ABSTRACT
Noroviruses (NoVs) are one of the most important foodborne viral pathogens worldwide. Shellfish are the most common carriers of NoVs as they can concentrate and accumulate large amounts of the virus through filter feeding from seawater. Shellfish may selectively accumulate NoVs with different genotypes, and this bioaccumulation may depend on the season and location. Our previous studies found various histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) in shellfish tissues. While HBGAs might be the main reason that NoVs are accumulated in shellfish, the detailed mechanism behind NoV concentration and bioaccumulation in shellfish is not clear. Here we review current research into NoV bioaccumulation, tissue distribution, seasonal variation, and binding mechanism in shellfish. This paper may provide insight into controlling NoV transmission and decreasing the risks associated with shellfish consumption.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Caliciviridae Infections , Virology , Food Contamination , Foodborne Diseases , Virology , Norovirus , Classification , Genetics , Physiology , Shellfish , VirologyABSTRACT
In this paper, the origins, characteristics and poisoning mechanisms of shellfish poisons including the paralytic shellfish poison(PSP),the diarrheic shellfish poison(DSP), the neurotoxic shellfish poison(NSP) and the amnestic shellfish poison(ASP) were introduced briefly. Methods of assay and detoxification of shellfish poisons were also discussed in detail.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine phellodendrine in Cortex Phellodendri by HPLC. Methods : HPLC condition consists of C 18 column (Phenomenex, 150mm, 5?), actonitrile:250mL of 0.05mol?L -1 phosphoric acid +0.4mL of diethylamine (9∶91, v/v) as mobile phase, detection wavelength at 284nm. Results : The averagy recovery of phellofendrine was 101.43% ( RSD =1.56%, n =5) and the linear range of phellodrine was 0.4368～2.1840?g??L -1 , r =0.9998. Conclusion : The method is simple, accurate and reproducible, and can be used for the determination of phellodendrine in Cordex Phellodendri.