ABSTRACT
Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) plays an important role as a vector of different deadly diseases particularly dengue fever. Insecticides are used as a primary tool to control Ae. aegypti. However, due to the excessive use of insecticides on agricultural, public health, and industrial levels, mosquitoes have developed resistance. In this study, the current susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes against different insecticides (Temephos, DDT, dieldrin, Malathion, Bendiocarb, Permethrin, Cypermethrin, and Lambda-cyhalothrin) was evaluated in district Lahore and district Muzaffargarh of Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, WHO bioassays and biochemical assays were performed on Ae. aegypti population from Lahore (APLa) and Aedes population from Muzaffargarh (APMg). Results of APLa and APMg showed high levels of resistance against the larvicide Temephos. Resistance against all adulticides was also observed in APLa and APMg (% mortality < 98%). The biochemical assays indicated statistically significant elevated levels of detoxification enzymes in APLa and APMg. APLa showed slightly higher levels as compared to APMg. Mosquitoes were also screened for the presence of kdr mutations. The results revealed no mutation in domain II while the presence of mutation F1534C in domain III was found in both field populations. The results showed the presence of moderate to high grade resistance against all insecticides in Ae. aegypti in district Lahore and district Muzaffargarh of Punjab, Pakistan
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Abstract A feeding trial was carried out to assess the effect of dietary chromium supplementation on apparent nutrient digestibility coefficient (%) of gelatinized and non-gelatinized corn in Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings for 90 days. Using various levels of chromium chloride hexahydrate six test diets designated as T1 (G/0.0 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1), T2 (NG/0.0 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1), T3 (G/0.2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1), T4 (NG/0.2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1), T5 (G/0.4 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1) and T6 (NG/0.4 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1) were prepared. Results showed highest apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of nutrients dry matter, crude lipid and gross energy in test diet T5 that was gelatinized and supplemented with chromium 0.4 mg/Kg while, for crude protein higher value of nutrient digestibility was recorded in T3 test diet (G/0.2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg/Kg). It was concluded that chromium supplementation with gelatinized corn in fish (Cirrhinus mrigala) diet can improve the nutrients digestibility more efficiently.
Resumo Um experimento referente à alimentação foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da suplementação dietética de cromo, no coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente do nutriente (%) do milho gelatinizado e não gelatinizado em alevinos de Cirrhinus mrigala por 90 dias. Usando vários níveis de cloreto de cromo hexa-hidratado, seis dietas testes foram designadas e preparadas como: T1 (G/0,0 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1); T2 (NG/0,0 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1); T3 (G/0,2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1); T4 (NG/0,2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1); T5 (G/0,4 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1) e T6 (NG/0,4 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1). Os resultados mostraram maior coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) em matéria seca de nutrientes, lipídios brutos e energia bruta na dieta teste T5, que foi gelatinizada e suplementada com cromo 0,4 mg / Kg; enquanto que para a proteína bruta, foi registrada maior digestibilidade dos nutrientes na dieta teste T3 (G/0,2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg/Kg). Concluiu-se que a suplementação de cromo com milho gelatinizado na dieta de peixes (Cirrhinus mrigala) pôde melhorar a digestibilidade dos nutrientes de forma mais eficiente.
Subject(s)
Animals , Zea mays , Animal Feed/analysis , Carbohydrates , Nutrients , Chlorides , Chromium , Chromium Compounds , Dietary Supplements , Diet , Animal Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the relationship of e-technology use and physical activity with obesity among adolescents of Rawalpindi and Islamabad
Study Design: Cross sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Different schools of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, from Mar to Aug 2015
Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 305 adolescents between ages 17-19 years, from different schools of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, selected through consecutive sampling technique. Structured close-ended questionnaire was administered and data obtained was analyzed by SPSS version 22. Correlation test was used to ascertain association between BMI, time spent using e-technology and physical activity duration
Results: The mean age of the participants was 15.7 +/- 2.4 years. It was revealed that 13.3 percent of the respondents were underweight, 64.5 percent were of normal weight, 17.3 percent were overweight and 9.5 percent were obese. The majority of females were found watching television [73.1 percent] and using cell phone [60.6 percent] whereas majority of the males were fond of playing videogames [63.7 percent] and using computer [72 percent]. A positive correlation of 0.64 was found between e-technology use and BMI of individuals whereas physical activities were having negative correlation of -0.231 with BMI
Conclusion: The current study concluded that use of e-technology was directly associated and physical activity was inversely associated with obesity, suggestive of elevated consequences of sedentary activities on adiposity during adolescence. This issue must be addressed by raising awareness among adolescents about healthy lifestyle practices for their healthy and productive life in future
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Objectives: To evaluate the pediatric patients with renal calculi in terms of bio-metabolic profile
Study Design: Cross sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of pediatric nephrology the Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health Lahore over a period of 10 months from Nov 2016 to Sep 2017
Material and Methods: A total 85 patients with urolithiasis up to the age of 14 years were enrolled for study. Structured history and tailored investigations were collected from all the patients. Results of the physical examination, blood chemistry, and urinary excretion of metabolites [urinary calcium, citrate, magnesium and oxalate] were recorded
Results: Out of 85 patients; 65 percent were males and 35 percent were females [2:1]; mean age at presentation was 8.15 +/- 5.04 years. Hypertension was documented in 57 percent patients. Mean level of urea and creatinine was 73.02 +/- 59mg/dl and 4.435 +/- 4.024mg/dl respectively. Vitamin D level was 37 +/- 15.6ng/ml while serum PTH level was 51.2941 +/- 26.067pg/l. Serum calcium and phosphorus was 8.54 +/- 1.18 and 5.0224 +/- 0.885 respectively. Among all patients, 95 percent were found to have metabolic abnormalities. The most common was hypercalciuria [54 percent] followed by hyperoxaluria in 28 percent patients. Hypocitraturia was seen in 21 percent patients. Distal renal tubular acidosis was found in 6 percent children. Only 5 percent children were having low magnesium level in their urine
Conclusion: Majority of the children with stone disease had underlying metabolic risk factor and in our setting, hypercalciuria is the most common one
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Background: During recent years, many cases of dengue virus transmission, through blood transfusion have been reported, including two cases from Karachi, Pakistan. NS1 antigen detection in blood donors can serve as a rapid mean for detection of acute dengue infection thus could prevent transmission through blood donation by affected individuals
Objectives: The aim of this study was to screen high risk blood donors for active dengue infection during an outbreak in the city of Rawalpindi and rejection of NS1-positive donors to save patients from dengue infected transfusions
Subjects and Methods: After approval from the IRB Shaikh Zayed Hospital, high risk blood donors during the outbreak were identified in blood banks of selected government hospitals. The objective of the study was explained and an informed consent was obtained from each participant. Blood sample of 3cc was drawn at the time of cross-match. Serum was separated and analyzed for dengue NS1 Ag. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0
Results: Overall 600 blood donors were included in the survey with the majority of male participants [n=583] than female participants [n=17]. Most of the blood donors [57.8%] were falling in the age group of less than 30 years and highest donations were from [B] positive blood group followed by [O] positive and [AB] negative with least donations. None of the sample screened positive for NS1 antigen
Conclusion: Blood of high risk asymptomatic donors taken were having no dengue NS1 Ag positivity
ABSTRACT
Abstract A feeding trial was carried out to assess the effect of dietary chromium supplementation on apparent nutrient digestibility coefficient (%) of gelatinized and non-gelatinized corn in Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings for 90 days. Using various levels of chromium chloride hexahydrate six test diets designated as T1 (G/0.0 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1), T2 (NG/0.0 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1), T3 (G/0.2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1), T4 (NG/0.2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1), T5 (G/0.4 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1) and T6 (NG/0.4 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1) were prepared. Results showed highest apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of nutrients dry matter, crude lipid and gross energy in test diet T5 that was gelatinized and supplemented with chromium 0.4 mg/Kg while, for crude protein higher value of nutrient digestibility was recorded in T3 test diet (G/0.2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg/Kg). It was concluded that chromium supplementation with gelatinized corn in fish (Cirrhinus mrigala) diet can improve the nutrients digestibility more efficiently.
Resumo Um experimento referente à alimentação foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da suplementação dietética de cromo, no coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente do nutriente (%) do milho gelatinizado e não gelatinizado em alevinos de Cirrhinus mrigala por 90 dias. Usando vários níveis de cloreto de cromo hexa-hidratado, seis dietas testes foram designadas e preparadas como: T1 (G/0,0 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1); T2 (NG/0,0 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1); T3 (G/0,2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1); T4 (NG/0,2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1); T5 (G/0,4 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1) e T6 (NG/0,4 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1). Os resultados mostraram maior coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) em matéria seca de nutrientes, lipídios brutos e energia bruta na dieta teste T5, que foi gelatinizada e suplementada com cromo 0,4 mg / Kg; enquanto que para a proteína bruta, foi registrada maior digestibilidade dos nutrientes na dieta teste T3 (G/0,2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg/Kg). Concluiu-se que a suplementação de cromo com milho gelatinizado na dieta de peixes (Cirrhinus mrigala) pôde melhorar a digestibilidade dos nutrientes de forma mais eficiente.
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Newcastle disease is highly infectious viral disease causing huge economic losses worldwide. These losses can be prevented by control of viral diseases. Medicinal plants have been traditionally used for treatment of different diseases since long. In this study the effect of extracts from Glycyrrhiza glabra leaves are investigated against Newcastle disease virus [NDV] by an in-vivo assay. Seven groups of nine-day-old embryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with various treatments of different plant extracts. All the groups except uninoculated negative control group were inoculated with velogenic NDV strain; five groups received different concentrations of the three extracts. Daily observe the rate of embryo survival. Allantoic fluid from treated eggs was collected for hem agglutination test. Results showed that embryo survival rate was higher 300micro g/mL treated group as all the extracts showed antiviral activity. Similarly, the plant extracts effectively control virus as no viruses were identified in the allantoic fluids of all groups treated with low doses of plant. The current results have clearly verified that all the extracts especially that of methanol 300micro g/mL from leaves of Glycyrrhiza glabra have strong antiviral activity against NDV in vivo
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Hepatitis E virus [HEV] is endemic in Pakistan. Although otherwise asymptomatic, HEV infection becomes fatal in pregnancy, with considerable maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. We conducted a descriptive study from April to October 2015 in 10 tertiary care hospitals throughout Pakistan to determine maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality in HEV-positive pregnant women with acute jaundice or raised liver function tests. Twenty-one of 135 women were HEV positive and in 3rd trimester except for 1 in 1st trimester. Overall prevalence of HEV in pregnancy was 0.19%. Ten women were artificially induced, 3 had premature labour, 4 delivered spontaneously [full term], 3 died and there was 1 intrauterine death. One woman had a home abortion before coming to hospital. There were 7 perinatal infant deaths: 4 intrauterine, 3 stillbirths and 1 abortion. Maternal mortality was significantly associated with delivery, as 17 mothers who lived went into labour spontaneously or were artificially induced, whereas 3 women who continued their pregnancy and did not deliver, died. Case fatality rate of HEV infection in pregnancy was 14.2%
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Hepatitis E virus , Pregnant Women , Pregnancy Outcome , Fetus , Mothers , Maternal Mortality , Tertiary Care Centers , Morbidity , Jaundice , Liver Function Tests , Pregnancy , PrevalenceABSTRACT
A study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity and repellency of essential oils from root, stem and leaves of Nazar panra, Skimmia laureola [DC.] Zucc. Ex Walp. of family [Sapindales: Rutaceae] ver. Nair of Pakistan. The oils were tested at three concentrations i.e. 1, 5 and 10Black garden ant, Lasius niger L. [Hymenoptera: Formicidae] of Pakistan were selected and exposed to essential oils at room temperature. All essential oils showed Insecticidal activity with LC50=10.15, while dose dependant effect was significant with R2=0.98. It can be concluded that the three Essential oils in this study have both Insecticidal as well as repellent effect
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Vitamin D is a secosteroid which has an important function in bone metabolism and immunomodulation. Decreased levels of vitamin D are associated with many critical diseases like cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, tuberculosis and osteoporosis. Low vitamin D can cause obesity and restrict bone growth and bone health in children and adults. Despite being near to equator, Pakistani citizens suffer from low vitamin D levels making them prone to many diseases and there is no guidelines for the treatment of vitamin D deficiency in general and diseased population of Pakistan. This review highlights the prevalence of vitamin D in different disease as well as healthy groups of Pakistani citizens through literature search. Further it also reviewed the literature available on knowledge of clinicians about vitamin D deficiency and its affects
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Objective: To compare the efficacy of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine [Calcineurin Inhibitors] in the management of childhood steroid-resistant nephritic syndrome [SRNS]
Study Design: Quasi-experimental study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Paediatric Nephrology at The Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, from August 2014 to September 2015
Methodology: Patients of either gender aged 1-12 years, with the diagnosis of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis [MesangioPGN], focal segmental glomerulosclerosis [FSGS] or minimal-change disease [MCD] were included. Patients were assigned into two groups, one given tacrolimus in dose of 0.1 - 0.2 mg/kg/day in two divided doses, and other given cyclosporine in dose of 150 - 200 mg/m2/day in two divided doses along with oral steroids 30 mg/m2/day in divided doses, followed by alternate day with tapering dosage. Trough drug levels were done with dose adjustment accordingly. Patients were monitored and followed for the response to treatment and adverse effects of these two calcineurin inhibitors
Results: A total of 84 patients, 58% males and 42% females, were included in the study. The age ranged from 1.25 to 12 years. The most common histopathological diagnosis was Mesangio PGN [69.04%], FSGS [21.4%], and MCD [9.52%].
Complete response was seen in 80.95% and 97.6% patients treated with cyclosporine and tacrolimus, respectively
Partial response was in 19.05% patients treated with cyclosporine and 2.4% in patients with tacrolimus. The most common adverse effect with cyclosporine and tacrolimus was hypertrichosis in 80.95% and 2.38%, hypertension 16.66% and 11.9% respectively while gum hypertrophy with cyclosporine was seen in 26.19% patients
Conclusion: Tacrolimus was more efficacious than cyclosporine in achieving remission in childhood SRNS with insignificant adverse effects
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Background: Vitamin A deficiency increases the risk of night blindness and death due to common childhood illnesses that are prevalent during emergencies like floods. The relief diet provided to flood victims is often deficient in micronutrients and minerals including vitamin A. There is a need to assess the levels of vitamin A among flood affected children to prevent morbidity and mortality caused by malnutrition
Objective: To assess the frequency of Vitamin A deficiency among school going children [8-14 years] affected and unaffected by floods of 2010 in district Nowshera
Subjects and Methods: Study was conducted in Government-registered schools situated in flood affected and unaffected areas of district Nowshera of KPK Province of Pakistan. A total of 353 children [8-14 years] were registered for study, including 190 from flood affected and 163 from unaffected areas. A questionnaire was filled for each child which included the demographic information. Three milliliter blood was drawn from each child which was processed for the estimation of vitamin A levels. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS 20.0
Results: Among flood affected children frequency of vitamin A deficiency was 18.9%, whereas among flood unaffected children it was 6.1% showing strong association with children affected by floods [p < 0.001].Among illnesses during floods, children who had acute respiratory infection were on an average 3.5 times more likely to have vitamin A deficiency as compared to those who did not suffer from this disease [p = 0.037]
Conclusion: Vitamin A deficiency was substantially higher among children affected by floods and those who had acute respiratory infection
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Students , Child , Floods , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the current preoperative informed consent practice in cases undergoing surgical procedures
Study Design: Observational / descriptive study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Surgery Department of PMC Hospital and PUMHS Nawabshah Sindh from Jan-2014 to April-2015
Materials and Methods: Following informed consent, 165 cases were incorporated in this study. Cases were randomly selected with suitable sampling technique and their surgical procedure was done electively, whereas those cases, which were treated conservatively and not capable of answering because of unconsciousness, eclampsia and shock, were not included in this study. Data was recorded on preplanned proforma concerning demographic information of cases, their knowledge regarding surgery carried out on them and the extent of data supplied them regarding risk, advantages of surgical procedure and other treatment choices
Results: Twenty nine [15%] cases were of age group of 20-35 yrs, whereas 104[53.88%] were of age group of 36- 50 yrs. Well-versed consent was obtained from the cases by surgeon in 63[32.64%] cases, by inhabitants in 105[54.40%], house officers in 10[5.18%] and by nurses in 15[7.77%] cases. This was ensured from the records of patients. When/ the patients were inquired, weather they completely grasped the data given to them, 86[44.55%] declared "yes" whereas 107[55.44%] did not grasp the data offered to them
Conclusion: Our study concluded that the majority of our contributors were conscious regarding the surgery done on them however they were provided little facts about risk, complications and advantages of the surgery
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Objective: The objective of this study was to find out the diagnosis of diagnostic laparoscopy in patients having chronic abdominal pain
Study Design: Descriptive / cross sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Surgery Department of PMC hospital and PUMHS Nawabshah from February 2014 to March 2015
Materials and Methods: All the undiagnosed cases of chronic abdominal pain [by conventional methods and investigations such as clinical examination, urine examination, US abdomen etc], abdominal pain more than 3 months, cases age more than 18 years either gender and clinically diagnosed as chronic were selected in this study, while all the cases with known cause of pain, Acute inflammatory disease, cases having acute intestinal obstruction, coagulation abnormalities, critical illness, severe/decompensated cardiopulmonary failure and medically unfit for anaesthesia and surgery were not selected in this study. Diagnostic laparoscopy was performed in all selected cases and findings were entered in proforma
Results: Total 45 patients underwent diagnostic laparoscopy majority of the young patients was found. Female were found in the majority 60% as compare to males 40%. 13 [28.88%] patients had pain in right iliac fossa, 08 [17.78%] patients had hypogastrium pain, 10 [22.22%] cases were found with whole abdominal pain, 10 [22.22%] patients had pain in left iliac fossa and 04 [8.89%] patients were noted with pain at right hypochondrium. According to laparoscopy findings, appendicitis and adhesions were most common 14[31.11%] and 10[22.22%] respectively, following by Abdominal tuberculosis, Hernia, Mesenteric lymphadenopathy, Ovarian cyst and Dense adhesions + Thickened gall bladder wall with percentage of 06[13.33], 03[6.67%], 02[4.44%], 04[8.89%] and 02[4.44%] respectively, while 04[8.88%] cases were noted without any disease
Conclusion: Diagnostic laparoscopy in good tool for diagnosis of chronic abdominal pain, according to the assessment the commonest basis of chronic recurrent abdominal pain in this study was appendicitis followed by abdominal tuberculosis and adhesions
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Objective: To find out serum zinc level in healthy pregnant women and pre-eclemptic pregnant women
Study Design: Ramdomized controlled trial study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at Department of Pathology, Lady Willingdon Hospital, Lahore and at Lahore College for Women University, Lahore from March 2015 to September 2015
Materials and Methods: Size of sample was determined statistically by using table and119 [102 experimental group[51 pre-eclamptic pregnant women and 51 normal pregnant women] and 17 control group] blood samples were collected randomly
Results: The average zinc concentration in healthy pregnant group was found 1.44 +/- 0.14 mg/l as compared to pre- eclamptic pregnant group 0.25 +/- 0.02 mg/l. In pregnant women average zinc concentration was found to be decreasing with trimester. The average systolic blood pressure in healthy pregnant women was 113.83 +/- 1.74 mm/Hg as compared to the pre-eclamptic pregnant women was 145.34 +/- 1.68 mm/Hg. Average diastolic blood pressure in healthy pregnant women, was found 75.23 +/- 1.46 mm/Hg as compared to pre-eclamptic pregnant women, which was 92.76 +/- 1.80 mm/Hg
Conclusion: Zinc level in the blood serum of pre-eclamptic pregnant women was found lower as compared to healthy pregnant women. Low blood serum zinc level is associated with the elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure also
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Objective: the aim of present study was to evaluate hematological changes in malaria in Mardan, Pakistan
Methods: this prospective observational study was conducted at O.P.D of Mardan MedicalComplex Mardan from July to September 2015. A total of 115 patients were divided to age groupsof< 15 and > 15 years old. Malaria parasite was examined using thick and thin smears stained with Giemsa stain and also cross-checked by ICT. Those patients with a confirmed diagnosis of malaria were investigated for platelets, hemoglobin and total leukocyte count on Automatic hematology analyzer [Mindray] and studied by hematologist. Data was tabulated, descriptive statistics analyzed; the chi-square test was applied to evaluate statistical significance of the studied variable between groups on SPSS version 20. A p-value of 0.05 or less was used for statistical significance
Results: a total of 115 patients were included in the study. Male were 56[48.7%] and females 59[51.3%], the mean age of study group was 10.62[3.89]. According to age group, patients were divided into two groups; those <15 years comprised of 102[88.7%], while> 15 years were found 13[11.3%]. P. vivax was seen in 108[93.9%] and P. falciparum 7[6.1%] patients. Out of total population 70[60.9%] were found anemic, 79[68.7%] had mild thrombocytopenia and 4[3.5%] with moderate thrombocytopenia and sever leucopenia were found 2[1.7%], mild leucopenia 24[20.9%], mid leucocytosis 1[0.9%]. Patients with P.vivax aged <15 years had found anemia 59[62.1 %] with p=0.56, moderate thrombocytopenia 4[4.2%] [p=0.05], sever leucopenia 2[2.11 %], mild leucopenia 13[13.7%] and mild leukocytosis 1 [1.1 %] with p=0.001
Conclusions: the present study concludes that thrombocytopenia and anemia are common hematological findings in patient with Plasmodium infection particularly vivax species infection in Mardan region. Therefore, malaria should be a consideration in febrile patients with low platelets and haemoglobin
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Objective: the objective of this study is to identify risk factors related to low BMD among patients attending the Centre for Nuclear Medicine [CENUM]
Methods: it was a cross sectional study conducted at the Centre for Nuclear Medicine [CENUM] Mayo Hospital Lahore, from February 2011 to September 2011.A sample of 246 participants aged 50 to 85 years [both male and female] was selected using non probability convenient sampling technique. Magnitude of BMD status was described using T score as WHO criteria. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 17.Pearson Correlation was applied to find relationship between different quantitative variable. Also, an independent sample T test was applied to see the significant difference
Results: the results have shown that out of 246 participants, 24 [9.8%] were men and 222 were women [90.2%] aged 50-85 yrs. BMD has significant correlation with age, weight and height of the patients [p 0.05 for both Left Hip and lumber spine T score respectively] as compared to other patients. The patients who had low backache also showed low BMD [p
Conclusions: based on the study results it is concluded that low BMD is a wide spread public health problem and it needs due importance
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Objective: To know the frequency of HCV, HBV, and Malaria infections in cytopenic patients coming for Bone Marrow Aspiration
Study Duration: Observational study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Pathology and Medicine Departments of Bacha Khan Medical College Mardan from January 2012 to December 2014
Materials and Methods: 100 patients with cytopenia were referred for Bone Marrow Aspiration and were screened for HBV, HCV and malaria infections. Complete blood counts were performed on 50 healthy individual as a control group.Both Thick and Thin Blood smears were examined for Malaria, while Anti HCV and HBs Ag Screening was done by kit method [Immunochromatographic Method SD company]. Complete blood count was performed by Heamatologyanalyser. [Sysmex Hematology Analyzer ]
Results: 4 out of 100 cytopenic patients were Anti HCV positive, who were referred for Bone Marrow Aspiration. These patients had a Hemoglobin level 10.5 +/- 0.978 G/dl, Platelets counts 120 +/- 24.768×103/uL. 2 out of 100 Cytopenic patients were HBs Ag Positive. They had anemia and thrombocytopenia, Hb level was 10.4 +/- 0.879 g/dland platelets count was 119 +/- 24.965×103/uL respectively. while 7 [7%] out of 100 cytopenic patients had malaria microscopy.TheypresentedwithHbof9.5 +/- 0.978g/dl,plateletcount120 +/- 24.768×103/uLandTLC3.8 +/- 1.365×103/uL respectively. Counts in HCV, HBV and malaria are significantly lower than the control groups value < 0.0024
Conclusion: Cytopenia is a significant finding in HCV, HBV and Malaria infections and patients presenting with any cytopenia patients referred for Bone marrow Aspiration presenting with cytopenia should be properly screened for HCV, HBV, and Malaria as these can be the cause of cytopenia thus unnecessary use of Bone Marrow Aspiration can be presented
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the knowledge of women about different causes of urogenital fistula and their attitude about fistula prevention
STUDY DESIGN: A Descriptive qualitative KAP study
STUDY SETTING: This Study was done in Obstetrics and Gynecology ward of Isra University Hospital Hyderabad [IUH] from January 2011 to December 2013
METHODOLOGY: By using non-probability purposive sampling technique, women who were admitted in GU-11 with genitourinary fistula were included in this study while women who have urinary incontinence, other than fistula were excluded. Women were asked about their awareness for cause of fistula formation, its preventive measures, source of knowledge, information regarding willingness to accept caesarean section as a primary mode of delivery after successful fistula repair, all information were recorded on questionnaire and data analyzed by using SPSS 16
RESULT: One hundred and ten women were included in this study, 57 % women were illiterate imposing great challenge towards genitourinary fistula. Out of these 110 women 59 [53.6%] were having obstetrical fistula and 43 [39%] were having iatrogenic fistula. About 38.2% women were well aware about their problem while12 women [10.9 %] perceived it as a curse of God and 9 [8.18%] of women has knowledge about iatrogenic injury to bladder. After successful repair 31.8% preferred tertiary care hospital delivery however 20.9% did not want future conception
CONCLUSION: There is a high association of illiteracy with genitourinary fistula. Women must be educated about the cause of fistula and its prevention. There is a need to create awareness among women about hospital delivery, and to take well directive efforts to increased skill among junior doctors involved in pelvic surgeries
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Children are perceived as the future of any country. With this in mind, child labor does nothing but destroy the future of the children. Carpet weaving is destructive for children because children often sit in odd positions for extensive hours, inhaling dust and working in inadequate lighting situations, all these aspects are hazardous to the wellbeing of children. Child carpet weavers have to face occupational damages and diseases. To identify the factors contributing to child labor and effects of work-related health issues on the wellbeing of carpet weavers. Cross sectional survey. Punjab province. A sample of 320 carpet child workers of age group 8-17 years was interviewed. A well-structured questionnaire was constructed to collect the data. The SPSS/PC + 20.0 Statistical Package for Social Sciences were used for analyzing the data. The study found that majority of the respondents was facing the problem of body aches, backbone problem, eye strain and general exhaustion and cuts and wounds. The significant relationship was observed between work-related illness [type of illness] and the personal wellbeing of carpet working children. It was strongly suggested that comprehensive strategy consisting of macro as well as micro policies is to be commenced to control, reduce and eradicate. The ill effects related to carpet weaving. The participation of children in carpet weaving industry should be stopped or at least immunizad present. The carpet workers immediately need concentrated efforts not only to solve their work-related issues, but also to make them productive adult in their own wellbeing as well as in the welfares of society