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Objective To learn the dietary nutrition status among residents in Hangzhou. Methods A cross - sectional study was conducted among 1 744 subjects of 495 families to collect food consumption data through both food - weighting and food - recording method covering 3 consecutive days. The intake of nutrients was calculated using data derived from China Food Composition and further was compared to the dietary reference intakes( DRIs). Results The medians of dietary intake for vegetable,fruit,aquatic product,egg,soy product & nut and milk(269. 4,86. 2,40. 0,22. 3,14. 9 and 0 g/ standard - person(sp)/ d,respectively)were below recommendations,while that of poultry & meat,total salt equivalent and oil(105. 6,10. 4 and 28. 7 g/ sp/ d,respectively)exceeded the recommendations. The medians of energy, protein,carbohydrate and fat intake(2 143. 8 kcal/ sp/ d,74. 5,282. 1and 78. 5 g/ sp/ d,respectively)were either in the recommended ranges or approach to them. The medians of vitamin A,E,B1,B2 and C intake(431. 8 μgRAE/ sp/ d, 11. 2 mgα - TE/ sp/ d,0. 9,0. 9 and 70. 2 mg/ sp/ d,respectively)were not meet corresponding recommended nutrient intakes / adequate intakes(RNIs/ AIs)among all analyzed vitamins. The median of sodium intake(5 217. 9 mg/ sp/ d)was above the proposed intake(PI)for NCD prevention while the medians of calcium,potassium and selenium intake(520. 7, 1 877. 6 mg/ sp/ d and 46. 4 μg/ sp/ d,respectively)were below corresponding RNI/ PI among all analyzed minerals. Conclusion The dietary pattern of residents in Hangzhou was not well - balanced,and that led to inadequate intake of multiple micronutrients though the macronutrients were barely affected.
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Objective To understand the value of poisson distribution in monitoring and early warning of hand-foot-mouth disease( HFMD). Methods Alert data based on infectious disease reports from 2009 to 2011 were used to establish a database. Moving average method was employed to set the number of expected cases each week. The probability of outbreak was calculated by poisson's distribution. If the probability was smaller than a standard,the signal of early warning was sent out. Epidemiological investigation was used to verify it. Results Using this method,44 abnormal signals of HFMD were probed,and 33 signals were verified. The positive rate,sensitivity,specificity and Youden 's index were 75. 00%,94. 29%,35. 29% and 29. 58% respectively. Compared to the moving average control chart and the automatic early-warning information system of infectious diseases,it was more efficient. Conclusions The poisson distribution with the moving average method can be used as an effective method in early warning system of HFMD.
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Objective To explore and analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of hand - foot - mouth disease in Hangzhou city. Methods Based on the incidence of hand - foot - mouth disease, the whole and local spatial autocorrelation analysis was used to test the spatial heterogeneity by the software GeoDa095i. Results A total of 5534 cases of hand-foot-mouth disease were reported in Hangzhou city in 2011 with the reported incidence of 63. 61/100000. The wholel Moran’s I index was 0. 33(P<0. 05)indicating that the disease had high spatial cluster occurrence. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that several districts including Gongshu,Jianggan,Xihu and Xiaoshan had high cluster occurrence(LISA=0. 4135,0. 4600,0. 1785 and 0. 3508 respectively,all P<0. 05)while Chun′an county and Tonglu county had the low cluster occurrence(LISA=0. 6923 and 0. 6762 respectively,both P<0. 05). Conclusion The spatial distribution of hand - foot - mouth disease in Hangzhou city is not random distribution and has aggregation phenomenon.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Antigen-loaded eosinophils (EOSs) instilled intratracheally into mice were capable of inducing Th2-type cytokine production in the draining lymph nodes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether EOSs within the tracheobronchial lumen can stimulate Th2 cell expansion in the lung tissues.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Airway EOSs were recovered from ovalbumin-sensitized and -challenged BALB/c mice, these EOSs were then cocultured with CD4+ cells isolated from sensitized mice in the absence or presence of anti-CD80 or/and -CD86 monoclonal antibodies. Airway EOSs were instilled into the trachea of sensitized mice. At the day 3 thereafter, the lung tissues were removed and prepared into cell suspensions for culture. Cell-free culture supernatants were collected for detection of cytokines.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Airway EOSs functioned as CD80- and CD86-dependent antigen-presenting cells to stimulate lung CD4+ lymphocytes to produce interleukin-4, interleukin-5 and interleukin-13, but not interferon-gamma in in vitro assay. When instilled intratracheally in sensitized recipient mice, airway EOSs primed lung Th2 cells in vivo for interleukin-4, interleukin-5 and interleukin-13, but not interferon-gamma, production during the in vitro culture that was also CD80- and CD86-dependent.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>EOSs within the lumina of airways could process inhaled antigen and function in vitro and in vivo as antigen-presenting cells to promote expansion of Th2 cells in the lungs.</p>