ABSTRACT
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for detecting Plasmodium antigens have become increasingly common worldwide. We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the Immuno-Rapid Malaria Pf/Pv RDT in detecting Plasmodium vivax infection compared to standard thick blood smear (TBS) under microscopy. METHODS: Hundred and eighty-one febrile patients from the hospital's regular admissions were assessed using TBS and RDT in a blinded experiment. RESULTS: RDT showed a sensitivity of 98.9%, specificity of 100%, and accuracy of 99.5% for P. vivax infection when compared to TBS. CONCLUSIONS: The RDT is highly accurate, making it a valuable diagnostic tool for P. vivax infection.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Plasmodium falciparum/immunology , Plasmodium vivax/immunology , Malaria, Vivax/diagnosis , Malaria, Falciparum/diagnosis , Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods , Antigens, Protozoan/immunology , Brazil , Prospective Studies , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Artemisinin is the active antimalarial compound obtained from the leaves of Artemisia annua L. Artemisinin, and its semi-synthetic derivatives, are the main drugs used to treat multi-drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (one of the human malaria parasite species). The in vitro susceptibility of P. falciparum K1 and 3d7 strains and field isolates from the state of Amazonas, Brazil, to A. annua infusions (5 g dry leaves in 1 L of boiling water) and the drug standards chloroquine, quinine and artemisinin were evaluated. The A. annua used was cultivated in three Amazon ecosystems (várzea, terra preta de índio and terra firme) and in the city of Paulínia, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Artemisinin levels in the A. annua leaves used were 0.90-1.13% (m/m). The concentration of artemisinin in the infusions was 40-46 mg/L. Field P. falciparum isolates were resistant to chloroquine and sensitive to quinine and artemisinin. The average 50% inhibition concentration values for A. annua infusions against field isolates were 0.11-0.14 μL/mL (these infusions exhibited artemisinin concentrations of 4.7-5.6 ng/mL) and were active in vitro against P. falciparum due to their artemisinin concentration. No synergistic effect was observed for artemisinin in the infusions.
Subject(s)
Antimalarials/pharmacology , Artemisia annua/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Artemisinins/pharmacology , Brazil , Chloroquine/pharmacology , Drug Synergism , Parasitic Sensitivity Tests/methods , Quinine/pharmacologyABSTRACT
O exame de rotina para o diagnóstico da malária continua sendo a gota espessa, apesar da comprovada diminuição da sensibilidade e especificidade em situações de densidade parasitária baixa e infecções mistas. A reação em cadeia da polimerase vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada para a detecção molecular e identificação das espécies de plasmódio, por apresentar maior sensibilidade e especificidade. Foi realizada a nested-PCR em amostras de sangue total de 344 pacientes com síndrome febril aguda que se apresentaram para o diagnóstico de malária, em uma unidade terciária de saúde, em Manaus (Amazonas). Nenhum caso de malária por Plasmodium malariae foi diagnosticado à gota espessa ou PCR. Observou-se co-positividade de 96,7 por cento, co-negatividade de 62,2 por cento e coeficiente kappa de 0,44 entre PCR e gota espessa para Plasmodium falciparum. Para Plasmodium vivax, co-positividade de 100 por cento, co-negatividade de 78,1 por cento e coeficiente kappa de 0,56. Na detecção da malária mista, co-positividade de 100 por cento, co-negatividade de 84,9 por cento e coeficiente kappa de 0,26. A reação em cadeia da polimerase detectou alto número de infecções mistas nas amostras analisadas, mas seu uso rotineiro no diagnóstico da malária merece ainda ampla discussão.
The routine test for diagnosing malaria is still the thick blood smear, despite its known decreased sensitivity and specificity in situations of low parasite density and mixed infections. The polymerase chain reaction is increasingly being used for molecular detection and identification of Plasmodium species, due to its higher sensitivity and specificity. Nested PCR was performed on whole-blood samples from 344 patients with acute febrile syndrome who came to a tertiary healthcare center in Manaus (State of Amazonas) for diagnostic confirmation of malaria. No malaria cases caused by Plasmodium malariae were detected through the blood smear or PCR. Co-positivity of 96.7 percent, co-negativity of 62.2 percent and kappa coefficient of 0.44 were observed between PCR and thick blood smear for Plasmodium falciparum. For Plasmodium vivax, co-positivity of 100 percent, co-negativity of 78.1 percent and kappa coefficient of 0.56 were observed. For mixed infection, co-positivity of 100 percent, co-negativity of 84.9 percent and kappa coefficient of 0.26 were observed. Polymerase chain reaction detected a high number of mixed infections in the samples analyzed, but its routine use for diagnosing malaria still deserves further discussion.