental animals were all normal.The digestibility of protein in the milk substitutes was slightly lower than that in the control diet. However, this was compensated by its higher protein level so that the absorption and retention were comparable to that of the milk diet.The calcium of the milk substitutes was well utilized. The utilization of the phosphorous was poor in 5410-A. Judging from the low urinary excretion level, this preparation furnished only minimal amount of phosphorous for the growing animals. 5410-B contains ample amount of available phosphorous as revealed by the urinary excretion level which is about the same as that obtained with the control diet.
ABSTRACT
A milk substitute for infant feeding has been prepared using(parts by weight): soybean flour 28.0, rice flour 45.0, egg-yolk powder 5.0, cane sugar 16.5, soybean oil 3.0, "fermented millet" 0.5, bone meal 1.5 and salt 0.5. Vanilla powder was added as the flavoring material.Soybean was soaked in water for 4 hrs., steamed under atmospheric pressure for 30 minutes and dried at 70-80℃ before milling. Bone meal was prepared from degelatinized animal bones, the by-product of a glue fatctory, Which have been treated with steam under 20-25 lbs. of pressure and repeatedly extracted with hot water for 10 hrs. "fermented millet" was prepared by innoculating the cooked millet with Eremothecium ashbyii as reported by Liu.The ingradients are mixed, pressed slightly into the form of small cubes, steamed and dried. When using, the proper number of cubes are mixed with the desired amount of water, cooked over a gentle fire and then served in the form of a thin paste.The proximate composition, the mineral and vitamin contents of the products, per 100 grams dry Weight, are as follows: protein 17.1 gms, fat 12.8 gms, carbohydrate 66.0 gms, crude fiber 0.82 gms, ash 3.25 gms, calcium 692 mgs, phosphorous(total) 330 mgs, (phytin)97 mgs, iron 5.9 mgs, thiamin 0.11 mgs, riboflavin 0.63 mgs, niacin 1.09 mgs, carotene 40.0 micro-gms, and energy 448 Cals.Aside from analyzing the product as well as the raw materials for the above nutrients, investigations were also made on the following subjects: determination of the essential amino acids, destruction of the trypsin inhibitor, availability of calcium and phosphorous, loss of thiamin, microbiological examination and soma physical changes of the product during storage.With respect to the adequacy of protein, 100 Cals. of the product would supply 3.8 gms of total protein which furnish all the essential amino acids to the amounts that a child would be able to obtain(per kilogram of body weight per day)from mother's milk.The product contains ample amounts of riboflavin, available calcium, phosphorous and iron to meet the diatary allowance of the infants. The amounts of thiamin and vitamin A are limited-the formet would satisfy only the minimum daily requirement while the latter is deficient by about 50％.Animal and human feeding experiments(to be published)indicated that this preparation promoted good growth not inferior to those fed on human or cow's milks. The cost of the new milk substitute is about 50％ less than the current prices of the present commercial products and about 80％ less than that of good grade cow's milk powder.
ABSTRACT
A survey has been made during 1953-1955 on the patented milk substitutes including 58 kinds produced by 25 factories in 5 cities-Peking, Tientsin, Shanghai, Wuhan and Canton. Attention was directed to the annual production, the raw material, the formulae and the wholesale and retail prices. Unpatented products have not been included in the present survey. Nutritional composition, growth promoting effect and availability of some nutients have been studied by chemical, physiological, and pathological methods.On the basis that a 5 kilo child requires 500 calories per day, and assuming that he lives solely upon milk substitutes throughout the year, theannual production of the 25 factories in 1954, i.e. 1830 tons, would supply the need of 40,000 babies.Most of the products are made of rice and wheat flour and cane sugar, with the addition of about 5 % each of egg yolk and l or cow's milk powder, 0.7 % calcium lactate and 0.3% salt. Among the 58 kinds, 9 are free from animal protein, and 3 include soybean as the main source of protein.With respect to the dietary allowance of the babies, the majority of these products are deficient in protein, most of them are deficient in phosphorous and all of them are deficient in calcium. The protein is generally 50 % less than the required amount, while calcium and phosphorous are 10-90% below the recommended level. All are deficient in vitamins. The N:Ca:P proportions are not correct in any of the preparations. The protein content of 2 samples containing soybean amounts to 33-37 % which is much too high, particularly when accompanied by faulty ratios of calcium, phosphorous and other nutrients.Samples containing 10 % or less protein (including some of animal origin) and with restricted mineral supply, not only retarded the general growth of the experimental animals but also produced pathological changes in bone and some internal organs. Nevertheless, one of the samples with excessive protein, ample phosphorous but limited calcium promoted good growth in experimental animals. The bone structure of the latter was fairly normal.It is suggested that new and better formulae with high nutritional quality but low cost, such as the one proposed by the authors (to be published) be employed to replace the old ones.
ABSTRACT
Jujube(Zizyphus vulgaris Lam)is a popular fruit in North China. The fruit is mainly marketed after dehydration. However, there are no less than twenty rarities sold in Peking while fresh during the months of August and October.The ascorbic acid content of 16 varieties of the fresh fruit has been determined. The values found are all above 300 mg per 100 g of edible portion—mostly between 400-600 mg, the highest being above 1,000 mg. It is certainly worth noting that, as a class of ordinary food, Jujube has the highest ascorbic acid content.As the fruit ripens, i. e. the colour turns from green to red and the texture changes from hard to soft, its ascorbic acid content decreases. When the sample was stored at 0-4℃ for about one and a half months, the fruits which remained hard lost about 10％ of its ascorbic acid; when the fruit had become somewhat soft, the amount of ascorbic acid decreased drastically and the dehydro-form increased correspondingly while the total amount remained practically unchanged.Experiment with human subjects indicated that the utilization of the ascorbie acid of Jujube is 86.3-93.0％ of the pure vitamin.
ABSTRACT
In a previous communication we have reported that the nutritive value of Milk Substitute 5410 is comparable to that of a cow's milk diet, as measured by the growth of rats, despite its low vitamin A and thiamin contents. In the present investigation, the vitamin A or thiamin content of this Substitute was raised up to the level of the requirement of infants The vitamin A was furnished by cod liver oil, and thiamin was supplied in the form thiamin hydrochloride or yeast. Weanling rats of mixed sexes were used. After 16 weeks on diet, it was found that the male rats were 14-17% heavier in body weight and 4.4-5,8% longer in body length than the unsupplemented controls. These differences were maintained till the end of the experiment when the animals were practically fully grown. The total feed consumption and feed efficiency of the supplemented groups were higher than those of the control, especially in case of the male rats.