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Objective:To understand the current status of depression in older people aged 65 and over in Henan Province, and to study its influencing factors, with a focus on depression in older adults in grandparent families.Methods:A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used.Baseline data about older people aged 65 and over were collected by self-designed questionnaires, the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale(GDS-15)was used to assess depression.Results:A total of 7673 valid questionnaires about older adults aged 65 and over were collected, and the rate of depression was 29.52%(2265). Logistic regression analysis showed that 15 factors, such type of parenting, religious belief, region, degree of self-care, affected depression in older people aged 65 and above.Compared with regular parenting, grandparenting alone was a protective factor for depression[ OR(95% CI)=0.613(0.499-0.755), P<0.01]; compared with religious belief, no religious belief was a risk factor for depression[ OR(95% CI)=1.281(1.102-1.488), P<0.01]; compared with income ≥￥4000, incomes between ￥1000-1999[ OR(95% CI)=0.638(0.464-0.877), P<0.01], between ￥2000-2999[ OR(95% CI)=0.567(0.432-0.744), P<0.01]and between￥3000-3999[ OR(95% CI)=0.584(0.448-0.761), P<0.01]were protective factors for depression, with higher income showing stronger protection; compared with retirement, working had a protective effect, but the protective strength decreased in the order of working as urban labor, [ OR(95% CI)=0.332(0.273-0.405), P<0.01], as farmers[ OR(95% CI)=0.391(0.296-0.516), P<0.01], and as professionals or managers[ OR(95% CI)=0.514(0.402-0.656), P<0.01]; living in rural areas[ OR(95% CI)=0.686(0.586-0.804), P<0.01]and female[ OR(95% CI)=0.820(0.734-0.917), P<0.01]were risk factors for depression. Conclusions:There is currently a high rate of depression in older people aged 65 and over in Henan Province.Its influence factors are complicated and variable.Intervention measures taken by institutions need to adapt to specific circumstances.
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The purpose of this paper is to optimize the course construction and teaching process of psychopharmacology， and analyze the problems in the course of teaching and assessment of psychopharmacology from many aspects. This article is to deeply excavate the space for improvement， and enrich the teaching links by using existing conditions， technology and personnel to enhance the teaching effect and improve the teaching quality， so as to provide references for the reform of similar course teaching.
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A key symptom of alcohol dependence is the strong desire to consume alcohol,which of-ten leads individuals to relapse despite negative social,interpersonal and health consequences. Core of crav-ing is repeatedly drinking alcohol and relevant cues can form pathological reward memory,which is the root cause of craving and relapse. Therefore,the extinction of the alcohol related reward memory is important for reducing relapse. The establishment of alcohol reward memories is associated with reward,motivation and memory circuits in the brain. Dysregulation of alcohol reward memory pathways is a key factor in the devel-opment of alcohol dependence, and the nature of these pathways varies depending on the brain region in which they are located. So systematic review that what reward memory pathways are involved in the develop-ment of alcohol dependence,and what brain regions are involved in these pathways,combined with animal ex-periments and alcohol dependent magnetic resonance imaging data,explain how alcohol reward memory signa-ling pathways regulate alcohol reward memory and how these pathways interact with neural circuits,plays a key role in the early recognition,prevention and treatment of alcohol dependence.
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Objective To investigate the influence of ziprasidone combined with amend electric shock on the efficacy and metabolism of patients with first-episode schizophrenia.Methods According to random number table,86 cases with first-episode schizophrenia from July 2013 to July 2016 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University were chosen and divided into observation group and control group.The patients in observation group were given ziprasidone combined with first-episode schizophrenia,the patients in control group were taken with olanzapine combined with first-episode schizophrenia.The PANSS total score,CGI score,total efficacy,adverse reaction,body mass index,glycometabolism,and lipid metabolism of two groups were observed and compared.Results The PANSS score,CGI score of two groups were all obvious decreased,which had no significant difference,the total efficacy of two groups had no significant difference;The TESS scores were all decreased,and the TESS score of observation group was obviously lower than that of control group (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with before treatment,the BMI,fasting blood sugar,triglyceride,total cholesterol,high/low density lipoprotein and fasting insulin level of observation group after treatment had no obvious significant difference,while the BMI,fasting blood sugar,triglyceride,total cholesterol,low density lipoprotein,and fasting insulin levels of control group had obvious significant difference,and the BMI,fasting blood sugar,triglyceride,total cholesterol,and fasting insulin of observation group were obviously lower than control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Olanzapine and ziprasidone combined with amend electric shock have obvious efficacy on patients with first-episode schizophrenia,while the ziprasidone had lower adverse reaction and metabolic side effects,which is worth of clinical promotion and application.
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OBJECTIVE:To investigate the healing-promoting effect of total tanshinone on sore and ulcer of model rats. METH-ODS:Staphylococcus aureus levitation liquid was made to reproduce model rats with sore and ulcer,sc. 50 rats were randomly di-vided into normal group(equal volume of CMC-Na solution),model group(equal volume of CMC-Na solution),ampicillin group (positive drug 20 mg/kg)and total tanshinone high and low dose groups(200 and 100 mg/kg),ig,once a day for continuous 12 d. The general conditions were observed. The content of lysozyme(LZM)and immunoglobulins G(IgG)in serum were tested af-ter 12 d;the content of LZM and IgG in purulent secretion of model rats were respectively tested after dosing of 4 d,8 d and 12 d. The integral of wound deterioration were evaluated. RESULTS:Compared with normal control group,the index was worse in model group. Compared with model group,the appetite and activity amount of total tanshinone in high dose group (200 and 100 mg/kg)were increased,with no secretion on the wound and a clean escharosis;content of LZM and IgG in serum of rats in in to-tal tanshinone high and low dose group were increased after 12 d;also,the content of LZM and IgG in purulent secretion of rats in total tanshinone high and low dose groups were increased after dosing of 4 d,8 d,and 12 d;the integral of wound deterioration in total tanshinone high dose group were decreased after dosing of 8 d and 12 d,with significant difference (P<0.01 or P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Total tanshinone can promote the wound healing on sore and ulcer of model rats by a mechanism that is related to the content of LZM and IgG in serum and purulent secretion.
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Objective To explore the reactive inhibition and electrophysiological changes under the GO/NOGO paradigm in patients with alcohol dependence (AD) in order to provide a theoretical basis for neuromechanism study of AD executive dysfunctions.Methods The GO/NOGO paradigm event related potentials (ERP) were tested in 51 AD patients and 29 healthy controls, this paradigm behavior and ERP-N1, N2 and P3 latency and amplitude were analyzed.ERPs and execution functions were followed at different time points of withdrawal(4, 9,13 weeks).Results The number of correct responses (29.18±3.03)lowered and error responses (5.16±3.77) heightened in AD patients, and differences had statistical significance compared with those in control group(32.35±2.58,3.19± 1.84, P＜0.05), and there was no group difference in response time.There was no statistical significance in group difference in N1 component under the GO/NOGO tasks and in P3 latency under GO.N2 ((3.48±2.21) μV, (4.49±3.00) pV) and P3 amplitude ((3.47±2.31) μV, (3.92±4.09) μV) decreased and N2 latency ((256.30±31.62) ms, (256.09±33.77)ms) prolonged in AD group under both GO/NOGO tasks and so did P3 latency ((355.33±25.96) ms) under the NOGO, and the differences had statistical significance.Group main effects in N2 and P3 component (P=0.000) and task main effects in N2 amplitude and P3 latency (P＜0.05) were significant,group and task interaction was significant only in P3 latency (P＜0.01).ERPs of AD patients had no notable changes at different time points of withdrawal, executive dysfunctions were the worst within the 1st week of withdrawal and gradually recovered to pre-withdrawal levels.Conclusion AD patients have lower reactive inhibition manifested mainly by weakened capacity to inhibit and adjust conflict monitor and pre-executive motor program, ERP and executive functions cannot be well improved during short-term withdrawal, and the GO/NOGO-ERP can completely reflect electrophysiological changes of reactive inhibition process of AD patients.
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Objective To explore the characteristic of memory impairment and its relationship with Nmethyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B (NR2B) expression in alcohol dependence patients,in order to provide an unprecedented view of alcohol-associated memory impairment therapy.Methods Participants (n=67) included 35 alcohol dependence patients and 32 matched healthy controls.Wechsler memory scale (WMS) was used to access the memory.The expression levels of NR2B were detected with quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).Results Compared with the memory quotient(MQ) of controls(69.45±8.96),that of alcohol dependence patients(50.59±8.64) significantly decreased (t=-6.08,P＜0.01).Compared with the NR2B expression level of controls (1.00-0.00),that of alcohol dependence patients (3.52 ± 1.17) significantly increased (t =9.67,P＜0.01).MQ was negatively correlated with the levels of NR2B expression (r=-0.44,P＜0.05).Conclusion Alcohol dependence patients suffer memory impairment detected by WMS,and modulate NR2B expression may improve the memory.
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Objective To explore the characteristic of sleep disorders in the initial stage of withdrawal and their relationships with alcohol craving levels in alcohol dependence (AD) patients,and provide support for diagnosis and prevention of re-drinking.Methods Thirty-two AD inpatients were assigned to AD group and 20 male healthy volunteers to control group.Alcohol craving was assessed with the Pennsylvania Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) within the 2nd week after alcohol withdrawal for AD patients,and then the whole-night polysomnogram (PSG) tracings were conducted on the day of the night.Results The five item scores of the PACS were from 3.48 to 4.26 in AD patients.The sleep latency was(42.48±22.42) min,total sleep time was(289.61± 103.22)min,sleep efficiency was(71.45± 19.86) ％,S1 sleep was (23.47± 11.07) ％,arousal frequencies was (8.01 ± 2.77),S3+4 sleep was(6.26±5.35)％ in AD group.Compared with control group((19.65±8.57) min,(407.33±21.29) min,(81.52 ± 6.46) ％,(8.79± 1.83) ％,(2.17 ± 1.04),(15.87 ± 5.24) ％ respectively),the differences had statistical significances(t=2.206-9.082,P＜ 0.05-0.001).Alcohol craving levels were positively related to sleep latency,arousal frequencies and S1 sleep (r=0.424-0.898,P＜0.05-0.01) and negatively to total sleep time,sleep efficiency and S3+4 sleep (r=-0.416--0.662,P＜0.05-0.01) in AD group.Conclusion AD patients have sleep continuity and structure disturbances in the initial stage of alcohol withdrawal,sleep continuity and structure disturbances are related to alcohol craving.Improvements of sleep disorders should be paid during clinical alcohol dependence treatment.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>By explore the role of serum soluble Fas (sFas) in occurrence and progression of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning (DEACMP).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum sFas levels in 40 patients with DEACMP in acute stage and convalescent stage, with 36 healthy elderly subjects as the control group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Serum sFas levels of the patients with DEACMP in both the acute and convalescent stages showed no significant difference from those in the control group (P=0.737 and 0.137, respectively), nor was any significant difference found between the patients in acute and exacerbation stages (P=0.059).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Serum sFas is not involved in the occurrence and progression of DEACMP.</p>
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Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Brain Diseases , Carbon Monoxide Poisoning , Blood , Case-Control Studies , fas Receptor , BloodABSTRACT
Objective To establish the rats model of different susceptibility of heroin addiction,and to explore the possible dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) and dopamine transptor (DAT) mechanism leading to the different susceptibility. Methods 130 male SD rats were carried out CPP training,and the rats were randomly assigned into heroin exposure group (n = 100) and saline control group (SC, n = 30). Heroin exposure group were re-classified into two groups according to the numerical value of the CPP-Pre (the testing score minus that of the pretest):high preference group(HP group) and low preference group(LP group) ,each accounting for 30% of the total rats.The D2R and DAT protein expression of high and low preference group and saline control group rats were detectedwith immunohistochemical method in PFC at 30 minutes and on the 1st,3rd,7th, 14th days after the last injection(149.33 ±2.51 vs 135.83 ±1.78 vs99.33 ±2.84,141.83 ±2.50 vs 131.67 ± 1.87 vs99.17 ±3.61,132.83 ±2.40 vs 122.00 ±2.67 vs 100.33 ±4.26,125.67 ±2.22 vs 113.17 ±2.81 vs 98.33 ±3.25,116.86 ± 1.94 vs 108.63 ± 2.31 vs 98.17 ± 3.82 , respectively, P＜0.05). The D2R protein expressions of HP rats were significantly lower than those of the LP and control group rats (P ＜ 0. 05), and those of LP rat were than lower than those ferent among three groups on addiction phase and 1st,3rd days after the last injection of heroin respectively, respectively (P ＜ 0. 05). The DAT protein expressions of HP and LP rats were significantly lower than those of controlgroup rats (P＜ 0. 05). At all testing time-points, the DAT protein expressions had no significant difference betweenHP and LP group(P＞0. 05). Conclusion D2R and DAT of the rats show appears down-regulation in the PFC after chronic heroin exposure. Different individuals have different D2R sensitivity or receptor levels ,and lower D2R related to the high susceptibility to heroin. Susceptibility to heroin addiction may not be directly related to the expression of DAT.
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Objective To establish models of different susceptibility of heroin-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats and investigate the relation between novel environmental response and heroin-dependent susceptibility. Methods After an open-field test, 70 male Sprague-Dawley rats were classified into 2 groups according to the numerical value of heroin-induced CPP, each accounting for 30%. The correlation between open-field test and CPP was analyzed. Results CPP value was much higher than pre-test scores in the rats after exposure to heroin (P<0.01). Compared with the low-CPP group, the high-CPP group had much higher scores in open-field test (P<0.01). The deviation of resident time at natural preference side tested and pre-tested had positive correlation with open-field test (P<0.05). Conclusion Heroin-induced CPP model of different susceptibilities could be successfully established by chronic heroin exposure. The novel environmental response is a reliable predictor for its vulnerability to develop heroin dependence.