Portación de Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxigénicos en manipuladores de alimentos / Carriage of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in food handlers

BACKGROUND: One of the most common pathogens causing alimentary toxi-infections is Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus). The presence of S aureus in food, indicates flaws during food manipulations. For this reason most sanitary norms require the detection of S aureus carriers. AIM: To determine the carriage rate of enterotoxin producing S aureus strains in food handlers, and to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility to six antimicrobial agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 102 food handlers from 19 restaurants in Santiago, were analyzed. Samples for microbiological analysis were obtained with a swab from the retropharynx. RESULTS: S aureus grew in 35 out of the 102 samples obtained (34 per cent). Further analysis revealed that 19/35 (54 per cent) strains were able to produce enterotoxins. Therefore the corrected carriage rate was 19 per cent (19/102). The most frequently detected enterotoxin was the type A (12/19). All S aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin and susceptible to oxacillin, clindamycin, kanamycin, vancomycin and linezolid. CONCLUSIONS: The carriage rate of S aureus in food handlers in similar to the rate reported in the general population in our country. These results confirm the need for education and training programs in food safety, directed to food handlers.

Disfunción endotelial como alteración primaria en las patologías vasculares / Endothelial dysfunction as a primary alteration in vascular diseases

Endothelium controls vascular smooth muscle tone by secreting relaxing and contracting factors. There is a constant release of endothelium derived relaxing factors, mainly nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator, inhibitor of platelet aggregation, monocyte adhesion and smooth muscle proliferation. In addition, the endothelium may increase the release of NO in response to humoral stimulation by vasoactive substances such as acetylcholine, bradikinin or substance P. Although the endothelium releases a number of products, no single blood test has yet proved useful to determine normal endothelial function or as early abnormalities. The most useful test of endothelial function relies on the meassurement of endothelium-dependent dilatation in response to pharmacological or physiologic stimuli. The alteration of this response is known as endothelial dysfunction and has been observed in a variety of circumstances related to cardiovascular risk. This review summarizes the evidence that sustains this association and emphasizes the clinical utility of assessing endothelial function presenting two clinical cases of hypercholesterolemia in which a high-resolution vascular ultrasound in the braquial artery was used