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Fundamento: más de siete millones de personas mueren cada año como consecuencia de la cardiopatía isquémica. La incidencia de factores de riesgo constituye una sobrecarga de actividad para el corazón lo que presupone un incremento en la ocurrencia de infarto del miocardio. Objetivo: determinar la epidemiología del infarto agudo de miocardio y factores de riesgo predisponentes. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, analítico, longitudinal, retrospectivo de serie de casos a partir de la población con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio evaluados en el Servicio de Urgencias Médicas del Hospital Docente Clínico Quirúrgico Carlos Enrique Font de Banes, provincia Holguín durante el período mayo 2022- 2023. El universo abarcó 57 individuos diagnosticados. Por muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple, se obtuvo la muestra de 38 casos. Se operacionalizaron las variables: edad, sexo, modalidad de infarto, factores de riesgo, riesgo cardiovascular global. Fueron utilizados los estadígrafos: Chi cuadrado de Pearson, Odd Ratio (OR), incluidos p e intervalo de confianza. Resultados: el sexo masculino prevaleció en un 63,1 %. El grupo de edades 60-69 años resultó el más afectado con un 31,6 %. El infarto agudo de miocardio doloroso fue de 71,1 % (OR=6), con elevación del ST 76,3 % (OR=10,3) y de cara posterior un 39,5 % obtuvo valores estadísticos elevados. Los factores de riesgo, hipertensión arterial (X2=25,4 OR=14 IC95 % (4,6; 42,3) y los antecedentes familiares de enfermedad cardiovascular (X2=5,2 OR=2,9 IC95 % (1,1; 7,4)) expresaron asociación altamente significativa para infarto agudo de miocardio. El riesgo cardiovascular global medio predominó (52,6 % OR=1,23 X2=0,21). Conclusiones: los individuos con infarto agudo de miocardio muestran un riesgo cardiovascular global medio a expensas de factores de riesgo prevenibles.
Foundation: more than seven million people die each year as a result of ischemic heart disease. The incidence of risk factors constitutes an overload of activity for the heart, which presupposes an increase in the occurrence of myocardial infarction. Objective: determine the epidemiology of acute myocardial infarction and predisposing risk factors. Method: a descriptive, analytical, longitudinal, retrospective study of a series of cases was carried out from the population with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction evaluated in the Medical Emergency Service of the Carlos Enrique Font Banes Clinical Surgical Teaching Hospital, Holguín province during the period May 2022-2023. The universe covered 57 diagnosed individuals. By simple random probabilistic sampling, a sample of 38 cases was obtained. The variables were operationalized: age, sex, type of infarction, risk factors, global cardiovascular risk. The following statisticians were used: Pearson's Chi square, Odd Ratio (OR), including p and confidence interval. Results: the male sex prevailed in 63.1 %. The age group 60-69 years old was the most affected with 31.6 %. Painful acute myocardial infarction was 71.1 % (OR=6), with ST elevation 76.3 % (OR=10.3) and on the posterior side 39.5 % obtained high statistical values. The risk factors, arterial hypertension (X2=25.4 OR=14 95 % CI (4.6; 42.3) and family history of cardiovascular disease (X2=5.2 OR=2.9 95 % CI (1, 1; 7.4)) expressed a highly significant association for acute myocardial infarction. The mean global cardiovascular risk predominated (52.6 % OR=1.23 X2=0.21). Conclusions: individuals with acute myocardial infarction show an average global cardiovascular risk at the expense of preventable risk factors.
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ABSTRACT Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and is responsible for nearly 6 million deaths worldwide in the past 2 years. Machine learning (ML) models could help physicians in identifying high-risk individuals. Objectives: To study the use of ML models for COVID-19 prediction outcomes using clinical data and a combination of clinical and metabolic data, measured in a metabolomics facility from a public university. Methods: A total of 154 patients were included in the study. "Basic profile" was considered with clinical and demographic variables (33 variables), whereas in the "extended profile," metabolomic and immunological variables were also considered (156 characteristics). A selection of features was carried out for each of the profiles with a genetic algorithm (GA) and random forest models were trained and tested to predict each of the stages of COVID-19. Results: The model based on extended profile was more useful in early stages of the disease. Models based on clinical data were preferred for predicting severe and critical illness and death. ML detected trimethylamine N-oxide, lipid mediators, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio as important variables. Conclusion: ML and GAs provided adequate models to predict COVID-19 outcomes in patients with different severity grades.
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RESUMEN Fundamento: el número de personas con diabetes mellitus a nivel mundial se ha cuadruplicado en las últimas tres décadas y en la actualidad constituye la novena causa principal de muerte. Objetivo: determinar la epidemiología de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y sus complicaciones. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, analítico, retrospectivo, caso/control en el Policlínico César Fornet Frutos del municipio Banes, durante el período septiembre-diciembre 2021. El universo abarcó la totalidad de individuos diagnosticados con la enfermedad. Por muestreo aleatorio simple, se obtuvo la muestra de 27 casos y se conformó el grupo control a razón de 2:1 que incluyó 54 individuos sin antecedentes de la enfermedad. Fueron utilizados los estadígrafos: Chi cuadrado, Odd Rattio, Índice de confianza, probabilidad y riesgo porcentual atribuible y se estableció la asociación entre variables. Las variables analizadas fueron: sexo y edad, factores de riesgo, enfermedades asociadas y complicaciones de la enfermedad. Resultados: los grupos de edades de 60-69 años y 70 años y más (29,6 %) resultaron representativos. Predominó el sexo femenino (55,5 %). Obtuvieron valores estadísticos significativos los factores de riesgo: dieta inadecuada (X2=59,28 OR=16,5), obesidad (X2=13,06 OR=3,22), antecedentes familiares (X2=8,91 OR=0,38) y dislipidemias (X2=1,21 OR=1,4). La cardiopatía isquémica (39,5 % X2=7,1 RAP=23,4 %), hipertensión arterial (23,4 % X2=45,6) y asma bronquial (16 % X2=74,6) resultaron las enfermedades asociadas de mayor incidencia. Las complicaciones de predominio acreciente fueron: nefropatía diabética y acidosis láctica (X2=39,1), cardiopatía isquémica (X2=26,7 OR=33) (X2=26,7 OR=33) y el estado hiperosmolar no cetósico (X2=21,4). Conclusiones: la diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad compleja, multifactorial propensa a las complicaciones.
ABSTRACT Background: the number of people with diabetes mellitus worldwide has quadrupled in the last three decades and is currently the ninth leading cause of death. Objective: to determine the epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: a descriptive, analytical, retrospective, case/control study was carried out at the César Fornet Frutos Polyclinic in the Banes municipality, from September to December 2021. The universe included all individuals diagnosed with the disease. By simple random sampling, a sample of 27 cases was obtained and the control group was formed at a ratio of 2:1, which included 54 individuals with no history of the disease. The statisticians were used: Chi square, Odd Rattio, confidence index, probability and attributable percentage risk and the association between variables was established. The analyzed variables were: sex and age, risk factors, associated diseases and complications of the disease. Results: the age groups of 60-69 years old, 70 years old and over (29.6 %) were representative. The female sex prevailed (55.5 %). The risk factors obtained significant statistical values: inadequate diet (X2=59.28 OR=16.5), obesity (X2=13.06 OR=3.22), family history (X2=8.91 OR=0, 38) and dyslipidemias (X2=1.21 OR=1.4). Ischemic heart disease (39.5 % X2=7.1 RAP=23.4 %), arterial hypertension (23.4 % X2=45.6) and bronchial asthma (16 % X2=74.6) were the associated diseases of higher incidence. Complications with increasing prevalence were: diabetic nephropathy and lactic acidosis (X2=39.1), ischemic heart disease (X2=26.7 OR=33) (X2=26.7 OR=33) and nonketotic hyperosmolar state (X2 =21.4). Conclusions: diabetes mellitus is a complex, multifactorial disease prone to complication.
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Introducción: La agregación familiar del asma se reconoce desde 1 860 a constatarse en varias generaciones de una familia. Objetivo: Determinar la agregación familiar para asma bronquial y los factores de riesgo. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una investigación observacional, analítica, longitudinal, retrospectiva, casos/control a partir de la población perteneciente al área de salud Darío Calzadilla, en Banes, provincia Holguín, durante octubre 2020-marzo 2021. El universo abarcó la totalidad de individuos diagnosticados y sus familias. Por muestreo aleatorio simple, se obtuvo la muestra de 77 casos. Se conformó el grupo control a razón de 3:1, que incluyó 231 individuos sin antecedentes de enfermedad. Fueron aplicados criterios de inclusión/exclusión. Fueron utilizados los estadígrafos: Chi cuadrado, Odd Ratio (OR) e intervalo de confianza. Se estudiaron las variables: edad, grado de consanguinidad y factores de riesgo. Se obtuvo el árbol genealógico. Se cumplieron los requisitos bioéticos. Resultados: Los familiares de primer grado (47 individuos 17 por ciento) y segundo grado (23 individuos 4,3 por ciento) de consanguinidad mostraron la mayor incidencia de la enfermedad. Los grupos de edades 40-49 años (51 individuos, 22,8 por ciento) y 30-39 años (32 individuos, 22,3 por ciento), resultaron los más afectados. Los factores de riesgos mostraron asociación para la enfermedad (X2=111,15 p ≤ 0,001). El hábito de fumar (X2=132,9 OR=6,18 IC95 por ciento (4,49; 8,51)) y los antecedentes familiares de la enfermedad (X2=13,6 OR=1,73 IC95 por ciento (1,29; 2,32)) expresaron asociación altamente significativa. Se demostró agregación familiar para la enfermedad (X2=185,32 OR=9,97 IC95 por ciento (6,7; 14,84)). Conclusiones: El asma bronquial es una enfermedad multifactorial, compleja, poligénica con agregación familiar demostrada(AU)
Introduction: Familial aggregation of asthma has been recognized since 1860 and observed in several generations in one family. Objective: To determine familial aggregation of bronchial asthma as well as its risk factors. Material and Methods: An observational, analytical, longitudinal, and retrospective case-control study was conducted on the population belonging to Darío Calzadilla health area in Banes, Holguín province, from October 2020 to March 2021. The universe consisted of all the individuals diagnosed and their families. A sample composed of 77 cases was obtained by simple random sampling. The control group was formed at a ratio of 3:1, including 231 individuals without previous history of the disease. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The following stadigraphs were used: Chi-square test, Odds Ratio (OR), and confidence interval. The variables analyzed included age, degree of consanguinity, and risk factors. The family tree was obtained. Bioethical principles were fulfilled. Results: The first-degree relatives (47 individuals; 17 percent) and second-degree (23 individuals; 4,3 percent) of consanguinity showed a higher incidence of the disease. The age group 40-49 years (51 individuals; 22,8 percent) and 30-39 years (32 individuals; 22,3 percent), resulted to be the most affected. The risk factors evidenced an association with the disease (X2=111,15 p≤0,001). The smoking habit (X2=132,9 OR=6,18 95 percent CI (4,49; 8,51)) and family history of the disease (X2=13,6 OR=1,73 95 percent CI (1,29; 2,32)) expressed a highly significant association. Familial aggregation of the disease was demonstrated (X2=185,32 OR=9,97 95 % CI (6,7;14,84)). Conclusions: Bronchial asthma is a complex, multifactorial, polygenic disease with confirmed familial aggregation(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Confidence Intervals , Odds Ratio , Risk Factors , Consanguinity , Case-Control Studies , Longitudinal StudiesABSTRACT
RESUMEN Fundamento: las enfermedades cardiovasculares resultan las más comunes, graves y de mayor riesgo en términos de mortalidad y morbilidad en gran parte del mundo. Constituyen un problema de salud prevenible si se tienen en cuenta sus factores de riesgo. Objetivo: caracterizar la epidemiología de los factores de riesgo modificables y el riesgo cardiovascular global. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de serie de casos. El universo abarcó los individuos que acudieron a la consulta de cardiología perteneciente al área de salud Policlínico Universitario César Fornet Fruto del municipio Banes, provincia Holguín, durante el período junio-diciembre 2020. Por muestreo aleatorio simple se seleccionaron sesenta y siete individuos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión/exclusión. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, tabaquismo, obesidad, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus. Se aplicó un cuestionario diseñado a los fines del estudio. El cálculo de Chi Cuadrado, Odds Ratio, riesgo recurrencia permitieron estimar asociación entre variables, la magnitud de asociación y recurrencia del evento. Resultados: los grupos de edades 50-59 y 70-79 años representaron el 26,9 % cada uno, a predominio del sexo femenino (58,2 %). La hipertensión arterial (X2=20,7 OR=54,3 IC 95 % [19,14; 154]), la diabetes mellitus (X2=10 OR=5,52 IC 95 % [2,63; 11,57]) y el tabaquismo (X2=3,8 OR=2,8 IC 95 % [1,4; 5,68]), determinaron la ocurrencia y probabilidad de enfermedad cardiovascular y manifestaron una incidencia y riesgo de ocurrencia predominantes. La coexistencia de tres o más factores de riesgo afectó a 29 individuos (43,2 %) y expresó mayor riesgo (RR=0,76 IC 95 % [0,54; 1,07]). El riesgo cardiovascular clasificó como moderado (34,3 %) y bajo (25,3 %) Conclusiones: el riesgo cardiovascular está determinado por múltiples factores de riesgo modificables.
ABSTRACT Background: cardiovascular diseases are the most common, serious and risky diseases in terms of mortality and morbidity in much of the world. They are a preventable health problem taken into account the risk factors. Objective: to characterize the modifiable risk factors epidemiology and global cardiovascular risk. Method: a descriptive, retrospective, case series study was carried out. The universe included the individuals who attended the cardiology consultation belonging to the César Fornet Fruto University Polyclinic health area of the Banes municipality, Holguín province, during June-December 2020. By simple random sampling, sixty-seven individuals who fulfilled the inclusion/ exclusion criteria were choosen. The studied variables were: age, sex, smoking, obesity, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus. A questionnaire designed for the purposes of the study was applied. The Chi Square calculation, Odds Ratio, recurrence risk allowed estimating the association between variables, the magnitude of the association and the recurrence of the event. Results: the 50-59 and 70-79 age groups represented the 26.9 % each, predominantly female (58.2 %). Hypertension (X2 = 20.7 OR = 54.3 95 % CI [19.14; 154]), diabetes mellitus (X2 = 10 OR = 5.52 95 % CI [2.63, 11.57]) and smoking (X2 = 3.8 OR = 2.8 95 % CI [1.4; 5.68]), determined the occurrence and probability of cardiovascular disease and showed a predominant incidence and risk of occurrence. The coexistence of three or more risk factors affected 29 individuals (43.2 %) and expressed a higher risk (RR = 0.76 IC95 % [0.54, 1.07]). Cardiovascular risk classified as moderate (34.3 %) and low (25.3 %) Conclusions: cardiovascular risk is determined by multiple modifiable risk factors.
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Introducción: La fractura de cadera es un problema de salud. Objetivo: Caracterizar la epidemiología de la fractura de cadera en el municipio Banes, entre enero y diciembre de 2020. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de serie de casos, durante el período enero-diciembre de 2020, en el municipio Banes, provincia de Holguín. Por muestreo intencionado se seleccionaron 49 individuos. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, enfermedad asociada y tipo de fractura. Se aplicó un cuestionario diseñado a los fines del estudio. El cálculo de Chi cuadrado, Odds Ratio, y riesgo-recurrencia permitió estimar la asociación entre variables, magnitud de asociación y recurrencia del evento. Resultados: El grupo de edades de 70-79 años representó 40,9 por ciento con predominio del sexo femenino (63,2 por ciento). La ingestión de psicofármacos (X2 = 39,5 OR = 552) y los antecedentes de fractura previa (X2 = 18,3) determinaron la ocurrencia y probabilidad de fractura de cadera. El piso resbaladizo (75,5 por ciento OR = 9,5), el uso del bastón (51 por ciento OR = 2,1) y el mareo y vértigo (53 por ciento OR = 1,2), manifestaron incidencia y riesgo de ocurrencia predominantes. La hipertensión arterial (91,8 por ciento OR = 126,5 X2 = 32,1), las cardiopatías (79,5 por ciento OR = 15,2) y la diabetes mellitus (57,1 por ciento OR = 1,7) resultaron las enfermedades con incidencia y riesgo de ocurrencia elevado; incrementaron la probabilidad la obesidad (X2 = 36), y la demencia senil (X2 = 13,7). La fractura extracapsular ocurrió con más frecuencia (57,1 por ciento). Conclusiones: La fractura de cadera está relacionada con factores de riesgo prevenibles, tiene incidencia como problema de salud y determina calidad de vida en el adulto mayor(AU)
Introduction: Hip fracture is a health problem. Objective: To characterize the epidemiology of hip fracture in Banes municipality, from January to December 2020. Method: A descriptive, retrospective, case series study was carried out from January to December 2020, in Banes municipality, Holguín province. By intentional sampling, 49 individuals were selected. The variables studied were age, sex, associated disease and type of fracture. A questionnaire, designed for the purposes of the study, was applied. The calculation of Chi square, Odds Ratio, and risk-recurrence allowed estimating the association between variables, magnitude of association and recurrence of the event. Results: The age group 70-79 years represented 40.9 percent, females (63.2 percent) predominated. The ingestion of psychotropic drugs (X2 = 39.5 OR = 552) and the history of previous fracture (X2 = 18.3) determined the occurrence and probability of hip fracture. Slippery floor (75.5 percent OR = 9.5), the use of cane (51 percent OR = 2.1) and dizziness and vertigo (53 percent OR = 1.2) had predominant incidence and risk of occurrence. Hypertension (91.8 percent OR = 126.5 X2 = 32.1), heart disease (79.5 percent OR = 15.2) and diabetes mellitus (57.1 percent OR = 1.7) were the diseases with high incidence and risk of occurrence; obesity (X2 = 36), and senile dementia (X2 = 13.7) increased the probability. Extracapsular fracture occurred more frequently (57.1 percent). Conclusions: Hip fracture is related to preventable risk factors, it has an incidence as a health problem and it determines quality of life in the elderly(AU)
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Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Hip Fractures/epidemiology , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
ABSTRACT To understand the self-reported and perception of teaching style used among Mexican physical education teachers. Participants included 104 (n=41 females and 63 males) elementary physical education teachers from northern Mexico. Results showed that a traditional teaching style tends to be mainly used either by male and female's physical education teachers. Showing differences between genders and teaching styles. Female teachers tend to combine a traditional teaching style with one that connects with students engaging in physical activity, developing positive values and attitudes. Cultural context plays an important aspect when developing a teaching self-perception.
RESUMEN Conocer el auto reporte y percepción del estilo de enseñanza entre docentes de educación física mexicanos. Participantes incluyeron 104 (n = 41 mujeres y 63 hombres) maestros de educación física básica del norte de México. Los resultados mostraron que un estilo de enseñanza tradicional tiende a ser utilizado principalmente por profesores de educación física, tanto hombres como mujeres. Mostrando diferencias entre géneros y estilos de enseñanza. Las maestras tienden a combinar un estilo de enseñanza tradicional que conecta con los estudiantes a participar en actividad física, desarrollando valores y actitudes positivas. El contexto cultural juega un aspecto importante a la hora de desarrollar una autopercepción docente.
RESUMO Compreender o autorrelato e a percepção do estilo de ensino utilizado por professores de educação física mexicanos. Os participantes incluíram 104 (n = 41 mulheres e 63 homens) professores de educação física elementar do norte do México. Os resultados mostraram que um estilo de ensino tradicional tende a ser usado principalmente por professores de educação física do sexo masculino e feminino. Mostrando diferenças entre gêneros e estilos de ensino. As professoras tendem a combinar um estilo de ensino tradicional com um que conecta os alunos em atividades físicas, desenvolvendo valores e atitudes positivas. O contexto cultural desempenha um aspecto importante no desenvolvimento da autopercepção do ensino.
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RESUMEN Fundamento: la hipertensión arterial es la elevación constante de las cifras de tensión arterial con un origen poligénico y mutifactorial. Es la hipertensión arterial una enfermedad de alta incidencia y prevalencia a nivel mundial. Objetivo: demostrar la agregación familiar para hipertensión arterial esencial y factores de riesgo en individuos afectados. Método: se realizó una investigación observacional, analítica, longitudinal y retrospectiva, de caso/ control a partir de la consulta de referencia para enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en Banes, provincia Holguín durante el período octubre 2019 marzo 2020. El universo abarcó la totalidad de individuos diagnosticados y sus familias. Por muestreo aleatorio simple, se obtuvo la muestra de 91 casos. Se conformó el grupo control a razón de 3:1 que incluyó 273 individuos. Fueron cumplidos los requisitos bioéticos. Se aplicaron criterios de inclusión/exclusión. Fueron utilizados los estadígrafos: Chi cuadrado, Odd Ratio (OR), incluidos p e intervalo de confianza. Se operacionalizaron las variables: edad, sexo, grado de consanguinidad y factores de riesgo. Se obtuvo el árbol genealógico. Resultados: los grupos de edades 56-65 años y 66 años y más, resultaron los más afectados. Predominó el sexo masculino (53,9 %). Los familiares de primer y segundo grado de consanguinidad mostraron la mayor incidencia de la enfermedad. Se encontró asociación entre la enfermedad y el antecedente familiar de esta (X2=321,4), con un riesgo incrementado para los familiares de los casos respecto a los controles (OR=10,93). Los factores de riesgo predominantes fueron: tabaquismo (OR=2,18) y el antecedente familiar de enfermedad (OR=0,74). Se demostró la asociación de factores de riesgo con la enfermedad (X2=176,9). Conclusiones: la hipertensión arterial esencial es una enfermedad multifactorial, compleja y poligénica con agregación familiar demostrada.
ABSTRACT Background: arterial hypertension is the constant elevation of blood pressure figures with a polygenic and multifactorial origin. Hypertension is a disease of high incidence and prevalence worldwide. Objective: to demonstrate the familial aggregation for essential arterial hypertension and risk factors in affected individuals. Method: an observational, analytical, longitudinal and retrospective case / control investigation was carried out from the reference consultation for chronic non-communicable diseases in Banes, Holguín province during the period from October 2019 to March 2020. The universe covered all individuals diagnosed and their families. By simple random sampling, the sample of 91 cases was obtained. The control group was formed at a ratio of 3:1 which included 273 individuals. Bioethical requirements were met. Inclusion / exclusion criteria were applied. The following statistics were used: Chi square, Odd Ratio (OR), including p and confidence interval. The variables were operationalized: age, sex, degree of consanguinity, and risk factors. The genealogical tree was obtained. Results: the age groups 56-65 years and 66 years and over, were the most affected. The male sex predominated (53.9 %). First and second-degree relatives of consanguinity showed the highest incidence of the disease. An association was found between the disease and its family history (X2 = 321.4) with an increased risk for relatives of the cases compared to the controls (OR = 10.93). The predominant risk factors were: smoking (OR = 2.18) and family history of disease (OR = 0.74). The association of risk factors with the disease was demonstrated (X2 = 176.9). Conclusions: essential arterial hypertension is a multifactorial, complex and polygenic disease with demonstrated familial aggregation.
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RESUMEN Fundamento el cáncer de mama es una enfermedad sistémica, multifactorial, polimorfa que se desarrolla en mujeres sin antecedentes familiares de la enfermedad. La posibilidad de herencia familiar se describe en 15-20 % de los casos. Objetivo: determinar la agregación familiar para cáncer de mama y los factores de riesgo asociados a este padecimiento. Método: se realizó un estudio analítico, retrospectivo, tipo caso y control, a partir de individuos que acudieron a la consulta municipal de riesgo genético, ubicada en el Policlínico Universitario César Fornet Frutos del municipio Banes, provincia Holguín en el período julio-diciembre de 2019 con el objetivo de comprobar la existencia o no de agregación familiar del cáncer de mama. Por muestreo aleatorio simple, se obtuvo la muestra conformada por 47 casos y 141 controles. Las variables operacionalizadas fueron: antecedentes personales y familiares de enfermedad oncológica, edad, menarquia, edad a la menopausia, ingestión de píldora anticonceptiva, edad de nacimiento de primer hijo, lactancia materna, ingestión de alcohol, hábito de fumar, historia familiar. Se aplicó un cuestionario diseñado a los fines del estudio. El cálculo de Chi cuadrado y Odds Ratio permitieron estimar asociación entre variables y la magnitud de asociación. Resultados: predominó el grupo de edad de 60-69 años. Los factores de riesgo hábito de fumar (OR=4,1), la ingestión de píldora anticonceptiva (OR=3,1), y el alcohol (OR=2,8) presentaron la mayor asociación a la enfermedad. Se propuso una estrategia de asesoramiento genético a partir de los resultados. Conclusiones: la confluencia de factores genéticos y ambientales, determina la agregación familiar del cáncer de mama.
ABSTRACT Foundation: breast cancer is a systemic, multifactorial, polymorphic disease that develops in women with no family history of the disease. The possibility of family inheritance is described in 15-20 % of cases. Objective: to determine the family aggregation for breast cancer and the risk factors associated with this disease. Method: an analytical, retrospective, case-control type study was carried out, from individuals who attended the municipal genetic risk consultation located at the César Fornet Frutos University Polyclinic, Banes municipality, Holguín province in the period July-December 2019 aimed at verifying the existence or not of family aggregation of breast cancer. By simple random sampling, the sample consisting of 47 cases and 141 controls was obtained. The sample, consisting of 47 cases and 141 controls, was obtained by simple random sampling. The variables were: personal and family history of oncological disease, age, menarche, age at menopause, contraceptive pill ingestion, first child age of birth, breastfeeding, alcohol intake, smoking, family history. A questionnaire designed for the purposes of the study was applied. The Chi square calculation and Odds Ratio allowed estimating association between variables and the magnitude of association. Results: the age group of 60-69 years prevailed. The risk factors for smoking (OR = 4.1), ingestion of the contraceptive pill (OR = 3.1), and alcohol (OR = 2.8) had the highest association with the disease. A genetic counseling strategy was proposed based on the results. Conclusions: confluence of genetic and environmental factors determines family aggregation of breast cancer.
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Abstract Purpose: To compare teaching styles (TS) and years of experience among Mexican Physical Education (PE) teachers. Method: 129 PE teachers from the City of Chihuahua completed the Teaching Styles in Physical Education questionnaire; average age: 42.3 (±9.6) years; average time teaching PE: 15.7 (±7.9) years. Subjects were divided in 6 groups according to years of experience: -6, 6-11, 12-17, 18-23, 24-29 and 30+. Results: no differences were found in traditional TS among groups, but all PE teachers showed high tendency to use that TS. The 30+ group showed values higher than 6-11 (p<0.05). Conclusion: There is a tendency to implement a traditional teaching style, although years of experience allow PE teachers to use teaching styles that fit students' needs and their interest to participate in Physical Education classes.
Resumo Objetivo: comparar estilos de ensino (EE) e anos de experiência entre professores de Educação Física (EF) mexicanos. Método: 129 professores de EF da cidade de Chihuahua, média de idade: 42,3 anos (± 9,6) anos; experiência como professor de EF: 15,7 (± 7,9) anos; completaram o Questionário sobre EE em EF. Os sujeitos foram divididos em seis grupos de acordo com os anos de experiência: - 6, 6-11, 12-17, 18-23, 24-29 e 30+. Resultados: não foram encontradas diferenças em EE tradicional por grupo, mas todos os professores de EF mostraram tendência elevada a usar esse EE. O grupo 30+ apresentou valores superiores ao grupo 6-11 entre estilo cognitivo e escala criativa (p <0,05). Conclusão: há uma tendência a implementar o EE tradicional, embora os anos de experiência permitam aos professores de EF usar um EE ajustado às necessidades e interesses dos alunos em participar do curso de EF.
Resumen Propósito: comparar estilos de enseñanza (EE) y años de experiencia entre docentes de Educación Física (EF) mexicanos. Método: 129 maestros de EF de la ciudad de Chihuahua, MX, edad: 42,3 (±9,6) años, experiencia como maestro de EF: 15,7 (±7,9) años, completaron el cuestionario de Estilos de Enseñanza en Educación Física. Los sujetos fueron divididos en seis grupos de acuerdo con los años de experiencia: -6, 6-11, 12-17, 18-23, 24-29 y 30+. Resultados: sin diferencias encontradas en grupo de EE tradicional, sin embargo, todos los docentes de EF mostraron alta tendencia al uso de este EE. El grupo de 30+ mostró valores mayores que el grupo 6-11 entre estilo cognitivo y escala creativa (p<0,05). Conclusión: hay una tendencia en implementar el EE tradicional, aunque los años de experiencia permiten que docentes de EF utilicen un EE ajustándose a las necesidades e intereses de los estudiantes en participar en la clase de EF.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Physical Education and Training , Teaching , School Teachers , Professional Practice , StudentsABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción: L. eximia es una especie de amplia distribución geográfica en Costa Rica, cuyas poblaciones son estables durante todo el año. Las características biológicas de ésta permiten concebirla como un potencial indicador forense para el cálculo del intervalo post mortem mínimo (IPM). Objetivo: Comparar el IPM calculado mediante un modelo de acumulación térmica con L. eximia (Diptera: Calliphoridae), con el IPM real en cadáveres de cerdos domésticos (Sus scrofa). Material y Métodos: Dos cadáveres de cerdo fueron expuestos en un bosque premontano húmedo tropical. A partir de dichos cadáveres se colectaron larvas de L. eximia a las 78, 144 y 192 horas posteriores al momento de muerte y se propició su desarrollo en condiciones controladas. Con los datos generados, se realizaron retroproyecciones térmicas para efectuar el cálculo del IPM. Resultados: L. eximia requirió en total 7 236,50 grados- hora acumulados (ADH) para culminar su desarrollo. Los IPM calculados mediante el modelo de acumulación térmica para los tres momentos de colecta fueron 112,56; 153,60 y 104,64 horas. Únicamente el valor intermedio no presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas con el tiempo de muerte conocido (p>0.05). Conclusiones: El modelo de acumulación térmica en que se utilizó L. eximia brindó información precisa sobre el IPM sólo cuando se tomaron las muestras en el campo a las 144 horas, lo que perfila su utilidad para las primeras etapas de la descomposición cadavérica.
ABSTRACT Introduction: L. eximia is a species that shows a wide geographical distribution in Costa Rica, whose populations are stable throughout the year. The biological characteristics of L. eximia allow it to be considered as a potential forensic indicator for the calculation of the minimum post mortem interval (PMI). Objective: To compare the PMI calculated by a thermal accumulation model with L. eximia (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with the PMI in corpses of pigs (Sus scrofa). Methods: Two pig corpses were exposed in a tropical premontane moist forest. Larvae of L. eximia were collected from the pig carcasses at 78, 144 and 192 hours after the moment of death, and their development was promoted under controlled conditions. With the data generated, thermal back-projections were made to calculate the PMI. Results: L. eximia required a total of 7 236.50 accumulated degree hours (ADH) to complete its life cycle. The IPMs calculated by the thermal accumulation model were 112.56, 153.60, and 104.64 hours, respectively. Only the intermediate value did not present statistically significant differences with the known time of death (p>0.05). Conclusions: The thermal accumulation model using L. eximia as a forensic indicator provided accurate information about the PMI only when samples were collected at 144 hours, which indicates that this method may be accurate and useful during the first stages of cadaveric decomposition.
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Abstract INTRODUCTION: Biomarkers are critical tools for finding new approaches for controlling the spread of tuberculosis (TB), including for predicting the development of TB therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostic tools. METHODS: Expression of immune biomarkers was analyzed in peripheral blood cells stimulated and non-stimulated with M. tuberculosis antigens ESAT-6, CFP10 and TB7.7. in Warao indigenous individuals. These biomarkers may be able to differentiate TB states, such as active tuberculosis (ATB) cases and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) from non-infected controls (NIC). A real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay was performed on 100 blood samples under non-stimulation or direct ex vivo conditions (NS=50) and stimulation conditions (S=50). RESULTS: The findings are shown as the median and interquartile range (IQR) of relative gene expression levels of IFN-γ, CD14, MMP9, CCR5, CCL11, CXCL9/MIG, and uPAR/PLAUR immune biomarkers. MMP9 levels were significantly higher in the LTBI-NS and LTBI-S groups compared with the NIC-NS and NIC-S groups. However, CCR5 levels were significantly lower in the LTBI-S group compared with both NIC-NS and NIC-S groups. CCL11 levels were significantly lower in the LTBI-S group compared with the NIC-NS group. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary findings showed that MMP9 immune biomarkers separated LTBI indigenous individuals from NIC indigenous individuals, while CCR5, CCL11, CD14, and IFN-γ did not differentiate TB states from NIC. MMP9 may be useful as a potential biomarker for LTBI and new infected case detection among Warao indigenous individuals at high risk of developing the disease. It may also be used to halt the epidemic, which will require further validation in larger studies.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Biomarkers/blood , Indians, North American/statistics & numerical data , Latent Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Latent Tuberculosis/blood , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , MexicoABSTRACT
BACKGROUND Once in the pulmonary alveoli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) enters into contact with alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). DCs represent the link between the innate and adaptive immune system owing to their capacity to be both a sentinel and an orchestrator of the antigen-specific immune responses against Mtb. The effect that the virulence of Mtb has on the interaction between the bacilli and human DCs has not been fully explored. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of Mtb virulence on human monocyte-derived DCs. METHODS We exposed human monocyte-derived DCs to Mtb clinical strains (isolated from an epidemiological Mtb diversity study in Mexico) bearing different degrees of virulence and evaluated the capacity of DCs to internalise the bacilli, control intracellular growth, engage cell death pathways, express markers for activation and antigen presentation, and expand to stimulate autologous CD4+ T cells proliferation. FINDINGS In the case of the hypervirulent Mtb strain (Phenotype 1, strain 9005186, lineage 3), we report that DCs internalise and neutralise intracellular growth of the bacilli, undergo low rates of apoptosis, and contribute poorly to T-cell expansion, as compared to the H37Rv reference strain. In the case of the hypovirulent Mtb strain (Phenotype 4, strain 9985449, lineage 4), although DCs internalise and preclude proliferation of the bacilli, the DCs also display a high level of apoptosis, massive levels of apoptosis that prevent them from maintaining autologous CD4+ T cells in a co-culture system, as compared to H37Rv. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that variability in virulence among Mtb clinical strains affects the capacity of DCs to respond to pathogenic challenge and mount an immune response against it, highlighting important parallels to studies previously done in mouse models.
Subject(s)
Humans , Dendritic Cells , T-Lymphocytes , Mycobacterium tuberculosisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a risk factor for the development of tuberculosis (TB), although the associated mechanisms are not known. OBJECTIVES To study the association between T2D and the basal phenotype of macrophages, and their immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. METHODS We evaluated the influence of T2D on the response of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) to Mtb in patients with T2D (n = 10) compared to healthy subjects (n = 9), before and after infection with Mtb clinical isolates bearing different degrees of virulence. The levels of cell surface markers for activation secreted cytokines and chemokines, bacterial association, and intracellular bacterial growth were evaluated. FINDINGS The expression levels of HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86 were low while those of of PD-L1 were high in uninfected MDMs derived from patients with diabetes; as a result of Mtb infection, changes were only observed in the expression levels of PD-L1. The levels of cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-12) and chemokines (e.g., MCP-1, MIG, and RANTES) are perturbed in MDMs derived from patients with diabetes, both before infection and in response to Mtb infection. In response to the more virulent Mtb strains, the levels of association and bacterial clearance were diminished in MDMs derived from patients with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS T2D affects the basal activation state of the macrophages and its capacity to respond and control Mtb infection.
Subject(s)
Colony Count, Microbial , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Blood Glucose/analysis , Analysis of Variance , Macrophages , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicityABSTRACT
Fundamento: el trabajo independiente es un modo de organizar la actividad cognoscitiva, es dirigido por el profesor para lograr la asimilación del contenido de manera consciente por los estudiantes, los cuales deben resolver las tareas por sí mismos. Objetivo: elaborar una propuesta metodológica para la dirección del trabajo independiente desde la asignatura Metodología de la Investigación y Estadística. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Holguín durante el curso 2014-2015. Se utilizaron como método teóricos: análisis-síntesis e histórico-lógico, y empíricos: observación a clases a través de una guía para constatar las características que manifiesta la dirección del trabajo independiente en sus diferentes dimensiones. Resultados: se evidenció la no concepción metodológica correcta del proceso de dirección del trabajo independiente en sus dimensiones: planificación, orientación, ejecución, control y evaluación; la dimensión más afectada fue la de planificación y la de mejores resultados la de control y evaluación. Se elaboró una propuesta metodológica la cual fue sometida a criterios de especialistas. Conclusiones: la propuesta metodológica se caracteriza por su enfoque sistémico y carácter flexible. Los especialistas la valoraron como pertinente, efectiva y reconocieron la necesidad de su introducción y su incidencia en el perfeccionamiento de la calidad del proceso enseñanza aprendizaje en el contexto universitario.
Background: the independent work is a form of organizing the cognitive activity; it is led by the professor to achieve a conscious content assimilation by the students, who should solve the tasks by themselves. Objective: to elaborate a methodological proposal for the management of the independent work through Researching Methodology and Statistics. Methods: a development research work was carried out in Holguín Medical Sciences University during the academic year 2014-2015. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis and historical-logical, and empiric ones: observation to classes through a guideline to determine the characteristics of the management of the independent work in its different dimensions. Results: it was evident the lack of a proper methodological conception in the management of the independent work process in its dimensions: planning, orientation, execution, control and assessment; the most affected dimension was planning and the ones with better results were control and assessment. A methodological proposal was elaborated which was analyzed by the specialists´ criteria. Conclusions: the methodological proposal is characterized by its systemic approach and its flexible character. The specialists considered it pertinent, effective and they recognized the necessity of its introduction and incidence in the quality of the teaching-learning process improvement in the university context.
Subject(s)
Education, Medical , Education, Medical, GraduateABSTRACT
El cariotipo realizado a una paciente del sexo femenino de 8 años de edad, que estaba siendo estudiada por discapacidad intelectual moderada, dismorfias faciales y en las extremidades, reveló el siguiente resultado: 45, XX t (13q; 14q) 5p+++. En este trabajo se reporta el hallazgo cromosómico de una translocación robertsoniana heredada por vía materna combinada con una trisomía parcial del cromosoma 5p.
The karyotype study performed to an 8-year-old female patient, under previous study due to moderate intellectual disability and facial dysmorphias in the limbs, showed the following results: 45, XXt (13q; 14q) 5p+++. In this study a chromosomal finding of an inherited Robertsonian translocations by maternal line combined with a partial trisomy of chromosome 5p was reported.
ABSTRACT
It has been reported that patients with progressive tuberculosis (TB) express abundant amounts of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) cathelicidin (LL-37) and human neutrophil peptide-1 (HNP-1) in circulating cells, whereas latent TB infected donors showed no differences when compared with purified protein derivative (PPD) and QuantiFERON®-TB Gold (QFT)-healthy individuals. The aim of this study was to determine whether LL-37 and HNP-1 production correlates with higher tuberculin skin test (TST) and QFT values in TB household contacts. Twenty-six TB household contact individuals between 26-58 years old TST and QFT positive with at last two years of latent TB infection were recruited. AMPs production by polymorphonuclear cells was determined by flow cytometry and correlation between TST and QFT values was analysed. Our results showed that there is a positive correlation between levels of HNP-1 and LL-37 production with reactivity to TST and/or QFT levels. This preliminary study suggests the potential use of the expression levels of these peptides as biomarkers for progression in latent infected individuals.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Blood Cells/chemistry , Cathelicidins/blood , Latent Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology , alpha-Defensins/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Contact Tracing , Cathelicidins/metabolism , Disease Progression , Gene Expression , Interferon-gamma Release Tests/methods , Latent Tuberculosis/metabolism , Neutrophils/metabolism , Tuberculin Test/methodsABSTRACT
Objetivo: Describir un diagnóstico situacional de las condiciones de trabajo y perfil sanitario de los profesionales de salud y técnicos del Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo (HNAAA). Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, en la cual participaron todos los trabajadores de salud (73 médicos (as), 91 enfermeras y 73 técnicos (as) de enfermería) del Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo. La recolección de datos se realizó aplicando una encuesta individual a cada sujeto del estudio durante 4 semanas en el mes de septiembre y octubre del año 2009. Resultados: Se aplicaron 237 cuestionarios, el 47.3% en su mayoría corresponden al femeninos, con edades comprendidas entre los 40 - 59 años, por otro lado un 38.4% del sexo femenino tienen como grupo ocupacional Enfermera, un 25.3% son técnicas y un 3% son médicos, así mismo tenemos que en un 27.8% del sexo masculino tienen como grupo ocupacional medico, un 5.5% técnicos y finalmente con un 0% del sexo masculino son enfermeros. Conclusiones: Según el tipo de enfermedades o problemas de salud existentes en los profesionales de salud y técnicos del HNAAA, resultó que el 19% de los encuestados tiene problemas músculo esqueléticas. Y respecto a las condiciones de trabajo, los factores que más resaltaron fueron los riesgos biológicos y ergonómicos.(AU)
Objetive: To describe a situational analysis of working conditions and health profile of the health professionals and technicians of the National Hospital Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo (HNAAA). Materials and Methods: A descriptive, crosssectional, with the participation of all health workers (73 doctors (as), 91 nurses and 73 technicians (as) nursing) National Hospital Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo. Data collection was performed by applying an individual survey each study subject during four weeks in September and October of 2009. Results: 237 questionnaires were applied, 47.3% correspond mainly to female, aged between 40-59 years old, on the other hand 38.4% of females have as Nurse occupational group, 25.3% are technical and 3 % are doctors, also we have a 27.8% male as an occupational group have medical, technical 5.5% and finally to 0% are male nurses. Conclusions: Depending on the type of disease or existing health problems health professionals and technicians HNAAA, was that 19% of respondents have musculoskeletal problems. And with regard to working conditions, the factors that were highlighted biological and ergonomic hazards.(AU)
ABSTRACT
La infección por VIH (virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana) en la actualidad es un grave problema de salud pública a nivel mundial, que requiere de nuevas estrategias vacunales para detener su propagación así como para su efectivo tratamiento. Algunos estudios relacionados con la inmunidad innata en contra de VIH, han demostrado que los péptidos antimicrobianos (AMP´s) pueden generar resistencia a las infecciones virales. En la presente revisión, se describen a los péptidos antimicrobianos de humano y su actividad en contra de VIH así como péptidos de otras especies como plantas, anfibios, insectos y varias especies de animales que poseen un potencial terapéutico o profiláctico en la infección por VIH. Se describen brevemente algunos mecanismos mediante los cuales estos péptidos pueden bloquear la replicación e infección por el VIH.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is today a very important health issue worldwide, which demands new ways and strategies for its prevention and treatment. Several studies on the innate immunity against HIV infection have shown that antimicrobial peptides are associated with increased resistance to infection. In the present review, we briefly summarize the major characteristics of antimicrobial peptides from human and several species of plants, amphibians, insects and other animal species that have significant potential to be used as therapeutic or prophylactic agents. The mechanisms of infection inhibition and viral replication blockade are also described in the context of the biology of infection.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Anti-HIV Agents/isolation & purification , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/isolation & purification , Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/pharmacology , Drug Discovery , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , HIV , Invertebrates/chemistry , Plants/chemistry , Species Specificity , Vertebrates/metabolism , Virus Replication/drug effectsABSTRACT
Con el objetico de determinar el efecto sobre la presión arterial de una dieta rica en potasio en pacientes adultos con hipertensión arterial leve, sin modificaciones en el consumo habitual de sodio y que no se encuentren bajo tratamiento farmacológico, se estudiaron 24 pacientes, distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos. Al grupo de estudio se le ordenó iuna dieta rica en potasio (alrededor de 2mEq/kg-día), durante ocho semanas. A todos los pacientes se les recomendó continuar las medidas no farmacológicas usuales. Se midió la presión arterial semanalmente en el domicilio del paciente, así como el potasio y el sodio en suero y orina al inicio y en las semanas dos,cuatro y ocho. En todos los sujetos se observó disminución en las cifras tensionales; sin embargo, la reducción de la presión arterial sistólica en el grupo de estudio fue de 7.9ñ7.99 vs 18ñ8.72 mm Hg en el control (p<0.023); mientras que la reducción en la presión diastólica fue de 8.28ñ5.89 Vs 2.86ñ4.31 mm Hg,respectivamente (p<10elevada a la - 7). El efecto sobre la presión arterial tiende a estabilizarse a partir de la cuarta semana de tratamiento. No hubo modificaciones en los niveles séricos de potasio. Se observó incremento en la excreción de potasio en el grupo de estudio de 10.09ñ25.5 vs -4.98ñ19.15 mEq/L en el control (p<0,069). Se concluye que una dieta rica en potasio contribuye favorablemente para el control de la hipertensión arterial esencial y es una medida segura en pacientes con función renal normal