Safety and efficacy of salvage conventional re-irradiation following stereotactic radiosurgery for spine metastases

Purpose@#There has been limited work assessing the use of re-irradiation (re-RT) for local failure following stereotactic spinal radiosurgery (SSRS). We reviewed our institutional experience of conventionally-fractionated external beam radiation (cEBRT) for salvage therapy following SSRS local failure. @*Materials and Methods@#We performed a retrospective review of 54 patients that underwent salvage conventional re-RT at previously SSRS-treated sites. Local control following re-RT was defined as the absence of progression at the treated site as determined by magnetic resonance imaging. @*Results@#Competing risk analysis for local failure was performed using a Fine-Gray model. The median follow-up time was 25 months and median overall survival (OS) was 16 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.8–24.9 months) following cEBRT re-RT. Multivariable Cox proportional-hazards analysis revealed Karnofsky performance score prior to re-RT (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.93–0.98; p = 0.003) and time to local failure (HR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.94–1.00; p = 0.04) were associated with longer OS, while male sex (HR = 3.92; 95% CI, 1.64–9.33; p = 0.002) was associated with shorter OS. Local control at 12 months was 81% (95% CI, 69.3–94.0). Competing risk multivariable regression revealed radioresistant tumors (subhazard ratio [subHR] = 0.36; 95% CI, 0.15–0.90; p = 0.028) and epidural disease (subHR = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.12–0.78; p =0.013) were associated with increased risk of local failure. At 12 months, 91% of patients maintained ambulatory function. @*Conclusion@#Our data suggest that cEBRT following SSRS local failure can be used safely and effectively. Further investigation is needed into optimal patient selection for cEBRT in the retreatment setting.

Focus on adrenal and related causes of hypertension in childhood and adolescence: Rare or rarely recognized?

ABSTRACT High blood pressure (BP) is not restricted to adults; children and adolescents may also be affected, albeit less frequently. Aside from unfavorable environmental factors, such as obesity and sedentary life leading to early-onset essential hypertension (HT), several secondary causes must be investigated in the occasional hypertensive child/adolescent. Endocrine causes are relevant and multiple, related to the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, gonads, insulin, and others, but generally are associated with adrenal disease. This common scenario has several vital components, such as aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone (DOC), cortisol, or catecholamines, but there are also monogenic disorders involving the kidney tubule that cause inappropriate salt retention and HT that simulate adrenal disease. Finally, a blood vessel disease was recently described that may also participate in this vast spectrum of pediatric hypertensive disease. This review will shed some light on the diagnosis and management of conditions, focusing on the most prevalent adrenal (or adrenal-like) disturbances causing HT.

Travel Medicine in the Dominican Republic / La Medicina del Viajero en República Dominicana

Introduction: Travel Medicine specialty has existed for more than 40 years. However, this is practically unknown by Dominicans despite the large number of people who travel to and from our country. Methods: With the objective of determining the knowledge of Dominicans about the existence of Travel Medicine specialty and their attitudes in relation to it, we conducted a virtual survey of 8 questions, in which 2,584 Dominicans participated. Results: Despite the fact that more than 80 % of those surveyed knew that to travel to certain countries they had to take certain vaccines, less than 25 % had heard of the specialty of Traveler's Medicine. After knowing the definition and objectives of the specialty, more than 90 % of the participants considered it important to consult a specialist prior to the trip. Conclusion: The lack of knowledge of the specialty and the absence of this service in the public health system are the main barriers to the access of Dominicans to the Travel Medicine consultation. It is necessary to publicize the specialty, using scientific evidence and taking as an example the worldwide dissemination of COVID-19 through travelers, to make the population aware of the importance of pre and post-trip consultation, as well as the creation of this service in public hospitals

Introducción: la especialidad Medicina del Viajero existe hace más de 40 años. Sin embargo, esta es prácticamente desconocida por los dominicanos a pesar de la gran cantidad de personas que viajan desde y hacia nuestro país. Material y métodos: Con el objetivo de determinar el conocimiento de los dominicanos sobre la existencia de la Medicina del Viajero y sus actitudes en relación a esta, realizamos una encuesta virtual de 8 preguntas, de la cual participaron 2,584 dominicanos. Resultados: a pesar de que más del 80 % de los encuestados sabían que para viajar a determinados países debían tomar ciertas vacunas, menos del 25 % había escuchado hablar de la especialidad Medicina del Viajero. Tras conocer la definición y objetivos de la especialidad más del 90 % de los participantes consideró importante realizar una consulta previa al viaje con un especialista. Conclusión: el desconocimiento de la especialidad y la ausencia de este servicio en el sistema público de salud son las principales barreras para el acceso de los dominicanos a la consulta de Medicina del Viajero. Es necesario dar a conocer la especialidad, utilizando evidencia científica y tomando como ejemplo la difusión mundial de la COVID-19 a través de los viajeros, concienciar a la población de la importancia de la consulta pre y post viaje, así como la creación de este servicio en hospitales públicos

Classic and current concepts in adrenal steroidogenesis: a reappraisal

ABSTRACT Adrenal steroid biosynthesis and its related pathology are constant evolving disciplines. In this paper, we review classic and current concepts of adrenal steroidogenesis, plus control mechanisms of steroid pathways, distribution of unique enzymes and cofactors, and major steroid families. We highlight the presence of a "mineralocorticoid (MC) pathway of zona fasciculata (ZF)", where most circulating corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone (DOC) originate together with 18OHDOC, under ACTH control, a claim based on functional studies in normal subjects and in patients with 11β-, and 17α-hydroxylase deficiencies. We emphasize key differences between CYP11B1 (11β-hydroxylase) and CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) and the onset of a hybrid enzyme - CYP11B1/CYP11B2 -, responsible for aldosterone formation in ZF under ACTH control, in "type I familial hyperaldosteronism" (dexamethasone suppressible). In "apparent MC excess syndrome", peripheral conversion of cortisol to cortisone is impaired by lack of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, permitting free cortisol access to MC receptors resulting in severe hypertension. We discuss two novel conditions involving the synthesis of adrenal androgens: the "backdoor pathway", through which dihydrotestosterone is formed directly from androsterone, being relevant for the fetoplacental setting and sexual differentiation of male fetuses, and the rediscovery of C19 11-oxygenated steroids (11-hydroxyandrostenedione and 11-ketotestosterone), active androgens and important markers of virilization in 21-hydroxylase deficiency and polycystic ovaries syndrome. Finally, we underline two enzyme cofactor deficiencies: cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase which partially affects 21- and 17α-hydroxylation, producing a combined clinical/hormonal picture and causing typical skeletal malformations (Antley-Bixler syndrome), and PAPSS2, coupled to SULT2A1, that promotes sulfation of DHEA to DHEAS, preventing active androgens to accumulate. Its deficiency results in reduced DHEAS and elevated DHEA and androgens with virilization. Future and necessary studies will shed light on remaining issues and questions on adrenal steroidogenesis.

The depressed text / O texto deprimido / Le texte déprimé / El texto deprimido

North American writer David Foster Wallace wrote two short stories - The Planet Trillaphon As It Stands In Relation To The Bad Thing and The Depressed Person - that depict depression, in each one taking different yet complementary perspectives on this subject. Our aim is to analyze these texts and to discuss the role literature can have in regard to the apprehension of subjective experiences of others. Whereas the first text attempts to describe depression objectively, the second one describes the impossibility of doing so, focusing on literary techniques that create distressing subjective experiences in the reader, possibly resembling those felt by depressed persons. We suggest that literature might be helpful to comprehend some aspects of the experience of being depressed and that such an understanding may enrich psychiatric practice.

O escritor estadunidense David Foster Wallace escreveu dois contos - The Planet Trillaphon As It Stand In Relation To The Bad Thing e The Depressed Person - que abordam a temática da depressão, em cada um adotando perspectivas distintas e complementares. Nosso objetivo é analisar esses textos e discutir alguns aspectos do acesso à experiência subjetiva de outras pessoas, mais especificamente o papel da literatura nesse processo. Enquanto o primeiro texto descreve a depressão objetivamente, o segundo descreve a impossibilidade de fazer tal descrição, focando em técnicas literárias que criam experiências subjetivas desagradáveis, possivelmente semelhantes às sentidas pelas pessoas deprimidas. Nós sugerimos que a literatura pode ser útil na compreensão de alguns aspectos da experiência de estar deprimido, e que tal compreensão pode enriquecer a prática psiquiátrica.

L'écrivain nord-américain David Foster Wallace a écrit deux contes - « The Planet Trillaphon As It Stand In Relation To The Bad Thing ¼ et « The Depressed Person ¼ - abordant le thème de la dépression, en adoptant dans chacun de ces textes des perspectives distinctes et complémentaires. Notre but est de les analyser et de discuter certains aspects de l'accès à l'expérience subjective d'autres personnes, en nous intéressant tout particulièrement au rôle de la littérature dans ce processus. Alors que le premier texte décrit la dépression de façon objective, le second décrit l'impossibilité d'en faire une telle description, se concentrant sur des techniques littéraires créant des expériences subjectives désagréables, potentiellement semblables à celles ressenties par les personnes déprimées. Nous suggérons que la littérature peut être utile dans la compréhension de certains aspects de l'expérience de l'être déprimé et qu'une telle compréhension peut enrichir la pratique psychiatrique.

El escritor estadounidense David Foster Wallace escribió dos cuentos - The Planet Trillaphon As It Stand In Relation To The Bad Thing y The Depressed Person- que abordan la temática de la depresión y que adoptan perspectivas distintas y complementarias. Nuestro objetivo es analizar dichos textos y discutir algunos aspectos del acceso a la experiencia subjetiva de otras personas, más específicamente el papel de la literatura en ese proceso. Mientras que el primer texto describe la depresión objetivamente, el segundo describe la imposibilidad de hacer dicha descripción, centrándose en técnicas literarias que crean experiencias subjetivas desagradables, posiblemente semejantes a las sentidas por las personas deprimidas. Sugerimos que la literatura puede ser útil para la comprensión de algunos aspectos de la experiencia de estar deprimido, y que tal comprensión puede enriquecer la práctica psiquiátrica.

Moving beyond psychiatric diagnosis and the medical framework towards social recovery: an interview with Jim van Os / Para além do diagnóstico psiquiátrico e do modelo médico, na busca pelo "recovery" social: uma entrevista com Jim van Os / Au-delà du diagnostic psychiatrique et du modèle médical vers le social recovery: un entretien avec Jim van Os / Más allá del diagnóstico psiquiátrico y del modelo médico hacia en la búsqueda del social recovery: una entrevista con Jim van Os

There is a growing realization in the field of psychiatry that we are unable to free ourselves of the constraints imposed by our concepts, as well as to move beyond them. Thus, the field demands not only more robust empirical evidence but also a more sophisticated conceptual framework, which would allow for critical and innovative thinking to conceive and to build better models of mental health care. In this spirit, we present a very thought-provoking interview with Dutch psychiatrist Jim van Os, encompassing biographical issues from his academic background as well as his ideas on recovery and the Dutch experience of the recovery colleges as a "shadow mental health system" in the Netherlands. Adopting a critical stance on psychiatric diagnosis and the validity of group-level comparisons in evidence-based psychiatry, and in line with the ideals of the recovery movement, van Os points out that the process of healing should surpass symptom reduction. For him, it should take into account the long-term process of developing resilience, learning to deal with suffering through interactions with other people, building up new perspectives, goals, and existential purposes. In other words, he emphasizes the idea of social recovery and favors the thought that mental health professionals should try to "help people to relate better to their mental variation and offer them ways of doing that differently."

Há uma crescente percepção no campo da psiquiatria de que somos incapazes de nos liberar das restrições impostas pelos conceitos do campo, bem como ir além deles. Assim, o campo demanda não somente evidências empíricas mais robustas, mas também um quadro de referências conceituais que permita um pensamento crítico e inovador que conceba e construa modelos mais apropriados de cuidado à saúde mental. Nesse espírito, apresentamos uma entrevista provocativa com o psiquiatria holandês Jim van Os, abrangendo desde questões sobre sua formação acadêmica até suas ideias sobre recovery e sobre a experiência dos recovery colleges na Holanda como "um sistema de saúde mental invisível". Adotando uma posição crítica sobre o diagnóstico psiquiátrico e a validade das comparações grupais preconizadas pela medicina baseada em evidências, e em sintonia com o movimento conhecido como recovery, van Os destaca que o processo de cura deve ir além da redução de sintomas. Para ele, é preciso levar em conta o longo processo de desenvolvimento de resiliência, aprendendo com os outros a lidar com o sofrimento, e construindo novas perspectivas, objetivos e propósitos existenciais. Em outras palavras, a ênfase recai sobre a ideia de social recovery e favorece a ideia de que profissionais de saúde mental devem "ajudar as pessoas a se relacionarem melhor com suas variações psicológicas e oferecer a elas formas diferentes de chegar até isso."

Il y a une perception croissante dans le champ de la psychiatrie selon laquelle nous ne sommes pas en mesure de nous libérer des contraintes imposées par les concepts de ce domaine, encore moins de les dépasser. Ainsi, le champ de la psychiatrie exigerait non seulement des évidences empiriques plus solides, mais aussi un cadre de références conceptuelles procurant une pensée critique et novatrice capable de concevoir et de construire des modèles plus appropriés aux soins de santé mentale. Dans cette démarche, nous présentons un entretien provocateur avec le psychiatre néerlandais Jim van Os, couvrant des questions sur son parcours universitaire, ainsi que ses idées sur le recovery, et sur l'expérience des recovery colleges aux Pays-Bas en tant que « système de santé mentale invisible ¼. C'est en adoptant une démarche critique à l'égard du diagnostic psychiatrique et de la validité des comparaisons de groupes préconisées par la médecine fondée sur les preuves et en accord avec le mouvement connu sous le nom de recovery que van Os souligne que le processus de guérison doit aller au-delà de la réduction des symptômes. Pour lui, il faut prendre en compte le long mouvement de développement de la résilience, de sorte à apprendre d'autrui comment faire face à la souffrance, pour construire de nouvelles perspectives, de nouveaux objectifs et de nouvelles finalités existentielles. Ses contributions soulignent le concept de social recovery et favorisent l'idée selon laquelle les professionnels de la santé mentale devraient «aider les gens à mieux gérer leurs variations psychologiques et leur proposer différentes façons d'y parvenir¼.

Hay una percepción creciente, en el campo de la psiquiatría, de que somos incapaces de librarnos de las restricciones impuestas por los conceptos del campo, así como también de ir más allá de ellas. Por lo tanto, el campo demanda no solamente evidencias empíricas más robustas, sino un marco de referencias conceptuales que permita un pensamiento crítico e innovador que conciba y construya modelos más apropiados de cuidado de la salud mental. En ese sentido, presentamos una provocadora entrevista con el psiquiatra holandés Jim van Os, abarcando, desde cuestiones sobre su formación académica hasta sus ideas sobre recovery y la experiencia de los recovery colleges en Holanda como "un sistema de salud mental invisible". Adoptando una postura crítica sobre el diagnóstico psiquiátrico y la validez de las comparaciones grupales defendidas por la medicina basada en evidencias, y alineado con el movimiento conocido como recovery, van Os destaca que el proceso de curar debe ir más allá de la reducción de los síntomas. Para él, es necesario considerar el largo proceso de desarrollo de la resiliencia, aprendiendo a lidiar con el sufrimiento a través de la interacción con los otros y construyendo nuevas perspectivas, objetivos y propósitos existenciales. En otras palabras, el énfasis recae sobre la idea del social recovery, favoreciendo la noción de que los profesionales de la salud mental deben "ayudar a las personas a relacionarse mejor con sus variaciones psicológicas y ofrecerles diferentes formas para llegar a ello".

Making sense of the subjective experience of others / A apreensão da experiência subjetiva de outros / Lappréhension de lexpérience subjective dautrui / La aprehensión de la experiencia subjetiva de otros

In this article, we address some conceptual issues that are logically prior to the constitution of any psychopathology. We explore ontological and epistemological aspects of subjective experience, rejecting both Cartesianism and behaviorism, and favoring the Wittgensteinian notion of criterial support instead. Then, we discuss the disanalogy between knowledge of other minds and our knowledge of anything else. Based on the arguments by Eilan's that the "communication claim" should replace the "observation claim," we defend that there is a kind of knowledge that is irreducibly founded on intersubjectivity (that is, knowledge of persons is knowledge for two) and point out to implications it may have for psychopathology.

Neste artigo, abordamos algumas questões conceituais logicamente anteriores à constituição de qualquer forma de psicopatologia. Exploramos, ontológica e epistemologicamente, aspectos da experiência subjetiva, e rejeitamos tanto o cartesianismo quanto o behaviorismo em favor da noção wittgensteiniana de apoio criterial. Assim, discutimos a dessemelhança entre o conhecimento de outras mentes e o conhecimento de qualquer outra coisa. Baseados nos argumentos fornecidos por Eilan, segundo os quais o "modelo da comunicação" deve substituir o "modelo da observação", defendemos que há um tipo de conhecimento que é irredutivelmente fundado na intersubjetividade (isto é, o conhecimento de pessoas é conhecimento a dois) e apontamos as implicações que isso pode ter para a psicopatologia..

Dans cet article, nous abordons quelques questions conceptuelles qui précèdent logiquement la constitution de toute forme de psychopathologie. Nous explorons les aspects ontologiques et épistémologiques de l'expérience subjective en détriment du cartésianisme et du behaviorisme, nous privilégions la notion wittgensteinienne de soutien critériel. Ainsi, nous discutons la disanalogie entre la connaissance des autres esprits et notre connaissance de toute autre chose. Sur la base des arguments proposés par Eilan, selon lesquels le « modèle de communication ¼ devrait remplacer le « modèle d'observation ¼, nous défendons qu'il existe un type de connaissance irréductiblement fondé sur l'intersubjectivité (c'est-à-dire que la connaissance des personnes est une connaissance partagée) et soulignons les implications que cela peut avoir pour la psychopathologie.

En este artículo, abordamos algunas cuestiones conceptuales lógicamente previas a la constitución de cualquier forma de psicopatología. Exploramos ontológica y epistemológicamente aspectos de la experiencia subjetiva, rechazando tanto al Cartesianismo como al conductismo (behaviorismo), favoreciendo, en cambio, a la noción wittigensteiniana de apoyo de criterio. Así, discutimos la desanalogía entre el conocimiento de otras mentes y el conocimiento de cualquier otra cosa. Basándonos en los argumentos proporcionados por Eilan, según los cuales el "modelo de comunicación" debe sustituir al "modelo de la observación", defendemos que hay un tipo de conocimiento que es irreductiblemente fundado en la intersubjetividad (es decir, el conocimiento de personas es conocimiento para dos) y señalamos las implicaciones que eso puede tener para la psicopatología.

The 4Ds of ectopic ACTH syndrome: diagnostic dilemmas of a difficult disease

SUMMARY Cushing's syndrome (CS) is an uncommon condition that leads to high morbidity and mortality. The majority of endogenous CS is caused by excessive ACTH secretion, mainly due to a pituitary tumor - the so-called Cushing's disease (CD) - followed by ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS), an extra-pituitary tumor that produces ACTH; adrenal causes of CS are even rarer. Several methods are used to differentiate the two main etiologies: specific laboratory tests and imaging procedures, and bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS) for ACTH determination; however, identification of the source of ACTH overproduction is often a challenge. We report the case of a 28-year-old woman with clinical and laboratory findings consistent with ACTH-dependent CS. All tests were mostly definite, but several confounding factors provoked an extended delay in identifying the origin of ACTH secretion, prompting a worsening of her clinical condition, with difficulty controlling hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, and hypertension. During this period, clinical treatment was decisive, and measurement of morning salivary cortisol was a differential for monitoring cortisol levels. This report shows that clinical reasoning, experience and use of recent methods of nuclear medicine were decisive for the elucidation of the case.

Conocimiento Acerca Del Ictus Isquémico En Ecuatorianos / Knowledge About Ischemic Stroke In Ecuadorian People

Resumen Introducción: La llegada en periodo de ventana terapéutica de un paciente con ictus isquémico al hospital depende de la identificación de las manifestaciones clínicas y el reconocimiento de que se trata de una urgencia médica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, de corte transversal para el cual se diseñó una entrevista estructurada con preguntas cerradas. Objetivo. Evaluar el grado de conocimiento de la población acerca del infarto cerebral. Resultados: Se entrevistaron 135 sujetos sin diagnóstico de ictus, seleccionados al azar entre los familiares de pacientes. La edad media de fue de 42,6 años, predominaron las mujeres (92/68,1%) y el grado de instrucción medio. El 95,5% (129 sujetos) admitió tener poco conocimiento sobre el ictus. Solo el 11,1% señaló de forma correcta las manifestaciones clínicas; el síntoma más reconocido fue el amortiguamiento (59,3%) seguido de los trastornos del habla. El 80,9% identifican el ictus como una condición prevenible. Menos de la mitad de los participantes nombraron adecuadamente los factores de riesgo (66/48,9%). El 88,2% toma una actitud correcta ante los síntomas. Conclusiones: En el grupo de personas entrevistadas el conocimiento acerca de las manifestaciones y los factores de riesgo vascular es deficiente. Es necesario realizar campañas informativas dirigidas a mejorar el conocimiento de la enfermedad.

Summary Introduction: The arrival of patients with ischemic stroke to the hospital in the period of the therapeutic window, depends to a great extent on the identification of their clinical signs and the recognition that it is a medical emergency. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal, cross-sectional study was carried out, based on a structured interview with closed questions. The aim was to access the degree of the population's knowledge about the ischemic stroke. Results: A total of 135 subjects without a diagnosis of stroke were interviewed, randomly selected from the relatives of patients. The average age was 42.6 years, women predominated (92 / 68.1%), with an average level of education. 95.5% (129 subjects) admitted having little knowledge about stroke. Only 11.1% correctly indicated the clinical manifestations; The most recognized symptom was damping (59.3%) followed by speech disorders. 80.9% (109 respondents) identify stroke as a preventable condition. Less than half of the participants adequately named the risk factors (66 / 48.9%). 88.2% take a correct attitude to the symptoms. Conclusions: In the group of people interviewed there is a perception of risk regarding stroke, but knowledge about the manifestations and vascular risk factors is poor. It is necessary to carry out information campaigns aimed to improve knowledge of the disease.

A historical account of schizophrenia proneness categories from DSM-I to DSM-5 (1952-2013) / Uma revisão histórica das categorias de propensão à esquizofrenia do DSM-I ao DSM-5 (1952-2013) / Un rappel historique des catégories de prédisposition à la schizophrénie du DSM-I au DSM-5 [1952-2013] / Una revisión histórica de las categorías de propensión a la esquizofrenia del DSM-I al DSM-5 [1952-2013]

The history of diagnostic classifications in psychiatry has been recognized as a privileged means of access to the vicissitudes inherent to the configuration of a scientific and professional field, also bringing significant contributions to conceptual history. We have taken as primary sources the five editions of the DSM (1952-2013) to examine the construction of diagnostic categories related to schizophrenia proneness, indicating the scientific and social contexts related to the development of DSM and psychiatry itself. Along this process we highlight the conditions of possibility for the emergence of the Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome, a highly controversial diagnostic proposal, in the elaboration of DSM-5. This proposal ended up being rejected not only on scientific grounds, but also because of feared unintended consequences.

A história das classificações diagnósticas na psiquiatria tem sido reconhecida como meio privilegiado de acesso às vicissitudes inerentes à configuração do campo científico e profissional, além de trazer aportes significativos para a história conceitual. Tomamos como principais fontes primárias as cinco edições do DSM (1952-2013) para examinar a construção de categorias diagnósticas relacionadas à propensão para a esquizofrenia, indicando os contextos sociais e científicos relacionados ao desenvolvimento do DSM e da própria psiquiatria. Nesse processo, destacamos as condições de possibilidade para a emergência da Síndrome Psicótica Atenuada, uma proposta diagnóstica altamente controversa, na preparação do DSM-5. Essa proposta foi rejeitada não somente no plano científico, mas também em razão de temidas consequências indesejadas.

L'histoire des classifications diagnostiques en psychiatrie a été reconnue comme un moyen privilégié d'accès aux vicissitudes inhérentes à la configuration du champ scientifique et professionnel, apportant également des contributions importantes à l'histoire conceptuelle. Comme sources primaires principales, nous avons utilisé les cinq éditions du DSM (1952-2013) pour examiner la construction des catégories diagnostiques liées à la prédisposition à la schizophrénie, en indiquant les contextes scientifiques et sociaux du développement du DSM et de la psychiatrie elle-même. Au cours de ce processus, nous mettons en évidence les conditions de possibilité d'émergence du Syndrome Psychotique Atténué, une proposition diagnostique fortement controversée, dans l'élaboration du DSM-5. Cette proposition a fini par être rejetée, non seulement pour des raisons scientifiques, mais aussi par crainte des conséquences non désirées.

La historia de las clasificaciones diagnósticas en psiquiatría, ha sido reconocida como un medio privilegiado de acceso a las vicisitudes inherentes a la configuración de un campo científico y profesional, además de traer aportes significativos a la historia conceptual. Como recursos primarios, hemos utilizado las cinco ediciones del DSM (1952-2013), para examinar la construcción de categorías de diagnóstico relacionadas a la propensión a la esquizofrenia, indicando los contextos sociales y científicos relacionados al desarrollo del DSM y de la propia psiquiatría. A lo largo del proceso, destacamos las condiciones de posibilidad para el surgimiento del Síndrome de Psicosis Atenuada, una propuesta de diagnóstico altamente controvertida, durante la elaboración del DSM-5. Esta propuesta fue rechazada, no solo por motivos científicos, sino también por las temidas consecuencias indeseadas.

Die Geschichte der diagnostischen Klassifizierungen in der Psychiatrie wird als privilegiertes Mittel des Zuganges zu dem Wandel im Rahmen der Gestaltung eines wissenschaftlichen, beruflichen Gebietes anerkannt und trägt wesentlich zur Begriffsgeschichte bei. Als primäre Quellen wurden die fünf Auflagen des DSM (1952-2013) berücksichtigt, um den Aufbau der diagnostischen Kategorien mit Neigung zur Schizophrenie und den sozialen und wissenschaftlichen Zusammenhang der Entwicklung des DSM und der Psychiatrie zu untersuchen. Dabei heben wir die Möglichkeiten der Notbehandlung für „Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome", eines sehr umstrittenen diagnostischen Vorschlages bei der Vorbereitung des DSM-5, hervor. Dieser Vorschlag wurde nicht nur aus wissenschaftlichen Gründen, sondern auch aufgrund befürchteter, unerwünschter Folgen abgelehnt.

Fístula Carótido Cavernosa. Utilidad del ultrasonido Doppler en el diagnóstico / Cavernous carotid fistula. Utility of Doppler ultrasound in diagnosis

Resumen Introducción: Las fístulas carótido cavernosas son malformaciones vasculares infrecuentes que generan un shunt arteriovenoso patológico que compromete el funcionamiento ocular. El diagnóstico definitivo se establece a través de una arteriografía cerebral. Sin embargo, su carácter invasivo limita su uso en el seguimiento. El objetivo de este trabajo es ilustrar el valor del estudio con ultrasonido doppler transcraneal para el diagnóstico y describir los parámetros de flujo que pudieran modificarse. Pacientes: Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de las historias clínicas de los pacientes atendidos con diagnóstico de fistula carótido cavernosa en la unidad de ictus del Hospital CQ Hermanos Ameijeiras de La Habana, entre enero de 2005 y mayo de 2014. Se recogieron variables demográficas y de la enfermedad, así como los resultados de los estudios de imagen y ultrasonido. Resultados: Se describen las características clínicas e imagenológicas de tres enfermos en los que se confirmó el diagnóstico. En los dos pacientes con comunicaciones directas, se registró un aumento de la velocidad media de flujo en la vena oftálmica, arterializada, con disminución de la pulsatilidad; sumado a aumento en la velocidad de pico diastólico en la arteria carótida interna ipsilateral a la fístula. En el paciente con la fístula indirecta los cambios fueron menos marcados. Conclusión: El estudio con ultrasonido fue de utilidad en el diagnóstico de las fístulas carótido cavernosa. Mostró diferencias en parámetros de flujo que pueden servir para clasificar las fistulas.

Abstract Introduction: Carotid cavernous fistulas are infrequent vascular malformations that generate a pathological arteriovenous shunt, which compromises ocular function. The definitive diagnosis is established by cerebral arteriography. However, its invasive nature limits its use in follow-up. The aim of this work is to illustrate the value of the study with transcranial doppler ultrasound for the diagnosis of cavernous carotid fistulas and to describe the flow parameters that could be modified. Patients: A retrospective review of the clinical histories of the patients treated with a diagnosis of cavernous carotid fistula was carried out in the stroke unit of the Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital in Havana, between January 2005 and May 2014. Demographic and disease variables were collected, as well as the results of imaging and ultrasound studies. Results: We describe the clinical and imaging characteristics of three patients in whom carotid cavernous fistula was confirmed. In the two patients with direct communications, an increase of the mean flow velocity in the ophthalmic vein, arterialized, with decrease in pulsatility were registered; in addition to an increase in the diastolic peak velocity in the internal carotid artery ipsilateral to the fistula. In the patient with the indirect fistula the changes were less marked. Conclusion: The ultrasound study was useful in the diagnosis of carotid cavernous fistulas, showing differences in the flow parameters that can be used to classify the fistulas.

Swimming training prevents coronary endothelial dysfunction in ovariectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats

Estrogen deficiency and hypertension are considered major risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease. On the other hand, exercise training is considered an effective form to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of swimming training (SW) on coronary vascular reactivity in female ovariectomized hypertensive rats are not known. We aimed to evaluate the effects of SW on endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in ovariectomized hypertensive rats. Three-month old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, n=50) were divided into four groups: sham (SH), sham plus swimming training (SSW), ovariectomized (OVX), and ovariectomized plus swimming training (OSW). The SW protocol (5 times/week, 60 min/day) was conducted for 8 weeks. The vasodilatory response was measured in isolated hearts in the absence and presence of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME, 100 µM). Cardiac oxidative stress was evaluated in situ by dihydroethidium fluorescence, while the expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD-2 and catalase) and their activities were assessed by western blotting and spectrophotometry, respectively. Vasodilation in SHR was significantly reduced by OVX, even in the presence of L-NAME, in conjunction with an increased oxidative stress. These effects were prevented by SW, and were associated with a decrease in oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD-2) and catalase expression increased only in the OSW group. However, no significant difference was found in the activity of these enzymes. In conclusion, SW prevented the endothelial dysfunction in the coronary bed of ovariectomized SHR associated with an increase in the expression of antioxidant enzymes, and therefore may prevent coronary heart disease in hypertensive postmenopausal women.

Realismo e pragmatismo em psiquiatria: um debate / Realism and pragmatism in Psychiatry: a debate / Réalisme et pragmatisme em Psychiatrie: un débat / Realismo y pragmatismo en Psiquiatría: un debate / Realismus und Pragmatismus in der Psychiatrie: eine Debatte

O artigo apresenta um debate sobre a natureza do objeto da psiquiatria. Apresentam-se duas perspectivas de abordagem da questão — o realismo e o pragmatismo. Segundo o realismo, as condições denominadas transtornos mentais existiriam de forma autônoma, a despeito da conceitualização humana. Já as perspectivas pragmáticas pressuporiam que transtornos mentais não são suficientemente explicados como tipos naturais, porque normas e interesses humanos sempre estariam presentes em classificações psiquiátricas. São descritas as características, diferenças e pontos de limitação dessas abordagens.

This paper presents a debate on the nature of the object of Psychiatry. Two approaches to the issue are discussed: realism and pragmatism. According to realism, would exist autonomously the conditions known as mental disorders regardless of human conceptualization. Pragmatist perspectives assume that mental disorders are not sufficiently explained as natural types, since human norms and interests are always at stake in the making of psychiatric classifications. The specific features, differences, and limitations of both approaches are described.

Les auteurs présentent une réflexion critique à propos de la nature de l’objet de la psychiatrie. D’emblée, ils postulent deux voies [approches] majeures permettant d’explorer cette question fondamentale: le réalisme et le pragmatisme. Selon le réalisme, les troubles mentaux existent comme des entites autonomes, de facon independant d’une structuration conceptuelle. D’autre part, l’approche pragmatique met en avant les enjeux sociaux ce qui permet d’en déduire et d’affirmer que les troubles mentaux ne sont pas réductible à de types naturels. Enfin, les auteurs examinent brièvement et mettent en évidence les caractéristiques et limites de ces différentes approches dans la clinique psychiatrique.

El artículo presenta un debate sobre la naturaleza del objeto de la psiquiatría. Son discutidas dos perspectivas del problema: realismo y pragmatismo. Para el realismo, los trastornos mentales existen autónomamente, a pesar de la conceptua-lización humana. Las perspectivas pragmáticas suponen que los trastornos mentales no pueden ser explicados suficientemente como tipos naturales, pues las clasificaciones psiquiátricas son siempre atravesadas por normas e intereses humanos. Son descritas las características, diferencias y límites de ambos enfoques.

In diesem Artikel präsentieren wir eine Debatte über die Natur des Objektes in der Psychiatrie. Wir bieten somit zwei perspektiven bezüglich dieser Problematik- den Realismus einerseits, und den Pragmatismus als gegen Stellung. Für den Realismus würden die sogenannten Bedingungen der Psychiatrischen Störungen auf autonomer Weise vorhanden sein, und dies trotz menschlicher Konstruktionen. Pragmatische Perspektiven setzten voraus das Psychische Störungen nicht genügend durch ‘natural kinds’ erklärt werden können, weil menschliche Normen und sonstige Interessen sonst immer in Psychiatrischen Klassifikationen zu finden sind. Die Charakteristiken, Unterschiede und Einschränkungen werden dieser Perspektiven werden hier beschrieben.

Concepts of liberty and value pluralism: Implications for psychiatry / Conceitos de liberdade e pluralismo de valores: implicações para a psiquiatria / Conceptions de la liberté et pluralisme des valeurs: implications pour la psychiatrie / Conceptos de libertad y pluralismo de valores: implicaciones para la psiquiatría / Konzepte von Freiheit und Wertepluralismus: Implikationen für die Psychiatrie / 自由和价值多元主义：对精神分析学的影响

Isaiah Berlin’s distinction between the ideas of ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ liberty is examined within the context of his value pluralism, in which goods, evils and forms of life are ultimately incommensurable (or incomparable through reasoning). Adopting this pluralist stance as to values, I try to answer the following question: does psychiatry need to/is it able to reach an explicit agreement as what is the best way to live? Given the precedence of practical reasoning in psychiatry, I suggest that, when confronted with certain kinds of human suffering (pathos), often associated with a clash between values, the last word (however tentative and always individual) should come from the clinical realm.

A distinção de Isaiah Berlin entre as noções de liberdade ‘positiva’ e ‘negativa’ é examinada no contexto de seu pluralismo de valores, em que bens, males e formas de vida são, em última instância, incomensuráveis (ou incomparáveis pela razão). Adotando esta posição pluralista sobre valores, tento responder às questões: a psiquiatria precisa e/ou consegue chegar a um acordo explícito sobre qual é a melhor maneira de viver? Dada a prioridade da razão prática em psiquiatria, sugiro que, quando confrontados com certos tipos de sofrimento humano (pathos), que não raro envolvem conflitos de valor, a última palavra (por provisória que seja e sempre individual) deve pertencer ao campo da clínica.

La distinction d'Isaiah Berlin entre les notions de liberté ‘positive’ et ‘négative’ est examinée dans le contexte de son pluralisme de valeurs, où les biens, les maux et les modes de vie sont, en fin de compte, incommensurables (ou incomparables du fait de la raison). En adoptant cette position pluraliste sur les valeurs, j'essaie de répondre aux questions: la psychiatrie a-t-elle besoin et/ou peut-elle parvenir à un accord explicite sur quelle est la meilleure façon de vivre ? Compte tenu de la priorité de la raison pratique en psychiatrie, je suggère que, face à certains types de souffrance humaine (pathos), qui impliquent souvent des conflits de valeur, le dernier mot (si provisoire soit-il et toujours individuel) doit appartenir au domaine de la pratique clinique.

La distinción de Isaiah Berlin entre las nociones de libertad “positiva” y “negativa” es examinada en el contexto de su pluralismo de valores, en el que bienes, males y formas de vida son, en una última instancia, inconmensurables (o incomparables por la razón). Adoptando esta posición pluralista relativa a los valores, intento responder a la pregunta: ¿la psiquiatría necesita y/o logra llegar a un acuerdo explícito sobre cuál es la mejor manera de vivir? Dada la prioridad de la razón práctica en psiquiatría, sugiero que, al enfrentarnos con ciertos tipos de sufrimiento humano (pathos), que suelen implicar conflictos de valores, la última palabra (por provisional que sea, es siempre individual) debe pertenecer al campo de la clínica.

Isaiah Berlins Unterscheidung zwischen den Begriffen der „positiven“ und „negativen“ Freiheit wird im Kontext des Wertepluralismus untersucht, wobei Güter, Übel und Lebensformen letztlich inkommensurabel sind (d.h., rational unvergleichbar). Aufgrund dieser pluralistischen Position in Bezug auf Werte, versuchten wir, die folgenden Fragen zu beantworten: muss und/oder kann die Psychiatrie eine ausdrücklichen Konsens darüber erreichen, was die beste Lebensweise ist? Angesichts der hegemonischen Stellung der praktischen Vernunft in der Psychiatrie, schlagen wir vor, dass wenn wir mit bestimmten Arten menschlichen Leidens (Pathos) konfrontiert sind, die oft Wertkonflikte beinhalten, die Klinik das letzte Wort haben sollte (wie vorläufig es sei und immer individuell bestimmt).

西方著名的哲学家伊萨亚•柏林 (Isaiah Berlin)对自由的定义进行了 "正" 与 "负"的划分，他认为人类的价值观是多元的，有关道德观和生活的方式等议题，是 ”好” 还是 “坏”，没有最终的标准 (也就说，凭理性是没有办法做评判的)。 本文采用柏林的价值观多元主义，尝试回答下列问题：精神分析学需要达成一个关于什么是最好的生活方式的共识吗？能够达成这个共识吗？ 从精神分析学所注重的实践理性角度来说，我认为，当某些牵涉到价值观冲突的精神病兆 (pathos) 出现在我们面前时，最后的决定取决于临床实践 (不管这种临床的决定是多么的临时性，个人化)。.

Assessing treatment response to prophylactic lithium use in patients with bipolar disorder / Avaliação da resposta terapêutica ao tratamento de manutenção com lítio em pacientes com transtorno afetivo bipolar

ABSTRACT Objetive To identify potential clinical and epidemiological predictors of long-term response to lithium treatment. Methods A total of 40 adult outpatients followed in an university hospital, with confirmed diagnosis of bipolar disorder and with history of lithium use for at least a six months period, had their response to this medication assessed through the use of a standardized instrument. The ALDA scale is based on retrospective clinical data, in our study assessed through a thoroughly reviewed of the medical charts, and is used to evaluate the clinical improvement with the treatment (Criterion A), corrected by the acknowledgement of possible confounding factors, such as duration of the treatment, compliance and concomitant use of additional medications (Criterion B), in order to estimate the response that can be specifically attributable to lithium. Results Our study found an inverse relation between the number of mood episodes with psychotic symptoms and lithium treatment outcome. Conclusion The results reinforce the hypothesis that lithium seems to be less efficacious in patients with bipolar disorder who present psychotic symptoms.

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar potenciais preditores clínicos e epidemiológicos de resposta terapêutica ao uso prolongado de lítio. Métodos Um total de 40 pacientes adultos em tratamento ambulatorial em um hospital universitário, com diagnóstico confirmado de transtorno afetivo bipolar e história de pelo menos seis meses de uso de lítio, teve sua resposta a essa medicação avaliada com a utilização de um instrumento padronizado. A escala ALDA leva em consideração informações clínicas obtidas de forma retrospectiva, em nosso estudo, por meio de minuciosa revisão dos prontuários médicos, para julgar a melhora clínica obtida com o tratamento (Critério A), corrigida pela identificação de possíveis fatores confundidores, tais como duração do tratamento, adesão e uso concomitante de outras drogas (Critério B), de forma a estimar a resposta que pode ser atribuída especificamente ao uso do lítio. Resultados Nosso estudo encontrou uma relação inversa entre o número de episódios de humor com a presença de sintomas psicóticos e o desfecho no tratamento com lítio. Conclusão Esses resultados reforçam a hipótese de que o lítio parece ser menos eficaz em pacientes com transtorno afetivo bipolar que manifestam sintomas psicóticos.

Hormonal therapy with estradiol and drospirenone improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the coronary bed of ovariectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats

Drospirenone (DRSP) is a progestin with anti-aldosterone properties and it reduces blood pressure in hypertensive women. However, the effects of DRSP on endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation have not been evaluated. This study investigated the effects of combined therapy with estrogen (E2) and DRSP on endothelium-dependent vasodilation of the coronary bed of ovariectomized (OVX) spontaneously hypertensive rats. Female spontaneously hypertensive rats (n=87) at 12 weeks of age were randomly divided into sham operated (Sham), OVX, OVX treated with E2 (E2), and OVX treated with E2 and DRSP (E2+DRSP) groups. Hemodynamic parameters were directly evaluated by catheter insertion into the femoral artery. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation in response to bradykinin in the coronary arterial bed was assessed using isolated hearts according to a modified Langendorff method. Coronary protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) was assessed by Western blotting. Histological slices of coronary arteries were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and morphometric parameters were analyzed. Oxidative stress was assessed in situ by dihydroethidium fluorescence. Ovariectomy increased systolic blood pressure, which was only prevented by E2+DRSP treatment. Estrogen deficiency caused endothelial dysfunction, which was prevented by both treatments. However, the vasodilator response in the E2+DRSP group was significantly higher at the three highest concentrations compared with the OVX group. Reduced ER-α expression in OVX rats was restored by both treatments. Morphometric parameters and oxidative stress were augmented by OVX and reduced by E2 and E2+DRSP treatments. Hormonal therapy with E2 and DRSP may be an important therapeutic option in the prevention of coronary heart disease in hypertensive post-menopausal women.

Management framework paradigms for disorders of sex development

Until 2005, questions regarding medical treatment and diagnostic information on Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) were not systematically discussed with both the patients and their families; however, the way these patients are currently treated have been changing with time. Interventional changes in the clinical-psychotherapeutic-surgical areas of DSD determine not only different medical recommendations but also help to place the patient and the family into the decisional process of therapy. We must consider two paradigmatic periods that have influenced and transformed the clinical management framework of patients with DSD: a) The "Money era" (1955), which emphasized the role of the gonads as the diagnostic criterion, having the environment as determinant of the sex identity; and b) The Chicago Consensus (2005) phase, in which the role of genetics and molecular biology was critical for an early identification, as well as in building a proper sex identity, emphasizing ethical questions and the "stigma culture". In addition, recent data have focused on the importance of interdisciplinarity and statements on questions concerning Human Rights as key factors in treatment decision making. Despite each of these management models being able to determine specific directions and recommendations regarding the clinical handling of these patients, we verify that a composite of these several models is the clinical routine nowadays. In the present paper, we discuss these several paradigms, and pinpoint clinical differences and their unfolding regarding management of DSD patients and their families.

Momento quirúrgico apoyado con doppler transcraneal en pacientes con hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática / Surgical timing supported by transcranial doppler in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage from aneurisms rupture

Introducción: La cirugía de la hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática (HSA) realizada en las primeras 72 horas es beneficiosa. Cuando los casos arriban transcurrido este período el mejor momento quirúrgico es controversial. Objetivo. Evaluar la influencia sobre los resultados de la cirugía en la HSA de un protocolo para decidir el momento quirúrgico apoyado en el monitoreo con Doppler transcraneal (DTC). Material y Método: Se comparan los resultados quirúrgicos al alta y al año de seguimiento según la escala de Glasgow para resultados (EGR), en una serie de 233 casos con HSA rotos operados Enero de 2006 - Diciembre de 2010 y seguidos hasta Enero de 2012, en los que la cirugía en el período intermedio se decidió teniendo en cuenta las velocidades de flujo de los segmentos proximales del polígono de Willis registradas por DTC, con los de un grupo control histórico operado Diciembre de 1983 - Diciembre de 2005 sin la ayuda de dicho monitoreo. Resultados: La mortalidad al alta y al año en la serie de estudio fue de 4,3 y 4,5 por ciento y en el grupo control 7 y 7,7 por ciento respectivamente. Se observaron resultados satisfactorios (grados 4 y 5 en EGR) en el 93,1 al alta y 92,8 por ciento al año en la serie de estudio. Entre los controles históricos estos índices fueron 85,6 y 88,1 por ciento respectivamente (p = 0,004 y p = 0,036). Conclusiones: Los resultados del tratamiento microquirúrgico de la HSA se benefician con la atención protocolizada y la consideración de los resultados del DTC para seleccionar el momento quirúrgico.

Background: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) surgery, practiced in the first 72 hours is beneficial. The optimal surgical timing, for microsurgical clipping of ruptured intracranial aneurysms, remains controversial when patients arrive between 4 and 14 days. Some surgeons favor a prompt operation regardless the timing. Other ones prefer to wait 2 weeks. Most patients in developing countries are taken to neurosurgical attention late, which not permit an early surgery. Object. To evaluate the surgical outcome in a series of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) managed according to a dynamic protocol. Methods: The authors evaluated surgical outcome by means of Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score in a series of 233 patients with SAH who received neurosurgical clipping in the years 2006-2010 and were followed until January 2012, whose surgical timing was decided according to transcranial Doppler (TD) monitoring. These outcomes were compared with results in a series of 445 historic controls operated 1983-2005. Results: Series mortality at the discharge and at the year were 4.3 and 4.5 percent, and 7 and 7.7 percent in the control group respectively. Series show good outcomes (grade 4 and grade 5 in GOS score) in 93.1 at the discharge and 92.8 percent at the year. Among the historic controls cases with good outcome were 85.6 and 88.1 percent respectively (p = 0.004 y p = 0.036). Conclusions: Surgical outcomes of SAH can be favored by the impact of protocolized attention and TD to decide the best surgical timing in SAH.