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1.
Rev. cir. (Impr.) ; 72(6): 516-522, dic. 2020. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388761

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: El trasplante hepático (TH), es una terapia establecida en el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades del hígado agudas y crónicas terminales y del carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC). Las principales indicaciones en nuestro medio son la cirrosis de diferentes etiologías, el CHC, la atresia de vías biliares en niños y la falla hepática fulminante (FHF). Menos del 10% corresponden a indicaciones inhabituales, que incluyen pacientes con una miscelánea de enfermedades entre las cuales están la enfermedad poliquística hepática (EPH), enfermedades metabólicas (Niemann-Pick, otras), el síndrome hepato/portopulmonar, metástasis de diferentes tumores, etc. Objetivo: Describir y evaluar los resultados obtenidos con el trasplante hepático en estas indicaciones. Materiales y Método: Estudio de cohorte no concurrente que incluyó los TH por indicaciones inhabituales realizados entre marzo de 1997 y diciembre de 2016. De 295 TH realizados, 34 (11,5%) fueron por estas indicaciones. Resultados: Las causas más frecuentes fueron el síndrome porto/hepatopulmonar en 11 (40,7%) pacientes y la EPH en 9 (26,5%). Las enfermedades metabólicas representaron la tercera indicación, con 5 (14,7%) casos. Siete (20,6%) pacientes eran menores de 18 años. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron biliares y la trombosis de arteria hepática en 6 (17,6%) y 4 (11,8%) casos respectivamente; estos últimos eran portadores de una EPH masiva. Cuatro (12,5%) pacientes requirieron retrasplante. La mortalidad a 90 días fue de 2 (5,9%) enfermos. Conclusión: El TH es una opción factible en este grupo de pacientes con resultados similares a los obtenidos en las indicaciones clásicas.


Introduction: Liver transplantation (LT) is an established therapy in the treatment of several acute and chronic end-stage liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The main indications worldwide are cirrhosis of different etiologies, HCC, biliary atresia in children, and fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Less than 10% concerns unusual indications which include patients with miscellaneous diseases among which are hepatic polycystic disease (HPD), metabolic diseases (Niemann-Pick, others), portal/hepatopulmonary syndrome, metastasis of different tumors, among others. Aim: The objective of the study is to describe and asses the results obtained with liver transplantation in these indications. Materials and Method: We performed a non-concurrent cohort study that included all LT due to unusual indications between March 1997 and December 2016 in a university medical center. Of 295 TH performed, 34 (11.75%) were due to these indications. Results: The most frequent causes were the portal/hepatopulmonary syndrome in 11 (40.7%) patients and HPD in 9 (26.5%). Metabolic diseases accounted for the third indication in 5 (14.7%) cases. Seven (20.6%) patients were less than 18 years old. The most frequent complications were biliary and hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) in 6 (17.6%) and 4 (11.8%) cases, respectively. Patients complicated by a HAT suffered a massive EPH. Four (12.5%), required retransplantation. Mortality at 90 days was 2 (5.9%). Conclusión: LT is a feasible option in this group of patients with results similar to those obtained in classic indications of LT.


Subject(s)
Humans , Liver Transplantation , Liver Diseases/surgery , Treatment Outcome , Liver Cirrhosis/surgery
2.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 146(3): 277-281, mar. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-961391

ABSTRACT

Background: Compared to standard coagulation essays (SCE), such as international normalized ratio (INR), prothrombin activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), or platelet count, thromboelastograhy (TEG) offers precise and real-time information about hemostasis. TEG tests both platelet function and coagulation by assaying several parameters of clot formation dynamically in whole blood. Aim: To evaluate hemostasis in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation and determine the positive and negative predictive values of SCE for alterations of TEG. Material and Methods: Preoperative SCE and TEG were prospectively analyzed in 25 patients. Results were categorized as normal, laboratory alteration or clinical alteration. SCE results were compared with TEG parameters to determine positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV). Results: Hemostasis was abnormal and laboratory abnormalities were observed in all patients. One patient had clinical signs of excessive bleeding. SCE were abnormal in all patients and TEG was normal in nine patients. The most common alteration in TEG was hypocoagulability, in some cases associated with hypercoagulability and hyperfibrinolysis. Two patients had solely hypercoagulability. PPV of INR, aPTT, platelet count and fibrinogenemia were 0, 0, 0.5 and 0.17 respectively. NPV of the same tests were 1, 1, 0.34 and 1 respectively. Conclusions: Hypocoagulability was the most common laboratory alteration, however, clinical signs of coagulopathy were rarely present. SCE had a poor predictive value to diagnose o discard hemostatic abnormalities.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Thrombelastography , Blood Coagulation Tests , Liver Transplantation , Preoperative Period , Prospective Studies
3.
Rev. chil. cir ; 69(4): 310-314, ago. 2017. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-899607

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La disminución de la presión venosa central (PVC) a menos de 5mmHg ha sido recomendada para disminuir el sangrado durante la cirugía hepática. No se conoce el efecto de esto en el llenado ventricular e índice cardíaco (IC). Objetivo: Medir el efecto en el volumen de fin de diástole del ventrículo izquierdo indexado (VFDVII) e IC de la disminución a 3-4mmHg de la PVC. Método: Se estudiaron pacientes sometidos a cirugía general en los cuales se monitorizó presión arterial directa, PVC, y ecocardiografía transesofágica (ETE). Posterior a la inducción anestésica, y después de 5min de estabilidad hemodinámica, se midieron VFDVII e IC, los cuales se repitieron 5 min después de disminuir la PVC a 3-4 mmHg. Resultados: Se estudiaron 32 pacientes; 12 cumplían criterios de disfunción diastólica (DD). Los valores basales y posteriores a la reducción de la PVC de VFDVII e IC fueron respectivamente 49,4 ± 13 y 40,1 ±13 ml/m², y 2,8 ± 0,56 y 2,5 ± 0,7 l/m² (ambos p < 0,01). Todas las variaciones fueron mayores en los pacientes con DD. Conclusiones: La disminución de la PVC a los niveles recomendados para disminuir el sangrado produce una moderada pero significativa reducción del IC. Esto debe ser considerado en pacientes con condiciones que pudieran hacer más importante el efecto de la disminución de la PVC.


Introduction: The reduction of central venous pressure (CVP) below 5mmHg has been recommended to decrease bleeding during hepatic surgery. The effect of this practice on cardiac function has not been quantified. Objective: To measure the repercussion of the decrease of CVP on left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV) and cardiac index (CI). Method: Patients undergoing general anaesthesia for major surgery were studied. Monitoring included direct arterial pressure, CVP, and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). During a stable period of anaesthesia, all of these parameters were measured before and after lowering CVP to 3-4mmHg. Results: Thirty-two patients were studied. Twelve patients met TEE diagnostic criteria for diastolic dysfunction (DD). Basal and post CVP reduction values of LVEDVI and CI were 49.4 ± 13 and 40.1 ±13ml/m², 2.8±0.56 and 2.5±0.7l/m² respectively (both P< .01). All these variations were greater in patients with DD. Conclusions: Reduction of CVP produced a moderate but significant decrease in LVEDV and CI This should be considered in patients with conditions that may increase the effect of decreasing the CVP.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Surgical Procedures, Operative/methods , Cardiac Output/physiology , Central Venous Pressure/physiology , Blood Pressure , Blood Loss, Surgical/prevention & control , Echocardiography, Transesophageal , Hemodynamics , Monitoring, Physiologic
4.
Rev. chil. cir ; 69(1): 89-93, feb. 2017. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-844332

ABSTRACT

La mortalidad de la cirugía resectiva hepática es de 1-2%. Mejorar esto requerirá optimizar detalles que involucran a todos los encargados del cuidado de estos pacientes. El primero de estos puntos es la evaluación de la función hepática postoperatoria. Diversos métodos han sido utilizados para tratar de estimarla, sin resultados concluyentes respecto a cuál es el más adecuado. Estudios que evalúan la cantidad de parénquima residual y su relación con el desarrollo de falla hepática postoperatoria recomiendan que en presencia de un hígado sano debería quedar 20-25% del volumen hepático, 30-60% en casos de condiciones que deterioran la funcionalidad, y 40-70% en casos de cirrosis. El aporte de volumen y su relación con la morbilidad, el sangrado y el desarrollo de insuficiencia renal han sido muy estudiados. La restricción del volumen y el mantenimiento de presiones venosas bajas aparecen como estrategias recomendadas, pero no deben comprometer la perfusión sistémica. A diferencia de lo observado en pacientes críticos, especialmente sépticos, el uso de almidones aparece como una alternativa segura en pacientes sanos sometidos a procedimientos resectivos o trasplante hepático. Las alteraciones de exámenes de coagulación deben ser evaluadas y corregidas cuando corresponda, idealmente a través de métodos que permitan identificar la causa. El tromboelastograma aparece como una alternativa adecuada. La administración profiláctica de hemocomponentes no está indicada, pudiendo ser origen de morbilidad. La analgesia debe ser optimizada, siendo la peridural una buena alternativa en presencia de hígado sano y en procedimientos no mayores de una lobectomía.


The mortality of liver resection surgery is 1-2%. Improve this will require optimizing details involving all caregivers of these patients. The first of these points is the evaluation of postoperative liver function. Various methods have been used to estimate it, without conclusive results regarding what is the most appropriate. Several studies evaluating the amount of residual parenchyma and its relationship to the development of postoperative liver failure recommend that in the presence of a healthy liver should be 20-25% of liver volume, 30-60% in cases of conditions that impair the functionality and 40-70% in cases of cirrhosis. The contribution of fluids administration and its relationship with morbidity, bleeding and development of renal failure have been studied. The volume restriction, maintenance of low central venous pressures appear as recommended strategies but must not compromise systemic perfusion that can determine organ dysfunction. Unlike what was observed in critically ill patients, the use of starches appears as a safe alternative in healthy patients and those undergoing liver transplantation. Alterations in coagulation tests should be evaluated, ideally through methods that allow to identify the cause. The thromboelastography appears as a suitable alternative. Prophylactic administration of blood components is not indicated and can be a source of morbidity. Analgesia should be optimized, being epidural analgesia a good alternative in the presence of healthy liver and procedures involving no more than a lobectomy.


Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatectomy/methods , Hepatectomy/mortality , Liver/surgery , Hemostasis, Surgical , Intraoperative Complications/prevention & control , Liver Failure/prevention & control
5.
Rev. chil. anest ; 44(2): 147-150, 2015.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-831321

ABSTRACT

The case of a patient that bleed approximatelly 40 lts during a liver and kidney transplant is reported. Strategies directed to maintain hemodynamic and hemostatic conditions are discussed. Elective surgery in patients that may require massive transfusion allow to planify a strategy directed to avoid hypothermia, appearence of metabolic acidosis and coagulopathy. All of these conditions have been related to the appearence and maintenance of bleeding. Maintenance of hemostatic condition appears particularly important requiring a strategy of early administration of blood components directed to preserve an adequate level of clotting factors and platelets. The same considerations must be kept in mind when the requirement of massive transfusion is not expected and the coagulation condition must be preserved or restored.


Se reporta el caso de un paciente que sangró 40 litros durante un trasplante hepático y renal, discutiéndoselas estrategias utilizadas, mantener adecuadas condiciones hemodinámicas y hemostáticas.La cirugía electiva en pacientes que pueden requerir transfusión masiva permite planificar la implementación de medidas dirigidas a prevenir la aparición de hipotermia, acidosis metabólica y coagulopatía, los cuales han sido identificados, relacionados a la aparición y mantención de un estado de mayor sangrado. La mantención de adecuadas condiciones hemostáticas aparece como un factor de gran importancia, requiriendo una estrategia que requiere la precoz administración de hemocomponentes, con la idea de mantener adecuados niveles de factores de coagulación y plaquetas. Estas mismas consideraciones deben tenerse presente cuando el requerimiento de transfusión masiva es imprevisto, y las condiciones de hemostasia deben ser mantenidas o restauradas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Hemorrhage/prevention & control , Blood Transfusion/methods , Blood Coagulation Disorders/prevention & control , Ketosis/etiology , Ketosis/prevention & control , Hemorrhage/etiology , Hypothermia/etiology , Hypothermia/prevention & control , Blood Component Transfusion/methods , Liver Transplantation/adverse effects , Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects , Blood Coagulation Disorders/etiology
6.
Rev. chil. anest ; 43(1): 10-15, jun.2014. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-780376

ABSTRACT

Describir la experiencia con el bloqueador bronquial de Arndt (BBA) y determinar los efectos de la ventilación monopulmonar (VMP) en el intercambio gaseoso en pacientes pediátricos. Método: El BBA se utilizó en 11 pacientes que requirieron VMP. Cuando el diámetro del tubo traqueal impedía el uso del BBA como originalmente estaba descrito, éste fue colocado en la tráquea previo a la intubación traqueal quedando por fuera del tubo traqueal. El BBA fue posicionado con ayuda de un fibrobroncoscopio introducido a través del adaptador del bloqueador. Se estandarizaron la modalidad deventilación y las maniobras destinadas a restablecer la oxigenación en caso de desaturación. Se controlaron gases arteriales, presión de vía aérea y CO2 de fin de espiración (EtCO2) ventilando ambos pulmones y en VMP. Resultados: El BBA fue correctamente posicionado en todos los pacientes, obteniéndose un pulmón desinflado en todos ellos. La relación pO2 /FiO2 promedio en decúbito lateral ventilando ambos pulmones y en VMP fue 287 (rango 100-424) y 199 (rango 62-332), p = 0,0108. La diferencia pCO2-EtCO2 mostró un comportamiento variable, aumentando en algunos e incluso haciéndose negativa en otros. Conclusión: El BBA permitió realizar VMP en todos los pacientes. La relación paO2/FiO2 disminuyó en todos los pacientes pero la saturación arterial de oxígeno pudo ser mantenida en niveles seguros. La capnografía mostró ser un indicador poco confiable de la efectividad de la ventilación durante VMP...


Single lung ventilation (SLV) and knowledge of its effects in pediatric patients has been limited by the lack of suitable double lumen tubes (DLT). The bronchial blocker (BB) described by Arndt allows SLV without a DLT, even in small children. Objective: Describe the experience with the Arndt’s BB, and the effects of SLV on gas exchange in children. Design: Observational study. Setting and patients: Eleven children requiring SLV using a BB were studied at a University Hospital. Interventions: A BB was used for SLV. When the internal diameter of the ET didn’t allow the use of the BB as originally described, it was inserted into the trachea before tracheal intubation, leaving the BB next to the ET. A FOB inserted through the multi-portal adapter of the BB guided it to the desired position. Ventilatory pattern and maneuvers to restore arterial oxygen saturation (SatO2) were standardized. Main outcome measures: Arterial blood gases, airway pressure, and EtCO2 were obtained in lateral decubitus position while both lungs were ventilated and during SLV. Results: Ages were between seven months and four years. In 10 patients, the BB was inserted alongside the tracheal tube. In all cases the lung was quiet and deflated. In 2 patients, surgical manipulation dislodged the BB. In one it could not be replaced and thoracotomy was required. Arterial pO2decreased in all patients, but SatO2was maintained above 90%. No significant changes in pCO2 and airway pressure were observed, and pCO2 -EtCO2 relationship was unpredictable. Conclusion: Arndt’s BB allowed SLV in all patients. Even though arterial pO2 decreased in all children, SatO2 could be maintained at an acceptable level...


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Pulmonary Gas Exchange/physiology , Oxygen/blood , Respiration, Artificial/methods
7.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 139(9): 1157-1162, set. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-612239

ABSTRACT

Background: During the perioperative period an adequate intravascular volume must be maintained. Current recommendations overestimate perioperative volume requirements. Aim: To compare perioperative volume administration using standard monitoring methods or guided by left ventricular filling parameters. Material and Methods: Twenty-four patients subjected to colon resection were randomized to monitoring by electrocardiography, blood and central venous pressure, or by transesophageal echocardiography. In the latter, volume administration was adjusted to maintain basal values of left ventricular end diastolic volume and cardiac index. Results: Patients with the standard monitoring system and transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring received 21.1±12 and 6.3 ± 2 ml/kg/h of fluids during the perioperative period, respectively (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The use of transesophageal echocardiography significantly reduced the perioperative fluid administration.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Colectomy , Echocardiography, Transesophageal/adverse effects , Fluid Therapy/methods , Hemodynamics/physiology , Monitoring, Intraoperative/methods , Blood Volume , Isotonic Solutions/administration & dosage , Perioperative Period , Prospective Studies , Ventricular Function, Left/physiology
9.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 139(3): 353-356, mar. 2011. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-597625

ABSTRACT

Transesophageal echocardiography can assess ventricular filling ana contraction ana detect motility disturbances secondary to ischemia. In non-cardiac surgery it can be extremely helpful to monitor complexpatients. We report a 69-year-old mole subjected to a hepatic lobectomy, a 59-year-old mole with hepatorenal syndrome, a 52-year-old femóle subjected to a gastric bypass, and a 54-year-old mole subjected to a thyroidectomy. In these four cases, left ventricular motility and preload were evaluated with transesophageal echocardiography, and itwas ofgreat aid in decision-making during anesthesia.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Echocardiography, Transesophageal , Gastric Bypass/methods , Liver Transplantation/methods , Thyroidectomy/methods , Monitoring, Intraoperative
10.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 138(9): 1165-1171, sept. 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-572025

ABSTRACT

Ten percent of cirrhotic patients with severely compromised liver function will require a surgical procedure. This article reviews the surgical risk associated with liver damage and surgery. The most important prognostic factor is the degree of functional impairment of the liver. It is evaluated using the Child-Pugh score, which has limitations that have been partially overcome by the Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. Cardiac surgery has the highest risk, while extra-thoracic and extra-abdominal procedures have the lowest risk. The mortality for abdominal surgery fluctuates between 11 and 76 percent. Biliary surgery is associated with frequent complications and mortality, which seem to decrease when the procedures are laparoscopic. There are few series that evaluate risk in Child C patients. In liver resective surgery, liver function impairment and magnitude of the excision determine the risk. A high serum creatinine, cardiac failure and emergency surgery are independent risk factors. Although MELD score is useful to predict surgical risk, decision-making must be based on an individualized evaluation of each patient and careful planning of surgical procedures.


Subject(s)
Humans , Liver Cirrhosis/surgery , Perioperative Period , Postoperative Complications , Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures/mortality , Liver Cirrhosis/complications , Liver Cirrhosis/mortality , Morbidity , Postoperative Complications/mortality , Risk Factors , Survival Rate
14.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 124(8): 918-22, ago. 1996. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-185119

ABSTRACT

Eighteen patients subjected to abdominal surgery were studied. All received general anesthesia and hemodynamic parameters were maintained within 20 percent of basal values. A tononeter was placed in the stomach after induction of anesthesia. Arterial blood gases and samples from the tonometer were obtained 30 minutes after induction and at 2 hours of surgery. Intramucosal pH was calculated using Henderson-Haselbach equations. Basal gastric mucosal pH was 7.4ñ0.1 and did not change during surgery. Two patients had a pH persistently below 7.35 without hemodynamic alterations or systemic acidosis. Gastric mucosal pH is not modified by abdominal surgery and some patients have low values despite the absence of hemodynamic derangement


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Monitoring, Intraoperative , Laparoscopy , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Gastric Mucosa/physiopathology , Hemodynamics
15.
Rev. chil. anest ; 24(2): 117-21, nov. 1995. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-185084

ABSTRACT

Se realizó una anestesia peridural continua en 51 pacientes, que tenían entre 20 días y 13 años de edad, sometidos a cirugía abdominal u ortopédica. En un paciente no se pudo ubicar el espacio peridural y en otro no se pudo avanzar el catéter. En los restantes no se presentaron problemas derivados del procedimiento. La mantención se hizo con halogenados en concentraciones menorea a ! mAC y fentanyl 2-4 µg/kg como dosis total, con lo que se obtuvieron muy buenas condiciones de analgesia intraoperatoria. El catéter se usó para analgesia en el postoperatorio, administrándose 0,2 ml/kg de bupivacaína 0,2 por ciento o 30-70 µg/kg de morfina. En 29 casos no fue necesario otro tipo de analgesia. No hubo complicaciones atribuíbles a la analgesia peridural postoperatoria


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Abdomen/surgery , Anesthesia, Epidural , Orthopedics , Analgesia , Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Halothane/administration & dosage , Isoflurane/administration & dosage , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Prospective Studies
16.
Rev. chil. anest ; 24(1): 55-63, jun. 1995. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-185078

ABSTRACT

Se estudiaron las características del bloqueo caudal en 51 niños menores de 6 meses sometidos a cirugía infraumbilical. El bloqueo se realizó posterior a la inducción, requiriendo en promedio 1,6 intentos, no hubo fracaso de la técnica ni complicaciones derivadas de la punción. La analgesia fue satisfactoria en 43 niños y sólo 8 requirieron halotano entre 0,25 y 0,5 por ciento para una adecuada mantención. No hubo alteraciones hemodinámicas posteriores al bloqueo. Los anestésicos utilizados fueron bupivacaína 0,25 por ciento 2,1 mg/kg o lidocaína 1 por ciento asociada 0,25 en dosis de 1,1 y 4,6 mg/kg, respectivamente. La diuresis reapareció a los 23,6 minutos, ningún niño requirió sondeo vesical. En 24 (47 por ciento) niños no se requirió ningún suplemento analgésico durante las primeras 6 horas del postoperatorio. En los que requirieron esto fue necesario a los 242 minutos


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Abdomen/surgery , Anesthesia, Caudal , Anesthesia, Inhalation , Anesthesia, Intravenous , Halothane/administration & dosage , Halothane/pharmacokinetics , Infant, Premature , Prospective Studies , Thiopental/administration & dosage , Thiopental/pharmacokinetics
19.
Rev. chil. cir ; 44(3): 325-8, sept. 1992. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-116066

ABSTRACT

Estudiamos en forma retrospectiva la morbimortalidad periperatoria en 80 pacientes valvulópatas sometidos a cirugía no cardíaca entre 1988 y 1989. Once pacientes (14%) presentaron una o más complicaciones, de los cuales fallecieron cuatro (5%). Dos pacientes con falla de bomba y uno por embolia mesentérica presentaron una necrosis mesentérica posoperatoria y fallecieron. El mayor deterioro de la capacidad funcional (CF) (p = 0,052), la cirugía de urgencia (p = 0,002) y la cirugía abdominal alta (p = 0,016) se asociaron a una mayor morbilidad. No hubo diferencias de morbilidad entre los pacientes con o sin cirugía valvular previa. A mayor puntaje en las clasificaciones de ASA (p = 0,018), Goldman (p < 0,001) o Detsky (p < 0,001), se asoció una mayor morbilidad. Las clasificaciones descritas son útiles en la detección de pacientes de mayor riesgo; su uso es recomendada para optimizar las condiciones perioperatorias en los pacientes de alto riesgo y disminuir así la morbimortalidad


Subject(s)
Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Heart Valve Diseases/complications , Intraoperative Complications/epidemiology , Morbidity , Risk Factors
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