The study of the diagnostic value of determination of serum aquaporin-4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein in primary brain tumor / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction@#According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020, brain and central nervous system (CNS) cancers account for 2% of all newly diagnosed cancers in the world and 1.5% in Mongolia. Approximately 85-90% of all brain and other CNS tumors were diagnosed primary brain tumor. In 2019, the average 5 year survival probability was 50% for other cancers and 11% for the primary brain tumors. There were 28 patients with primary brain tumor and 33 relatively healthy individuals in our study. @*Goal@#To study the diagnostic value of serum aquaporin-4 and glial fibrous acidic protein in the diagnosis of primary brain cancer@*Material and Methods@#The Department of Neurosurgery at Third central hospital included 28 patients with primary brain cancer and 33 relatively healthy people. The study was conducted under the permission of the Medical Ethics Review Committee of the Ministry of Health on June 19, 2019 №119. Serum aquaporin-4 and glial fibrous acidic protein content was determined by the ELISA kits method using the human aquaporin-4 and glial fibrous acid protein test kit of the Chinese company “Sanlong”. The level is assumed to be true if the p value is less than 0.05.@*Results@#Mean age of the all participants was 42.9±16.5, 64% female and 36% male. Serum aquaporin-4 protein levels were 175.71±13.3 pg/ml and serum glial fibrilliary acidic protein levels were 2.682±0.218 ng/ml in patient with primary brain tumor. Serum aquaporin-4 protein and glial fibrilliary acidic protein levels were statistically significant high (p<0.001) in patient with primary brain tumor. Serum aquaporin-4 protein and glial fibrilliary acidic protein level differences were statistically significant (p<0.05) in benign and malignant tumor. There was no statistically significant correlation between serum aquaporin-4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein level and primary brain tumor grade.

Peripheral blood differential count of white blood cells in blood donor / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Background@#Establishment of quantitative reference intervals of white blood cells and its subpopulations using a high accuracy analytic system is essential for clinical medicine, public health, and anthropology. We are unable to identify peer-reviewed literature sources describing white blood cell counts and their subpopulations using monoclonal antibodies to specific surface antigens in healthy Mongolians. This study aimed to measure the counts of white blood cells and their subpopulations in healthy Mongolians using flowcytometry. @*Materials and Methods@#The absolute number (cell/L) of leukocytes (CD45+), granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes were measured by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting Assay (MACSQuant Analyzer 10) in 287 blood donors (158 males and 129 females) 17-64 years of age (mean age 33.1±12.4). Peripheral blood samples were collected at the time of blood donation at the National Center for Transfusion Medicine.@*Results@#The mean values of leukocytes and granulocytes were lower in donors over 30 years of age (ANOVA: F=4.408, p=0.002 and F=5.685, p=0.001) and regression analysis demonstrated indirect correlation between counts of these cells and age of donors (r= - 0.198, p=0.001 and r=-0.221, p=0.001, respectively). Gender-related differences in white blood cell counts were not found.</br> Mean value of lymphocyte count in donors investigated in spring (May and March, n = 87; 2224.6±775.3) was significantly higher than those in winter (December – February, n=180; 1613.2±454.3, p=0.001) and autumn (October, n=20; 1576.1±438.6, p= 0.001). </br> Comparing of our findings with the data from available literature shown that healthy Mongolians have lower leukocyte count compared with Koreans, Chinese Han population and lower mean value of lymphocyte count comparing with Korean, Chinese Han population, and Arabian (Saudi Arabia) populations.

The effect of musk on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction @#In recent years, there has been a significant increase of cerebrovascular disease in Mongolia, which is the second leading cause of mortality. There are dozens of Mongolian traditional medicine which is good efficiency for cerebral ischemia that contains musk.@*Aim@#Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of musk under the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats.@*Materials and Methods@#Cerebral middle cerebral artery occlusion was established in male rat (90-minute occlusion followed by 24-hour reperfusion). Rats were divided into following groups: control group, ischemia group (cerebral ischemia and reperfusion), nimodipine administrated group (cerebral ischemia and reperfusion + treated with nimodipine), musk administrated group (cerebral ischemia and reperfusion + musk 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg). The brain tissue levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 cytokines were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) every 1, 3, 7th days.@*Results@#Levels of cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6) were significantly lower in musk treated group compared to brain ischemia group (p<0.05). In contrast, treatment with musk was significantly improved neurological function with stimulation of M2 phenotype microglia cells and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine level of IL-10 in the ischemic hemisphere of brain in rats@*Conclusion@#The mechanisms of musk are associated with increasing the brain tissue levels of IL-10, and reducing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 subsequently stimulating neurogenesis and reduced ischemic zone. Musk may have neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia with stimulating M2 phenotype microglia cells in the brain. Regarding the ELISA, the effects of musk may be due to anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of some of proinflammatory cytokines and stimulation of anti- inflammatory cytokines.

The key role of transcription factors on the innate immunity reaction / Эрүүл мэндийн лаборатори

Background@#The effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on valproic acid (VPA)-induced cell death was examined by using mouse RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. @*Materials and methods, results@#LPS inhibited the activation of caspase 3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and prevented VPA-induced apoptosis. LPS inhibited VPA-induced p53 activation and pifithrin-α as a p53 inhibitor as well as LPS prevented VPA-induced apoptosis. LPS abolished the increase of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, which is a critical indicator of p53-mediated mitochondrial damage, in response to VPA. The nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitors, Bay 11-7082 and parthenolide, abolished the preventive action of LPS on VPA-induced apoptosis. A series of toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, Pam3CSK4, poly I:C, and CpG DNA as well as LPS prevented VPA-induced apoptosis. @*Conclusion@#Taken together, LPS was suggested to prevent VPA-induced apoptosis via activation of anti-apoptotic NF-κB and inhibition of pro-apoptotic p53 activation.

Inhibitory action of Lipopolysaccharide-induced signal transductions by Valproic acid / Эрүүл мэндийн лаборатори

Introduction@#Valproic acid (VPA) has been used in the treatment of seizures and bipolar disorders. In the present study, we examined how VPA affected PI3K-Akt pathway in response to LPS by using mouse RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.@*Material and methods@#Mouse RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells cultured and the cell viability checked by MTT and TUNEL assay. In addition, protein expression and protein interaction were detected by immune blotting and immune precipitation, respectively. TLR4 expression on cell surface studied by FACS analysis.@*Results@#The MTT and TUNEL assays demonstrated no significant difference between VPA at 2 mM treated and untreated control cells. VPA attenuated LPS-induced phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt, but not nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs). There was no significant difference in the TLR4 expression on the cell surface between cells treated with or without VPA. VPA inhibited LPS-induced PI3K/Akt signal transduction in a dose dependent manner.@*Conclusion@#VPA at 2mM exhibits nontoxic effect in the RAW 264.7 cells. VPA down regulates LPS-induced phosphorylation of Akt via inhibition of PI3K activation.

Study on influence of the CpG DNA on activation of IFN-γ signaling transduction regulatory proteins / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction@#When human body encounters external pathogens primary/innate immunity cells are activated by recognizing them and secondary/adaptive immunity is activated consecutively. In our previous study, we revealed that there is a synergistic action between TLR9 and IFN-γ signaling in the endothelial cells. @*Purpose@#To determine the role of negative and positive regulator proteins on the IFN-γ/TLR9 signaling pathway. @*Methods@#In this study, murine endothelial cell (END-D) culture was used. END-D cells pre-treated with TLR9 ligand CpG DNA and then stimulated with IFN-γ. The negative (SHP-2, SOCS1, PIAS1) and positive (p38) regulator protein expression was detected by Western blotting. @*Results and Conclusion@#Treatment by TLR9 ligand CpG DNA and IFN-γ increased positive regulator p38 phosphorylation in 0.5 hour. CpG DNA inhibited IFN-γ negative regulator PIAS1 protein expression in 6 hour and SOCS1 and SHP-2 expression could not affect in 4 hour.

Role of negative regulators on the TLR7 ligand/IFN-γ signaling in the endothelial cells / Эрүүл мэндийн лаборатори

Introduction@#Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that key role in the innate immune system. The SOCS1 and SHP2 proteins are negative-feed loop inhibitors of signaling of JAK/STAT and TLRs pathways.@*Purpose@#To determine negative regulator protein activation which is activated through TLR7 ligand/IFN-γ signal transduction in endothelial cells. @*Methods@#We used mouse aortic linear endothelial cell (END-D); protein expressio was detected by western blotting @*Results@#We analyzed a time dependent stimulation effects of negative regulator proteins stimulated by TLR7 ligand/IFN-γ in endothelial cell cultures. Imiquimod of 10 μg/ml treatment of 1 hr was followed by 100 ng/ml IFN-γ stimulation for 1-8hr to analysis of negative regulator SOCS1 and SHP2 protein expression. </br> In untreated cells, there was low activations of negative regulator SOCS1 and SHP2 proteins. IFN-γ stimulation alone had increased SOCS1 and SHP2 protein expressions, also imiquimod treatment highly <i>elevated</i> SOCS1 and SHP2 expressions. However imiquimod and IFN-γ doubled treatment have decreased activation of negative regulator SOCS1 and SHP2 proteins. These findings suggest SOCS1 and SHP2 proteins are inhibitors in the TLR7 ligand/IFN-γ signaling. @*Conclusion@#Negative regulators, SOCS1 and SHP2 strongly suppressed activations of TLR7 ligand/IFN-γ signaling

The effect of regulator proteins on the IFN-γ/TLR9 synergistic signal transduction / Эрүүл мэндийн лаборатори

Introduction@#When human body encounters external pathogens primary/innate immunity cells are activated by recognizing them and secondary/adaptive immunity is activated consecutively. Immune cell surface receptors, called Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize and bind pathogens. In our previous study, we revealed that there is a synergistic action between TLR9 and IFN-γ signaling in the endothelial cells.@*Purpose@#To determine the role of negative and positive regulatory proteins on the IFN-γ/TLR9 synergistic signaling pathway@*Materials and Methods@#This study was held in the Core Laboratory, Science Technology Center, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS). In this study, murine endothelial cell (END-D) culture was used. The negative and positive regulator protein expression was detected by Western blotting. @*Result@#Result of immunoblotting assay indicated that CpG DNA enhanced IFN-γ positive regulator protein p38 phosphorylation in the endothelial cells. Treatment by TLR9 ligand CpG DNA and IFN-γ increased p38 activation in 0.5 hour and 1 hour. CpG DNA inhibited IFN-γ negative regulator SOCS1 protein expression in 4 hr and 8 hr. Therefore, TLR9 ligand CpG DNA increased IFN-γ signal transduction in the endothelial cell line.@*Conclusion@#TLR9 ligand CpG DNA has decreased IFN-γ negative regulator protein SOCS1 expression. CpG DNA has increased IFN-γ positive regulator protein p38 phosphorylation.

Urtica Dioica L. effect on hair growth / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction@#Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) belongs to the family of Urticaceae. Three species of Urticaceae (Urtica cannabina, Urtica angustifolia, Urtica dioica L) was grown in Mongolia. U. dioica has recently been shown to have antibacterial, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-colitis, anticancer and antiAlzheimer activities. Flavonoids, tannins, scopoletin, sterols, fatty acids, polysaccharides, isolectins and sterols are phytochemicals which are reported from this plant. But effect of hair growth is unclear yet. @*Goal@#We investigated the effect of Urtica dioica L extracts on hair growth by using in-vitro and ex-vivo study methods.@*Materials and Methods@#Human single hair follicle and dermal papilla cells obtained from scalp skin samples of healthy volunteers. We evaluated the effect of Urtica Dioica L on hDPCs and on ex-vivo hair follicle organ culture. Hair follicle matrix cell’s proliferation marker Ki-67 identified by immunoflurescence staining. @*Result@#Urtica Dioica L ethanol extracts promoted elongation of the hair shaft and reduced catagen transition of human hair follicles in organ culture model. E.extract of Urtica Dioica L increased Ki-67 positive matrix keratinocytes.@*Conclusion@#Urtica Dioica L ethanol extract enhanced human hair growth in ex-vivo organ culture model. Needed future study to investigate the related mechanism of hair growth.

The effect of TLR9 ligand on IFN-ү signaling / Эрүүл мэндийн лаборатори

Introduction@#The aim of this research project is to elucidate the crosstalk of innate and adaptive immune reactions against the DNA containing bacteria.@*@#This study held in the Core laboratory, Science Technology Center, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS). Murine aortal endothelial cells, END-D cultured and the cell viability checked by MTT assay. In addition, the NO production, protein and gene expression studied by Griess Reagent assay, R.T-PCR and immunoblotting, respectively. @*Results@#0.1µM, 1µM and 10µM of TLR9 ligand exhibited no cytotoxic action against the cells by MTT assay. IFN-ү alone induced NO production in END-D cells. In the other hand, TLR9 ligand at 0.1µM, 1µM and 10µM up-regulated IFN-ү induced NO production in dose dependent manner. RTPCR results exhibit that TLR9 ligand up regulates iNOS mRNA. Immunoblotting analysis showed the enhanced iNOS protein expression and phosphorylation of STAT1 in cells pre-treated with TLR9 ligand.@*Discussion@#We have demonstrated CpG DNA, TLR9 ligand, up-regulates IFN-ү induced NO via enhanced IFN-ү signaling. The result of Western Blotting and RT-PCR support the up-regulation of NO. CpG DNA can be used as agent against virus and bacteria. Further research need to be conducted. @*Conclusion@#TLR9 ligand, CpG DNA up-regulates IFN-ү induced NO production in time and dose dependent manner. TLR9 ligand augments the expression of iNOS mRNA and STAT1 phosphorylation in response to IFN-ү.

EFFECT OF TLR7 LIGAND ON SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION OF INTERFERON GAMMA / Шинэ санаа Шинэ нээлт

@#BACKGROUND: Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that key role in the innate immune system. TLR7 is expressed on monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, T cell, B cell and eosinophiles. TLR7, originally identified as recognizing imidaquinoline, loxibrine, broprimine and ssRNA, ssRNA viruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus, influenza A virus and human immunodefiency virus. It is known that virus ssRNA affects signaling molecule of IFN-y. Objective: To determine gene and protein activation of IFN-y signal transduction by TLR7 ligand in the endothelial cells. MATERIAL: In study we used mouse aortic linear endothelial cell which is cultured (END-D) in 5% heat- inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS), medium (DMEM) containing antibiotic mix(penicillin G, streptomycin, amphotericin B) at 37°C (5% CO2). Endothelial cells treated with synthetic IFN-γ and imiquimodligands, then the NO (nitric oxide) concentration in the supernatant is determined by Griess reagent. Endothelial cells are cultured in 6 well cell culture plate and in each well 2*104cells are expected to be grown for 24 hours of culture. Then, the cells are treated with synthetic IFN-γ and имиквимод ligand for 6 hours and the NO signaling gene activation iNOS mRNA expression which is induced by IFN-γ is determined by RT-qPCR. Endothelial cells are cultured in 12 well cell culture plate and in each well 2*104 cells are expected to be grown for 18 hours of culture. Then, the cells are treated with synthetic IFN-γ and imiquimodligands for 24 hours and the NO signaling protein iNOS expression which is induced by IFN-γ is determined by western blotting. The experiment was conducted as representation mean of at least three test results. The difference between statistical probabilities is determined by the “Students” t test. The p<0.01 value is assumed to be statistically different. RESULTS: TLR7 ligand imiquimodaugmented interferon gamma induced nitric oxide production TLR7 ligand imiquimodincreased interferon gamma induced iNOS mRNA gene expression. TLR7 ilgand imiquimodup-regulated interferon gamma induced iNOS protein expression. CONCLUSIONS: TLR7 ligand imiquimod augments IFN-γ signaling in the endothelial cells. This synergistic effect has revealed in the levels of gene and protein expression.

Systemic Causes of Vertigo

Системийн олон тооны шалтгаанүүд нь үүдэвчийн тогтолцооны төвийн болон захын бүтцэд эсвэл хоёуланд нь нөлөөлж толгойн эргэлт үүсгэдэг. Эдгээр шалтгаануудад эмийн, гипотензи, пресинкоп, халдварын өвчин, дотоод шүүрлийн, васкулит зэрэг олон бүлэг шалтгаан багтдаг. толгойн эргэлт үүсгэх нөлөөтэй эмийн бодисуудыг вестибулотоксик эмүүд гэх бөгөөд жинхэнэ толгойн эргэлт бий болгож болно. Пресинкоп, байршлын гипотензи нь толгойн эргэлт үүсгэх нь маш элбэг. Пресинкоп нь ухаан алдах гэж байгаагаа мэдэрч буй байдал юм. Өвчтөнд нүд харанхуйлах, хөл нугаларах, царай цайх, хүйтэн хөлс гарах шинжүүд илрэнэ. Жинхэнэ толгойн эргэлтээс ялгаатай нь хөдөлгөөний гажуудал үүсэхгүй. Ортостатик гипотензи гэдэг нь 3 минут зогсоо байрлалд байхад систолын даралт 20мм муб-аас, диастолын даралт 10мм муб-аас доошгүйгээр буурахыг хэлнэ. Энэ нь шинж тэмдэгтэй буюу шинж тэмдэггүй байж болно. Шинж тэмдэг бүхий ортостатик гипотензийн үед даралт их хэмжээгээр буурах нь олон. Толгойн эргэлт үүсгэдэг дотоод шүүрлийн эмгэгт чихрийн шижин, бамбай булчирхайн дутагдал (гипотиреоз) ордог. Чихрийн шижин нь вегетатив невропати, ортостатик гипотензи үүсгэдэг. Гипотиреозын үеийн толгойн эргэлт өвөрмөц шалтгаангүй ч вестибулопати, сонсгол буурах эмгэгүүдтэй хавсардаг. толгойн эргэлтийн хөдлөл нь зөвхөн 1 тогтолцооны алдагдал биш юм. Олон мэдрэхүйн дутмагшил нь баримжаалал, тэнцвэрийн алдагдалд хүргэж, толгойн эргэлт үүсгэнэ. Энэ нь хараа муудсан (cataracts), сонсгол муудсан (presbycusis), гүний мэдрэхүй алдагдсан (peripheral neuropathy) ахимаг настанд тохиолдох нь элбэг.

Symptoms, diagnosis and complex pathogenesis treatment of facial palsy

Судалгааны ажлын үндэслэл: Захын мэдрэлийн эмгэгийн дотроос нүүрний мэдрэлийн саа (НМС) аль ч насны хүмүүсийг хамран өвчлүүлж, нүүр царайны тэгш хэмийг алдагдуулан, үлдэц, сөрөг үр дагавар их өгдөгийн хувьд судлаачдын анхаарлыг ямагт татсаар ирсэн билээ. Монгол улсын хүн амын мэдрэлийн нийт өвчлөлийн бүтцэд захын мэдрэлийн өвчин тэргүүлэх байрыг эзэлж түүний дотор НМС захын мэдрэлийн өвчний бүтцэд хоёрдугаар байранд, мононевропатийн дотор нэгдүгээр байранд тус бүр орж байна. (В.О.Калина, М.А.Шустер 1970; В.С.Лобзин нар 1988; Г.Цагаанхүү, Д.Өлзийбаяр 1993). Мэдрэлийн клиникт хэвтэн эмчлүүлэгсдийн 28-33% нь нүүрний мэдрэлийн саатай өвчтөнүүд байдаг (Н.Д.Цацкина 1988). НМС-аар ихэвчлэн ид хөдөлмөрийн насны хүмүүс өвчилдгөөс хувь хүний хувьд төдийгүй улс нийгэмд эдийн засгийн үлэмжхэн хохирол учруулна. Нөгөө талаар НМС, түүний үлдэц байдал нь хүний гоо сайхан, гадаад төрх байдалд үлэмжийн өөрчлөлт өгдөгөөс хувь хүний нийгэмтэйгээ харьцах харьцаанд зохих хэмжээгээр нөлөөлдөг. Иймд НМС-ийн шалтгаан, нөхцөлдүүлэгч хүчин зүйл (НХЗ), оношлогоо, эмчилгээний асуудал нь шийдвэрлэвэл зохих тулгамдсан асуудлын нэг юм. НМС-ийн шалтгаан, НХЗ, эмгэг жамын асуудал Өрнө, Дорнын улс орнуудад нэлээд судлагдсан боловч нэгдсэн чиглэл одоог хүртэл тогтоогдоогүй, монгол орны хувьд бүр хөндөгдөөгүй асуудал бөгөөд шалтгаан, эмгэг жамын асуудал аль ч улс оронд бүрэн төгс шийдэгдээгүй, үүнийг тайлбарласан олон онол байдаг зэргээс шалтгаалан эмгэг жамын эмчилгээний талаар олон янзын үзэл бодол, эмчилгээний аргууд хэрэглэгдсээр байна. Түүнчлэн эмчилгээ оройтож хугацаа алдах, зарим тохиолдолд эмгэг жамын бус эмчилгээ хийгдэх зэрэг эмчилгээний заалтын алдаа гарснаас НМС гүнзгий үлдэц өгөх нь практикт нэлээд тохиолдож байгаа юм. Нүүрний мэдрэлийн үйл ажиллагааг мэдрэлийн тусгайлсан үзлэгээр тогтоохоос гадна энэ тухай хамгийн бодитой мэдээлэл өгдөг арга нь электронейромиографийн (ЭНМГ) арга юм. Энэ талын судалгаа манай орны хувьд хийгдэж байгаагүй бөгөөд нүүрний мэдрэлээр сэрэл дамжих хурд, дамжилтын нууц хугацааг тодорхойлж, монгол хүмүүсийн дундаж үзүүлэлтийг тогтоон, оношлогоо, эмчилгээнд хэрэглэх нь зайлшгүй шаардлагатай байна. Манай улсын хүн амын дунд тохиолдож буй НМС-ийн шалтгаан, эмгэг жамын хүчин зүйлсийн онцлог, байршлын оношийн асуудлыг судлан, эмгэг жамын эмчилгээг цогцолбор байдлаар шийдэх нь мэдрэл судлалын тулгамдсан асуудлын нэг болж байна.