ABSTRACT
En el presente artículo se opta por construir una ruta descriptiva de análisis que permitiera poner en consideración el concepto de Pautas de Crianza y su contenido, puesto que para hablar de prácticas de crianza alternas, es decir, de los grupos indígenas y afro, es preciso aclarar que en aras del eurocentrismo se han privilegiado los saberes de la ciencia occidental moderna y se han excluido los saberes creados y reproducidos en el interior de los grupos étnicos mencionados, olvidando que también forman parte del dogma de los saberes válidos. Por lo tanto, para comprender la riqueza de otras formas de conocimiento y/o hacer una decolonialidad del saber, es necesario conocer y respetar las cosmovisiones de las voces acalladas, ya que sus discursos han sido subalternizados y/o mediatizados por otros sin permitirles darlos a conocer desde su propia voz, desde sus lugares epistémicos, éticos y políticos. Entonces, la idea es complementar la episteme occidental con otras epistemes.
In this article, the authors opt for building a descriptive route of analysis dealing with the concept of "Rearing guidelines" and its content, since in order to talk about alternate rearing practices, that is to say, relating to indigenous and afro groups, it is necessary to clarify that in the interest of Eurocentrism, the knowledge of modern Western science has been privileged, and the created and reproduced knowledge by the aforementioned groups has been excluded, forgetting that they are also part of the dogma of valid knowledge. Therefore, in order to understand the wealth of others forms of knowledge and/or decolonization of knowledge, it is necessary to know and to respect the worldviews of the silenced voices, since their speeches have been subordinated and/or mediatized by others without allowing them to make them known from their own voice, from its epistemic, ethical, and political places. Then, the idea is to supplement the Western episteme with other episteme.
Subject(s)
Humans , Culture , Indigenous Peoples , Indigenous Peoples/ethnology , Indigenous Peoples/history , Indigenous Peoples/policiesABSTRACT
The parasitoid Spalangia endius Walker is an efficient controller of Dipteran pupae, such as Musca domestica L. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuil. is a regulator of insect populations, including these synanthropic pests. The aim of this work was to explore the possibilities of utilizing both agents in a combined form for the biocontrol of the domestic fly. Recently formed M. domestica pupae were inoculated by immersion in conidia suspension (10(8) conidia/ml) with two strains of B. bassiana (Bb6 and Bb10). The inoculated pupae were offered to the female parasitoid. In one bioassay they were offered pupae inoculated a single day and in other, pupae inoculated the following day as well. In both bioassays non inoculated (control) pupae were offered to the parasitoids until their death. Thirty females of S. endius were used for each strain and bioassay. From the study of the parasitoid offspring, life tables were built and the reproduction net rate (R0) and intrinsic natural increase (r m) were obtained among other demographic parameters; the parasitism percentages and sex ratios were also analyzed. B. bassiana did not affect significantly the biodemography of the parasitoid when pupae were inoculated a single time. On the other hand the R0 and the rm were smaller than that of the control without the fungus when pupae were inoculated twice, although sporulation was not observed in the cadavers of S. endius.
El parasitoide Spalangia endius Walker es un reconocido controlador de pupas de dípteros, tal como la Musca domestica L. El hongo entomopatógeno Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuil. es un regulador de poblaciones de insectos, incluidas estas plagas sinantrópicas. El objetivo del trabajo fue explorar las posibilidades de utilización conjunta de ambos agentes para el control de la mosca. Se trataron pupas recién formadas de esta plaga con una suspensión de conidios (10(8) conidios/ml). Pupas inoculadas con dos cepas (Bb6 y Bb10) del hongo fueron ofrecidas a los parasitoides hembra. En un ensayo se les ofreció pupas inoculadas el primer día y en otro, inoculadas también al día siguiente; en los dos ensayos se les colocaron pupas normales hasta la muerte del parasitoide. Se usaron 30 hembras de S. endius para cada cepa y ensayo. A través del estudio de la progenie del parasitoide se construyeron tablas de vida, obteniéndose las tasas netas de reproducción (R0) e intrínsecas de incremento natural (r m) entre otros parámetros demográficos, así como el porcentaje de parasitoidismo y la proporción de sexos. B. bassiana no afectó significativamente la biodemografía del parasitoide cuando se lo expuso una sola vez, en cambio la R0 y la rm fueron más bajas que en el testigo sin el hongo cuando fueron expuestos dos veces, aunque no se observó esporulación en los cadáveres de S. endius.
Subject(s)
Diptera , Hymenoptera/anatomy & histology , Hymenoptera/classification , Hymenoptera/parasitology , Mitosporic FungiABSTRACT
Se determinó el incremento poblacional potencial del parasitoide Spalangia endius Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) sobre pupas de Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) en condiciones de laboratorio, en oscuridad a 27°C y 50 ± 10 por ciento HR. Se colocaron individualmente 30 hembras con menos de 12h de emergidas sobre 15 pupas de Musca domestica L de menos de 24h de edad, renovándolas diariamente. La supervivencia preimaginal fue del 90,3 por ciento. La longevidad de los adultos fue estimada en 8,3 días en promedio con una tasa neta de reproducción de 24,549; tasa intrínseca de crecimiento natural de 0,119; tasa finita de crecimiento de 1,126; tiempo generacional medio de 28,162 días y tiempo de duplicación de 5,849 días. Estos valores de los parámetros indican el alto potencial de S. endius comparadas con otras especies congenéricas.
The potential increase of the parasitoid Spalangia endius Walker was determined under laboratory conditions at 27°C, 50 ± 10 percent RH. and 24h darkness. Thirty <12h-old females of the parasitoid were individualized with 15 Musca domestica L. pupae <24h old. Survival of S. endius immature was 90.3 percent. Adult females mean longevity was estimated in 8.3 days with a net rate of reproduction of 24.549; intrinsic rate of natural increase of 0.119; finite rate of increase of 1.126; mean generation time of 28.162 days; and duplication time of 5.849 days. These values indicate the high potential of S. endius as a parasitoid of M. domestica, as compared to other congeneric species.
ABSTRACT
Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar, dos pontos de vista biológico e econômico, o impacto de várias estratégias de controle e avaliar os seus efeitos sobre a Musca domestica L., resistente à ciromazina, e sobre parasitóides benéficos da pupas de mosca doméstica em aviários (240.000 frangos) na Argentina. As estratégias avaliadas foram: controle químico, controle químico + cultural, e químico+ cultural + biológico (manejo integrado de pragas). Os produtos utilizados foram: ciromazina 1% e 50%, DDVP, azametifós com e sem z-9-tricoseno, calcário, e os parasitóides Spalangia endius Walker e Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders. No caso de ausência de medidas de controle, a densidadepopulacional da mosca aumentou rapidamente e a média de parasitismo foi de 12%. Quando somente o controle químico foi utilizado, as populações de moscas foram reduzidas para 40 por grupo e a média de parasitismo foi de 2%. Quando a ciromazina tópica foi utilizada em conjunto com o controle cultural (calcário), a população de moscas foi reduzida mais rapidamente que nos tratamentos com moscas alimentadas com ciromazina 1%. Com o uso subseqüente de vespas parasitas, altos índices de parasitismo foram observados e a população de mosca doméstica foi reduzida aos níveis de tolerância em tempo menor que em todos os outros tratamentos. Dos pontos de vista biológico e econômico, o melhortratamento para controle de mosca doméstica resistente à ciromazina foi o controle biológico + cultural + químico com aplicações localizadas de ciromazina tópica.
The objectives of this study were to compare, from both biological and economic viewpoints, the impact of various control strategies and evaluate their effect on cyromazine-resistantMusca domestica L., and beneficial house fly pupal parasitoids on caged-layer farms (240,000 hens) in Argentina. The strategies evaluated were: chemical, chemical + cultural, and chemical + cultural + biological (integrated management). The products used were: cyromazine 1% and 50%, DDVP, azamethiphos with and without z-9-tricosene, lime, and the parasitoids Spalangia endius Walker and Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders. In the absence of control measures, fly density increased quickly and the average parasitism rate was 12%. When only chemical control was used, fly populations were reduced to ca. 40/grid and parasitism averaged 2%. When topical cyromazine was used in conjunction with cultural control (lime), fly populations were reduced more rapidly than those treated with cyromazine 1% feed-through. With the subsequent use of parasitic wasps, high parasitism levels were observed andhouse flies were reduced to tolerance levels in the shortest time. From an economic and biological point of view, the best treatment for house flies resistant to cyromazine was biological + cultural + chemical with localized applications of topical cyromazine.