Manejo interdisciplinario de la obesidad y el sobrepeso en rehabilitación cardiaca: revisión de la Sociedad Mexicana para el Cuidado del Corazón / Interdisciplinary management of obesity and overweight in cardiac rehabilitation: review of the Mexican Society for Heart Care (Sociedad Mexicana para el Cuidado del Corazón, SOMECCOR)

Resumen Antecedentes: La obesidad es un trastorno multifactorial caracterizado por un aumento en la adiposidad corporal, de amplia prevalencia en nuestro país, a cualquier edad y ligada a grandes consecuencias adversas, incluyendo el desarrollo de cardiopatías. Los programas de rehabilitación cardiaca (RC) son intervenciones interdisciplinarias encaminadas no solo a restaurar la funcionalidad perdida de los pacientes que han sufrido un desenlace cardiovascular, sino también a corregir aquellos factores de riesgo que lo propiciaron y que interfieren en los resultados adaptativos del mismo. La obesidad contribuye a perpetuar el riesgo de cardiopatía y suele ser resistente a las modificaciones del estilo de vida de manera convencional. Objetivo: Establecer pautas en el reconocimiento de la obesidad con directrices de atención al paciente con cardiopatía dentro de los programas de RC y su abordaje interdisciplinario. Método: A través de una extensiva revisión bibliográfica y después de una discusión interdisciplinaria, se elaboró el presente documento para fijar una postura sobre el abordaje de la obesidad en el contexto de los programas de RC en pacientes con cardiopatía. Resultados y conclusiones: Nuestra Sociedad reconoce el abordaje interdisciplinario de los pacientes con obesidad y cardiopatía en su prevención primaria y secundaria, insta a la precisión en su diagnóstico y valoración, y recomienda que su eje primario debe estar basado en primera instancia en las modificaciones del estilo de vida (entrenamiento físico, atención nutricional e intervención psicoemocional), en tanto que la terapia farmacológica y la cirugía bariátrica pudieran ser coadyuvantes en la optimización de los resultados en pacientes selectos.

Abstract Background: Obesity is a multifactorial disorder characterized by increased body adiposity with a wide prevalence in our country, at any age, and linked to major adverse consequences, including the development of heart disease. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs are interdisciplinary interventions aimed not only at restoring the lost functionality of patients who have suffered a cardiovascular outcome, but also at correcting those risk factors that led to it and that interfere with its adaptive results. Obesity contributes to perpetuating heart disease risk and is often resistant to conventional lifestyle modifications. Objective: Establish guidelines in the recognition of obesity with care guidelines for patients with heart disease within CR programs and their interdisciplinary approach. Method: Through an extensive bibliographical review and after an interdisciplinary discussion, this document was prepared to establish a position on the approach to obesity in the context of CR programs in patients with heart disease. Results and conclusions: Our Society recognizes the interdisciplinary approach of our patients with obesity and heart disease in its primary and secondary prevention, urges precision in its diagnosis and assessment, recommends that its primary axis must be based in the first instance on lifestyle modifications (physical training, nutritional care and psycho-emotional intervention), while pharmacological therapy and bariatric surgery could be coadjuvants in optimizing the results in selected patients.

Sedoanalgesia con ketodex para la intubación selectiva en la resección de un aneurisma gigante de la arteria subclavia. Reporte de caso / Sedoanalgesia with ketodex for selective intubation in the resection of a giant aneurysm of the subclavian artery associated. Case report

Resumen: El aneurisma gigante de la arteria subclavia asociado a un síndrome de vena cava superior se presenta de forma poco frecuente. La complejidad del abordaje dependerá del tamaño, forma y disposición del aneurisma, particularmente cuando el colapso de la vía aérea es potencial por un efecto compresivo de la masa mediastinal durante la aplicación del relajante neuromuscular. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 57 años con disnea en decúbito dorsal que incrementa con el decúbito lateral izquierdo de cinco años de evolución. El estudio radiológico reporta masa mediastinal gigante compatible con aneurisma de la arteria subclavia derecha que causa compresión y desplazamiento de la vía aérea, particularmente en tráquea a nivel de la carina. El paciente es programado para resección del aneurisma y requiere de intubación selectiva para el aislamiento del pulmón derecho durante la cirugía, que fue realizada con la técnica de paciente despierto usando sedoanalgesia con ketodex. El objetivo del caso es compartir la experiencia con el uso de ketodex como una alternativa para la tolerancia de procedimientos que requieren de la cooperación del paciente, en donde el propofol y el relajante neuromuscular pueden ser un problema para la permeabilidad y el abordaje de la vía aérea.

Abstract: A giant subclavian artery aneurysm associated with superior vena cava syndrome occurs infrequently. Complexity of the approach will depend on the size, shape, and position of the aneurysm, particularly when a potential collapse of the airway is expected due to the compressive effect of the mediastinal mass after using neuromuscular relaxant for airway approach. We present a case in a 57-year-old male with shortness of breath in dorsal that increases with left lateral decubitus during five years of evolution. Radiological studies reported giant mediastinal mass compatible with an aneurysm of the right subclavian artery, which produces critical compression and airway displacement, particularly in trachea at level of the carina. The patient is scheduled for resection of the aneurysm and requires selective intubation for isolation of the right lung during surgery which was performed with the awake patient technique using sedoanalgesia with ketodex. The objective of the case is to share the experience using ketodex as an alternative for the tolerance of procedures that requires the cooperation of the patient where propofol and neuromuscular relaxant may be a problem for airway permeability and approach.

Clínicas de ketamina: usos actuales según la evidencia / Ketamine clinics: current uses based on evidence

Resumen: La ketamina es un medicamento conocido por sus bondades como inductor anestésico y para disminuir la posibilidad de complicaciones, por ejemplo, exacerbación del dolor neuropático e hiperalgesia asociada a opioides. En esta revisión nos enfocaremos en otras indicaciones en las que también ha demostrado ser útil y que, bajo observación e instrucción adecuadas en una infraestructura diseñada para ello (clínicas de ketamina), mejora la calidad en el comportamiento y disminuye el estrés, ansiedad y dolor. Entre las indicaciones para su uso se encuentran los trastornos depresivos, el trastorno de ansiedad, el trastorno obsesivo compulsivo y los relacionados con traumas emocionales; el trastorno bipolar, anormalidades en conducta e ingesta alimentaria, al igual que los trastornos adictivos.

Abstract: Ketamine is a drug known for its benefits as an anesthetic inducer and to reduce the possibility of complications such as exacerbation of neuropathic pain and hyperalgesia associated with opioids. In this review we will focus on other indications in which it has also proven to be useful and that, under adequate observation and instruction in an infrastructure designed for it (ketamine clinics), improves the quality of behavior and decreases stress, anxiety and pain. Among the indications for its use are depressive disorders, anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and those related to emotional trauma; bipolar disorder, abnormalities in behavior and eating intake as well as addictive disorders.

SASA: una escala sencilla de mortalidad postoperatoria explorada en un centro de atención de tercer nivel en México / SASA: a simple scale of postoperative mortality explored in a third-level care center in Mexico

Resumen: Introducción: Las complicaciones postquirúrgicas han sido causa importante de muerte. Por lo tanto, el uso de predictores sencillos de mortalidad con una nueva escala llamada SASA podría indicar un riesgo postoperatorio de mortalidad a los 30 días aplicado en una muestra en población mexicana. Material y métodos: Exploramos una asociación entre la clasificación de estado físico de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiólogos (ASA-PS), el Apgar quirúrgico (sAs) y la puntuación de SASA con un análisis univariado en 371 pacientes estimando la relación de probabilidades (OR) y graficando las curvas de operación característica del receptor (receiver-operating-characteristic [ROC]) para cada escala. Resultados: Obtuvimos los valores de dos; [sensibilidad; 81.82% (IC del 95%: 48.2-97.72), especificidad; 40.56% (IC del 95%: 35.44-45.83)], 6; [sensibilidad; 81.82% (IC del 95 %: 48.2-97.72), especificidad; 77.5% (IC del 95%: 72.83-81.71)] y 10; [sensibilidad; 81.82% (IC del 95%: 48.2-97.72), especificidad; 83.6% (IC del 95%: 78.77-86.78)] como los mejores puntos de corte para el ASA-PS, sAs y SASA respectivamente. Conclusiones: el cálculo de SASA obtuvo la misma sensibilidad, pero mejor especificidad y área bajo la curva cuando se comparó con el ASA-PS y el sAs.

Abstract: Introduction: Post-surgical complications have been a significant cause of death. Therefore, the use of easy preoperative mortality predictors is recommended. A new SASA score could indicate a perioperative risk more globally at 30-days of the postoperative period applied in a Mexican sample. Material and methods: 371 patients were analyzed. We explore an association between the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification (ASA-PS), the surgical Apgar score (sAs), and the new SASA score to assess 30-days mortality after surgery using univariate analysis to estimate the odds ratio (OR). Receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted for each scale. Results: We obtained values of two; [sensitivity; 81.82% (95% CI: 48.2-97.72), specificity; 40.56% (95% CI: 35.44-45.83)] 6; [sensitivity; 81.82% (95% CI: 48.2-97.72), specificity; 77.5% (95% CI: 72.83-81.71)] and 10; [sensitivity; 81.82% (95% CI: 48.2-97.72), specificity; 83.6% (95% CI: 78.77-86.78)] as the best cut-off points for ASA-PS, sAs and SASA respectively. Conclusions: To predict postoperative 30-days mortality, SASA calculation as a new score obtained the same sensitivity but better specificity and area under the curve (AUC) for the ROC compared with the ASA-PS and the sAs.

Corrección de arrugas perioculares con plasma rico en plaquetas / Correction of periocular wrinkles with platelet-rich plasma

Las arrugas son surcos o pliegues en la piel, que aparecen principalmente por efecto del envejecimiento. Este artículo describe el caso de un paciente masculino de 47 años de edad, piel blanca, que acudió a consulta de cirugía plástica ocular por inconformidad con el aspecto envejecido de su rostro a causa de las arrugas perioculares. Se le aplicó plasma rico en plaquetas intradérmico en el trayecto de las arrugas a razón de 3 dosis con intervalo promedio de 30 días entre cada una. Se logró la corrección total de las arrugas, con buenos resultados estéticos. No se encontró reacción adversa. Se reafirma el criterio planteado por estudios de que el plasma rico en plaquetas es una opción terapéutica de primera línea para rejuvenecer la región periocular(AU)

Wrinkles are a creases or folds which appear in the skin mainly as a result of aging. A case is described of a male 47-year-old patient of white skin color who attended ocular plastic surgery consultation for dissatisfaction with the periocular wrinkles on his face, which gave it an aged appearance. Intradermal platelet-rich plasma was applied along the course of the wrinkles at three doses with an average separation of 30 days between them. Total wrinkle correction was achieved, with good esthetic results. There was not any adverse reaction. The case confirms the criterion contained in previous studies that platelet-rich plasma is a first-line therapeutic option to rejuvenate the periocular region(AU)

Atypical presentation of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Q by mutations on DHTKD1 and NTRK2 genes / Presentación atípica de enfermedad de Charcot-Marie-Tooth tipo 2Q por mutaciones en los genes DHTKD1 y NTRK2

Abstract Background: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Q (CMT2Q) is a rare disorder (< 1/1,000,000 individuals worldwide) linked to chromosome 10p14 in the DHTKD1 gene. This phenotype is characterized by an adolescent or adulthood-onset, slowly progressive distal muscle weakness and symmetrical atrophy associated with reduced or absent deep tendon reflexes. Currently, only two familiar cases from China have been reported: one familiar case of eight individuals affected by isolated DHTKD1 gene mutation and one familiar case of two individuals affected by DHTKD1 gene mutation and GJB1 gene mutation. Case report: We present the case of a 10-year-old male patient with obesity, frequent falls, swollen legs and thighs, and pain in the lower and upper limbs. We performed the clinical evaluation and a clinical targeted exome test, which reported mutations on DHTKD1 y NTRK2 genes. Conclusions: Due to scientific and technological advances, genetic dysfunctions that can cause different diseases have been identified with greater sensitivity. Globally, this is the eleventh case reported of DHTKD1 gene mutation linked to CMT2Q. Moreover, this is the first case related to NTRK2 gene mutation (linked to obesity, hyperphagia, and delayed development). The patient showed an atypical CMT2Q phenotype additional to obesity. Therefore, we propose to study metabolic disorders linked to hereditary peripheral neuropathies.

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad de Charcot-Marie-Tooth tipo 2Q (CMT2Q) es una alteración poco frecuente (< 1/1,000,000 habitantes en todo el mundo) condicionada por mutaciones en el gen DHTKD1, localizado en el cromosoma 10p14. El padecimiento inicia en la adolescencia o la edad adulta de manera lenta y progresiva, con debilidad muscular y atrofia distal simétrica, y afecta predominantemente las extremidades inferiores y los reflejos tendinosos profundos, que se encuentran reducidos o ausentes. Solo se ha reportado un caso familiar de ocho personas afectadas con la mutación aislada en el gen DHTKD1 y un caso familiar de dos personas afectadas con mutaciones en los genes DHTKD1 y GJB1, ambas familias de China. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 10 años y 11 meses de edad con obesidad, caídas frecuentes, edema de miembros pélvicos y dolor en las extremidades inferiores y superiores. Se realizaron valoración clínica y estudio genético molecular de exoma dirigido, el cual reportó mutaciones en los genes DHTKD1 y NTRK2. Conclusiones: Gracias al avance científico y tecnológico se han podido identificar con mayor precisión las alteraciones genéticas causantes de diferentes enfermedades. Este es el undécimo caso reportado en el mundo de una mutación en el gen DHTKD1 asociada con la enfermedad de CMT2Q. También es el primer caso relacionado con una mutación del gen NTRK2 (asociada con obesidad, hiperfagia y retraso en el desarrollo). El paciente presentó un cuadro clínico atípico de enfermedad de CMT2Q agregado a obesidad. Por ello, se sugiere estudiar a fondo la conexión entre trastornos metabólicos y neuropatías periféricas hereditarias.

Fenotipo clínico mixto de deleción y duplicación de la región del síndrome de Sotos: microdeleción 5q35.2-q35.3 detectada por microarreglo de hibridación genómica comparativa / Mixed clinical phenotype of deletion and duplication of the Sotos syndrome region: 5q35.2-q35.3 microdeletion detected by CGH array

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome de Sotos es una enfermedad hereditaria caracterizada por el sobrecrecimiento prenatal y posnatal, con edad ósea avanzada, facies característica y retraso del desarrollo. Caso clínico: Se reporta el caso de un paciente con síndrome de Sotos y manifestaciones clínicas no descritas previamente, diagnosticado por microarreglos de hibridación genómica comparativa. Se detectó la duplicación de un gen y la deleción de 43 genes, entre los que se encuentran NSD1, gen asociado al síndrome de Sotos. La pérdida y la ganancia de estos otros genes pueden explicar las características atípicas en este paciente. Conclusiones: Por las características atípicas, el microarreglo de hibridación genómica comparativa fue una herramienta útil para el diagnóstico. Las alteraciones cromosómicas encontradas en este paciente demuestran la heterogeneidad clínica de las enfermedades genómicas.

Abstract Background: Sotos syndrome is an inherited disease characterized by pre- and postnatal overgrowth with advanced bone age, characteristic facies, and developmental delay. Case report: We report the case of a patient with Sotos syndrome and clinical manifestations not described previously, who was diagnosed comparative genomic hybridization arrangements (CGH array). The duplication of a gene and the deletion of 43 genes were identified, among which is the NSD1 gene, associated with Sotos syndrome. The gain and loss of these other genes may explain the atypical characteristics present in the patient. Conclusions: Due to its atypical characteristics, the CGH array was a useful tool for diagnosis. The chromosomal alterations found in this patient demonstrate the clinical heterogeneity of genomic diseases.

Descripción de costos del tratamiento analgésico protocolizado con catéter epidural versus la analgesia convencional para la nefrectomía abierta del donador renal en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social / Cost description of protocolized analgesic treatment with epidural catheter versus conventional analgesia for open kidney donor nephrectomy in the Mexican Institute of Social Security

Resumen: Introducción: El dolor posterior a la nefrectomía abierta en donadores renales trasciende en la recuperación plena de las actividades de la vida diaria y expone un impacto económico en las instituciones de salud. Objetivo: Describir el costo de la analgesia protocolizada durante el período postoperatorio inmediato del paciente donante renal. Material y métodos: Realizamos un ensayo clínico controlado, aleatorizado, no ciego que comparó dos tratamientos analgésicos diferentes: uno protocolizado versus la analgesia convencional mediante un modelo de análisis de costos desde la perspectiva institucional. Resultados: En promedio, la analgesia protocolizada obtuvo un costo mayor con 53.25 US$ (52.34-53.79) versus el tratamiento analgésico convencional con 18.84 US$ (4.55-19.34), U = -6.0, p < 0.001. Sin embargo, 89.2% de los pacientes con analgesia protocolizada calificó como excelente esta intervención a diferencia de 41.2% de los pacientes que recibieron el tratamiento analgésico convencional, χ2 = 18.78; p < 0.001. Del mismo modo, los pacientes con analgesia protocolizada estuvieron más satisfechos reportando una mediana: (Me) = 10; (Percentil25 = 10 - Percentil75 = 10) en comparación con el otro tratamiento: Me = 8; (Percentil25 = 8 - Percentil75 = 9) (U = -5.9, p < 0.001). Conclusiones: En pacientes sometidos a nefrectomía abierta para donación renal, el uso de analgesia protocolizada con catéter epidural demostró una diferencia clínica y estadísticamente significativa con respecto a los reportes de dolor, eficacia y un mayor grado de satisfacción, aunque no disminuyó los costos de la atención analgésica durante el postoperatorio inmediato.

Abstract: Introduction: Pain in renal donors after open nephrectomy, transcends in full recovery of activities in daily life and exposes an economic impact in health institutions. Objective: To describe the costs of protocolized analgesia during the immediate postoperative period of renal donor patient. Material and methods: We conducted a longitudinal, randomized, non-blinded clinical trial which compared two different analgesic treatments: one protocolized versus conventional analgesia through a cost analysis model from the Institutional Social Security perspective. Results: In average, protocolized analgesia obtained a higher cost with 53.25 US$ (52.34-53.79) opposed to the conventional analgesia treatment with 18.84 US$ (4.55-19.34); U = -6.0, p < 0.001. However, 89.2% of the patients in protocolized analgesia qualified this intervention as excellent compared to the conventional treatment with only 41.2%, χ2 = 18.78; p < 0.001. Similarly, patients in protocolized analgesia were more satisfied with a reported median (Me) = 10; (25th percentile = 10-75th percentile = 10) compared to those who received conventional treatment, Me = 8; (25th percentile = 8-75th percentile = 9) (U = -5.9, p < 0.001). Conclusions. The use of Protocolized Analgesia with epidural catheter showed a clinical and statistically significant difference concerning to pain, efficacy and a greater satisfaction report in patients undergoing open nephrectomy for renal donation, although does not decrease the costs of analgesic care during immediate postoperative period.

Ganglion cell layer thinning in diabetic patients without retinopathy: related or unrelated to total macular thickness? / Afinamento da camada de células ganglionares em pacientes diabéticos sem retinopatia: relacionados ou não à espessura macular total?

ABSTRACT Purpose: Reduction of ganglion cell layer thickness may occur in diabetic patients without retinopathy. The relationships of this preclinical finding with retinal thickness or reduced parafoveal vessel density have not been established. This study investigated the relationships of ganglion cell layer thickness with retinal thickness and parafoveal vessel density in patients with and without diabetes. Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional, prospective study that used optical coherence tomography angiography to compare non-diabetic patients (group 1) with diabetic patients without retinopathy (group 2). Ganglion cell layer thickness, macular thickness, and parafoveal vessel density (central, inner, and complete) medians were compared between groups (Mann-Whitney U test), and their relationships were assessed in each group (Spearman Rho test). Results: In total, 68 eyes were included in this study: 34 in group 1 and 34 in group 2. Ganglion cell layer thickness did not differ between groups in any sector. There were strong positive correlations between fields 2 (superior parafoveal), 3 (temporal parafoveal), and 4 (inferior parafoveal) of the optical coherence tomography macular thickness map and the ganglion cell layer thickness in all sectors in both groups. Central vessel density mean was lower in diabetic patients. In group 1 alone, thickness changes in the inferior and nasal inferior ganglion cell layer sectors were partially explained by inner vessel density (r2=0.32 and r2=0.27). Conclusions: Mean ganglion cell layer thickness was not lower in diabetic patients without retinopathy than in non-diabetic patients. Moreover, it exhibited a substantial correlation with total macular thickness. Parafoveal vessel density decreased before ganglion cell layer thinning was observed.

RESUMO Objetivo: Pode ocorrer redução da espessura da camada de células ganglionares em pacientes diabéticos sem retinopatia. As relações desse achado pré-clínico com a espessura da retina ou a densidade reduzida de vasos parafoveais não foram estabelecidas. Este estudo investigou as relações da espessura da camada de células ganglionares com a espessura da retina e densidade dos vasos parafoveais em pacientes com e sem diabetes. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, observacional, transversal que utilizou angiotomografia de coerência óptica para comparar pacientes não diabéticos (grupo 1) com pacientes diabéticos sem retinopatia (grupo 2). As médias da espessura da camada de células ganglionares, espessura macular e densidade dos vasos parafoveais (central, interno e completo) foram comparadas entre os grupos (teste U de Mann-Whitney) e suas relações foram avaliadas em cada grupo (Teste de Spearman Rho). Resultados: No total, 68 olhos foram incluídos neste estudo: 34 no grupo 1 e 34 no grupo 2. A espessura da camada de células ganglionares não diferiu entre os grupos em nenhum setor. Houve fortes correlações positivas entre os campos 2 (parafoveal superior), 3 (parafoveal temporal) e 4 (parafoveal inferior) do mapa da espessura macular da tomografia de coerência óptica e a espessura da camada de células ganglionares em todos os setores dos dois grupos. A média da densidade central dos vasos foi menor nos pacientes diabéticos. Somente no grupo 1, as alterações de espessura da camada de células ganglionares nos setores inferior e nasal inferior foram parcialmente explicadas pela densidade do vaso interno (r2=0,32 e r2=0,27). Conclusões: A média da espessura da camada de células ganglionares não foi menor em pacientes diabéticos sem retinopatia do que em pacientes não diabéticos. Além disso, exibiu uma correlação substancial com a espessura macular total. A densidade dos vasos parafoveais diminui antes do desbaste da camada de células ganglionares.

Acciones pedagógicas para perfeccionar la actividad científico-estudiantil en la Facultad de Estomatología / Pedagogical actions to improve student scientific activity in the Dental School

Introducción: Para cumplimentar la misión de la universidad cubana, preparar al profesional para su desempeño exitoso en la sociedad, es imprescindible la integración dialéctica de los procesos sustantivos: académico, laboral y extensionista con la investigación. Objetivo: Elaborar acciones pedagógicas para perfeccionar la actividad científico-estudiantil. Métodos: Investigación en el campo de la educación médica con los estudiantes de la Facultad de Estomatología "Raúl González Sánchez" en el curso 2016- 2017. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: el análisis y síntesis de la bibliografía consultada y la revisión documental. También se realizaron entrevistas grupales a estudiantes y profesores deldepartamento de Informática, una encuesta a profesores de otros departamentos. Los datos fueron procesados utilizando la estadística descriptiva y se presentaron en números absolutos y porcientos. Resultados: El 79,6 por ciento y 96,8 por ciento de los estudiantes expresó que no está preparado para investigar y poca disponibilidad de computadoras y acceso a Internet respectivamente, 91,3 por ciento manifestaron falta de motivación. Entre las acciones pedagógicas propuestas estuvieron la implementación de cursos sobre en el currículo optativo/electivo, la incorporación de estudiantes a proyectos de investigación de los profesores y creación del Grupo Científico Estudiantil (GCE) de la facultad. Conclusiones: La actividad científica-estudiantil no ha alcanzado los resultados esperados. Las acciones pedagógicas que se proponen, con el fin de perfeccionar los resultados de la actividad científica-estudiantil, permiten a los profesores y directivos de la facultad, contar con una guía actualizada para orientar el trabajo hacia el logro de mejores resultados de la actividad científica estudiantil en la institución(AU)

Introduction: In order to complete the mission of the Cuban university and to prepare the professionals for their successful performance in the society, it is essential the dialectical integration of the substantive processes (academic, work-related and university outreach) with research. Objective: To elaborate pedagogical actions to perfect the student scientific activity. Methods: Research carried out in the field of medical education with the students of Raúl González Sánchez Dental School, during the academic year 2016-2017. The theoretical methods include analysis and synthesis of the consulted bibliography and document review. Group interviews were also conducted on students and professors from the IT department, together with a survey on professors from other departments. The data were processed using descriptive statistics and presented in absolute and percentage numbers. Results: 79.6 por ciento and 96.8 por ciento of the students expressed that they are not ready to investigate and that there is scarce availability of computers and Internet access, respectively. 91.3 por ciento noted lack of motivation. The proposed pedagogical actions include the implementation of courses on the optional and elective curricula, the incorporation of students to research projects by the professors, and the creation of the Student Scientific Group (GCE) in the School. Conclusions: Student scientific activity has not achieved the expected results. The pedagogical actions proposed for improving the outcome of student scientific activity allow the professors and directors of the School to have updated guidelines for working towards the achievement of better outcome as part of the student scientific activity in the institution(AU)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and severe maternal morbidity: is there an association?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among women experiencing a severe maternal morbidity event and associated factors in comparison with those without maternal morbidity. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study, 803 women with or without severe maternal morbidity were evaluated at 6 months to 5 years postpartum for the presence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Interviews were conducted by telephone and electronic data was stored. Data analysis was carried out by using χ2, Fisher's Exact test, and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: There was no significant change in the prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder related to a previous severe maternal morbidity experience. There were also no differences in diagnostic criteria for severe maternal morbidity (hypertensive syndromes, hemorrhage, surgical intervention or intensive care unit admission required, among other management criteria). Low parity (2.5-fold risk) and increasing age were factors associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. CONCLUSIONS: A severe maternal morbidity episode is not associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms within five years of the severe maternal morbidity event and birth. However, a more advanced maternal age and primiparity increased the risk of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. This does not imply that women who had experienced a severe maternal morbidity event did not suffer or need differentiated care.

Aproximaciones sobre el panorama epidemiológico en América Latina durante cinco siglos / Approaches of the epidemiological view in Latin America during five centuries

Hace apenas 524 años la vida de los habitantes del continente americano cambió radicalmente, luego de la conquista y colonización europea. No se sabe mucho de la idea que tenían los pueblos prehispánicos sobre la salud pública; ni siquiera se sabe con certeza qué enfermedades padecían los nativos americanos antes del descubrimiento del continente. La historia de los pueblos surgidos de la conquista en relación a las políticas de salud ha estado marcada por los intereses políticos, pero sobre todo económicos de los países colonizadores. Este, es un recuento breve de esa historia.

Since 524 years ago the life of the inhabitants of the Americas changed radically after the conquest and European colonization. Not much is known of the idea faced by prehispanic peoples on public health; not even know with certainty which diseases suffered American natives before the discovery of the continent. The history of peoples emerged from the conquest in relation to health policy has been marked by political but above all economic interests of countries colonizers. This is a brief account of that history.

The effect of maternal near miss on adverse infant nutritional outcomes

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between self-reported maternal near miss and adverse nutritional status in children under one year of age. METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis of a study in which women who took their children under one year of age to the national vaccine campaign were interviewed. The self-reported condition of maternal near miss used the criteria of Intensive Care Unit admission; eclampsia; blood transfusion and hysterectomy; and their potential associations with any type of nutritional disorder in children, including deficits in weight-for-age, deficits in height-for-age, obesity and breastfeeding. The rates of near miss for the country, regions and states were initially estimated. The relative risks of infant adverse nutritional status according to near miss and maternal/childbirth characteristics were estimated with their 95% CIs using bivariate and multiple analyses. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of near miss was 2.9% and was slightly higher for the Legal Amazon than for other regions. No significant associations were found with nutritional disorders in children. Only a 12% decrease in overall maternal breastfeeding was associated with near miss. Living in the countryside and child over 6 months of age increased the risk of altered nutritional status by approximately 15%, while female child gender decreased this risk by 30%. Maternal near miss was not associated with an increased risk of any alteration in infant nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between maternal near miss and altered nutritional status in children up to one year of age. The risk of infant adverse nutritional status was greater in women living in the countryside, for children over 6 months of age and for male gender.

Eritema nudoso como forma de presentación del lupus eritematoso sistémico. A propósito de un caso / Erythema nodosum as a presentation form of the systemic lupus erythematosus. A propos of a case

El eritema nudoso es una reacción cutánea considerada una respuesta inmunológica inespecífica, determinada por un amplio espectro de agentes etiológicos, siendo el idiopático el tipo más frecuente. Presenta mayor incidencia en mujeres y en las estaciones de primavera e invierno. Pertenece al grupo de las paniculitis y consiste en la aparición de nódulos agudos dolorosos en superficies de extensión de las piernas. La sintomatología asociada incluye fiebre, malestar general, diarrea, cefalea, conjuntivitis, tos, mialgias y artralgias. Para establecer un tratamiento adecuado, es importante identificar y tratar las enfermedades o infecciones asociadas. El resto del tratamiento es sintomático e incluye medidas generales y antiinflamatorios. Estas lesiones no dejan cicatrices y el pronóstico es excelente en la mayoría de los pacientes tratados. Se presentó el caso de un hombre de 54 años de edad, cuya patología tegumentaria está asociada a un lupus eritematoso sistémico, con una evolución satisfactoria.

The erythema nodosum is a cutaneous reaction considered an unspecific immunologic answer, determined by a wide range of etiologic agents, being the idiopathic type the most frequent one. It has more incidences in women and in spring and winter times. It belongs to the group of the panniculitis and is the apparition of painful acute nodules in extension surfaces of the legs. The associated symptoms include fever, general malaise, diarrhea, headache, conjunctivitis, cough, myalgia and arthralgia. Identifying and treating the associated diseases and infections is important to establish an adequate treatment. The rest of the treatment is symptomatic and includes anti-inflammatory and general measures. These lesions do not leave scars and the prognosis is excellent in most of the treated patients. The case of a male patient aged 54 years was presented; his tegumental pathology was associated to a systemic lupus erythematosus with a satisfactory evolution.

Pioderma gangrenoso. Presentación de un caso / Gangrenous pyoderma. Case presentation

El pioderma gangrenoso es una enfermedad de etiología desconocida, con variedad de manifestaciones clínicas especialmente cutáneas, de difícil diagnóstico, de evolución crónica, con exacerbaciones y remisiones frecuentes, en la cual no existe un tratamiento de elección efectivo, por lo que su respuesta a la terapia es muy variable. Se presentó el caso de una mujer, mestiza, de 64 años de edad, con antecedentes patológicos personales de gastritis, hipertensión arterial y cardiopatía isquémica, con un año de evolución de una lesión ulcerada en primer artejo de pie derecho, con fracasos terapéuticos anteriores al diagnóstico. Se le realizaron estudios hematológicos e histopatológico, confirmándose un pioderma gangrenoso, que respondió favorablemente a la terapia con prednisona, dapsona y oxigenación hiperbárica.

The gangrenous pyoderma is a disease of unknown etiology, with various clinical manifestations, especially cutaneous ones, of difficult diagnosis, chronic evolution and frequent exacerbations and remissions. There is not an effective elective treatment, so the answer to therapy is very variable. We presented the case of a female patient, mestiza, aged 64 years, with personal pathological antecedents of gastritis, arterial hypertension and ischemic cardiopathy, showing a year of evolution ulcerous lesion on the first joint of the right foot with therapeutic failures before the diagnosis. We ordered hematologic and histopathologic studies confirming a gangrenous pyoderma that favorably answered to the therapy with prednisone, dapsone and hyperbaric oxygenation.

Interleucina-1ß, crisis convulsivas y muerte neuronal / Interleukin-1ß, seizures and neuronal cell death

La epilepsia es un trastorno neurológico que afecta aproximadamente al 1% de la población mundial. Estudios realizados en humanos y animales de experimentación sugieren que mediadores de inflamación, como las citocinas, participan en la fisiopatología de la epilepsia; entre ellos, la interleucina-1beta (IL-1ß) podría participar en la susceptibilidad para generar crisis convulsivas así como en la muerte neuronal causada por las convulsiones, aunque algunos hallazgos son contradictorios. En este documento se revisa el conocimiento actual que establece una relación entre la IL-1ß, las crisis convulsivas y la muerte neuronal.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder affecting almost 1% of the world population. Experimental human and animal studies suggest that inflammation mediators, like cytokines, participate in the physiopathology of epilepsy. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß) could influence susceptibility for seizures, as well as neuronal death caused by seizures, although some findings are contradictory. This document reviews the current knowledge establishing a connection between IL-1ß, seizures and neuronal death.

Diversidad antigénica de las vacunas antiparotiditicas / Antigenic diversity of vaccines againts mumps

La parotiditis es una enfermedad infecciosa inmunoprevenible  causada por el virus de la parotiditis, miembro del género Rubulavirus, familia Paramyxoviridae, del cual se conocen 12 genotipos confirmados, designados como A-L y otro nuevo genotipo designado como M. Las vacunas anti-parotiditis por lo general,  se fabrican empleando virus vivo atenuado de alguno de estos genotipos y están  disponibles como monovalente (parotiditis) y trivalente (sarampión-rubéola-parotiditis). A pesar de los programas de vacunación implementados por muchos países, se han presentado brotes de parotiditis en forma epidémica en la cual se ha detectado co-circulación de genotipos entre poblaciones vacunadas. Entre las posibles explicaciones  están: el fracaso primario a la vacunación, pérdida de efectividad secundaria e infección por virus heterólogos. Como consecuencia la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha recomendado estudios moleculares epidemiológicos, que incluya la genotipificación de cepas circulantes del virus de la parotiditis, como parte del programa de vigilancia. Esto permitirá una mayor información de la distribución de los genotipos en todo el mundo, contribuyendo a la vigilancia de la parotiditis y posiblemente en la reformulación de vacunas más eficaces. Esta revisión muestra la importancia que tiene la caracterización molecular  o genotipificación del virus de la parotiditis, con el propósito de comprender y explicar el comportamiento epidemiológico de esta enfermedad que ha sido ampliamente controlada por la aplicación sistemática de la vacuna a nivel mundial.

Mumps is a vaccine-preventable infectious disease, caused by mumps virus, member of Rubulavirus genus, Paramyxoviridae family, has been classified into 12 confirmed genotypes, designated as A-L and one proposed genotype, M. Usually the anti-mumps vaccines are manufactured using attenuated live virus genotypes and any of these are available as monovalent (mumps) and trivalent (measles-mumps-rubella). Although vaccination programs implemented by many countries, there have been outbreaks of mumps in epidemic form, in which has been detected co-circulation of genotypes among vaccinated populations. Possible explanations are: the primary vaccination failure, loss of high effectiveness and heterologous virus infection. Because of this, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended molecular epidemiological studies, including genotyping of circulating strains of mumps virus as part of the monitoring program. This information will allow greater distribution of genotypes worldwide, contributing to monitoring and possibly mumps reformulating more effective vaccines. This review shows the importance of molecular characterization and genotyping of mumps virus, in order to understand and explain the epidemiological behavior of the disease has been largely controlled by the systematic application of the vaccine worldwide.

Genetic diversity and structure of wild populations of the tropical dry forest tree Jacaratia Mexicana (Brassicales: Caricaceae) at a local scale in Mexico

The tropical dry forest is a greatly endangered ecosystem, from which Jacaratia mexicana is a native tree. With the aim to assess the levels of genetic variation and population structure, four wild populations of J. mexicana were studied in the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve, Morelos, Mexico. For this, DNA was extracted from 159 individuals and were amplified with six random primers using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). A total of 54 bands were obtained, of which 50 (92.6%) were polymorphic. The total genetic diversity found within the four populations was 0.451 when estimated by Shannon’s index. An AMOVA analysis showed that 84% of the total genetic variation was found within populations and 16% was among populations. The UPGMA dendrogram showed that all individuals from one of the populations (Huaxtla) formed one distinct genetic group, while the rest of the individuals did not cluster according to population. A Mantel test did not show an association between genetic and geographical distances among populations (r=0.893, p=0.20). A Bayesian cluster analysis performed with STRUCTURE, showed that the most probable number of genetic groups in the data was four (K=4), and confirmed the distinctness of Huaxtla population. Our results showed that important genetic differentiation among populations can occur even at this small geographic scale and this has to be considered in conservation actions for this genetic resource.

Jacaratia mexicana es un árbol nativo del bosque tropical seco, que es considerado el tipo de vegetación en mayor riesgo de desaparecer completamente. Se utilizaron polimorfismos de ADN amplificados al azar (RAPD, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA), para evaluar los niveles de variación y estructura genética en cuatro poblaciones silvestres de J. mexicana en la Reserva de la Biósfera Sierra de Huautla (Morelos, México). Se amplificó el ADN de 159 individuos utilizando seis oligonucleótidos (“primers”) aleatorios. Se obtuvieron en total 54 bandas, de las cuales 50 (92.6%) fueron polimórficas. La diversidad genética total que se encontró en las cuatro poblaciones de J. mexicana fue de 0.451 de acuerdo con el índice de Shannon. Un análisis de varianza molecular (AMOVA) mostró que el 84% de la variación genética total se encuentra dentro de las poblaciones y el 16% entre las poblaciones. Un dendrograma construido mediante el algoritmo UPGMA mostró que los individuos de una población (Huaxtla) formaron un grupo, mientras que el resto de los individuos no se agruparon de acuerdo a su población de origen. Una prueba de Mantel no mostró una asociación entre las distancias genéticas y geográficas entre las poblaciones (r=0.893, p=0.20). Un análisis de agrupamiento Bayesiano realizado mediante STRUCTURE mostró que el número más probable de grupos genéticos es cuatro (K=4) y confirmó la diferenciación de la población Huaxtla. Nuestros resultados muestran que una considerable diferenciación genética entre poblaciones puede existir incluso a esta escala geográfica, lo cual es de interés para la conservación de este recurso genético.

Antropologia, etnografia e narrativa: caminhos que se cruzam na compreensão do processo saúde-doença / Anthropology, ethnography, and narrative: intersecting paths in understanding the processes of health and sickness

Discorre sobre antropologia, método etnográfico e narrativa como possibilidades de acessar os sentidos atribuídos e a experiência dos sujeitos. De uma perspectiva antropológica, o universo sociocultural é tomado como referência para a compreensão do significado do processo saúde-doença, através de uma descrição etnográfica densa, cuja análise tem inspiração interpretativista. Nesse contexto, as narrativas revelam-se como possibilidades para a compreensão do modo como as experiências humanas subjetivas são compartilhadas e de como são organizados os comportamentos, enfatizando-se o significado, o processo de produção de histórias, as relações entre o narrador e os demais sujeitos, os processos de conhecimento e a multiplicidade de formas para se captar experiências.

The article discusses anthropology, ethnographic method, and narrative as possible ways of coming to know subjects' experiences and the feelings they attribute to them. From an anthropological perspective, the sociocultural universe is taken as a point of reference in understanding the meaning of the processes of health and sickness, using a dense ethnographic description from an interpretivist analytical approach. In this context, narratives afford possible paths to understanding how subjective human experiences are shared and how behavior is organized, with a special focus on meaning, the process by which stories are produced, relations between narrator and other subjects, processes of knowledge, and the manifold ways in which experience can be captured.