ABSTRACT
Background: Except for influenza pandemics, different observational studies have failed to demonstrate differences in mortality between various etiologies in adult patients hospitalized for respiratory infections. Aim: To compare clinical and mortality differences between different viral pathogens associated with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in hospitalized adults. Material and Methods: One-year prospective study in a sentinel center. We included 132 patients with SARI hospitalized for any of the nine viruses under study by PCR. Clinical variables were compared, excluding cases of coinfection. Results: A viral coinfection was identified in 12% and influenza infection in 56% of cases. Eighty percent of patients were aged ≥ 65 years, with a high frequency of comorbidities, 27% were bedridden. Twenty four percent were admitted to critical care units, 20% required ventilatory assistance and 16% died. Cases occurred throughout the year, with an expected seasonal peak between autumn and spring and a predominance of infections not associated with influenza during summer months. In the multivariate analysis, only being bedridden was significantly associated with mortality at discharge (Odds ratio 23.46; 95% confidence intervals 3.33-165.12, p < 0.01), without association with age, comorbidity, viral pathogen involved, laboratory parameters, clinical presentation or CURB65 score. No major clinical dissimilarities were found between different viral pathogens. Conclusions: In our series of patients, mostly elderly, only bedridden status was significantly associated with mortality at discharge in patients hospitalized for SARI. Viral pathogens were not relevant.
Los factores del huésped son más importantes que el tipo viral para predecir el desenlace en pacientes hospitalizados por infecciones respiratoria aguda grave. Exceptuando las pandemias de influenza, diferentes estudios observacionales no han logrado demostrar diferencias en mortalidad entre diferentes patógenos en pacientes adultos hospitalizados por infecciones respiratorias. Objetivo: Comparar diferencias clínicas y en mortalidad entre diferentes patógenos virales asociados a infección respiratoria aguda grave (IRAG) en adultos hospitalizados. Método: Estudio prospectivo durante un año en un centro centinela. Se incluyeron casos de IRAG hospitalizados por alguno de los 9 virus bajo estudio por RCP. Se compararon variables clínicas y desenlace. Resultados: Ingresaron 132 pacientes con IRAG. Se identificó coinfección viral en 12,1% e infección por influenza en 56,1%. La mayor parte era de la tercera edad (80,3%) con una alta frecuencia de comorbilidad y 27,3% estaba postrado. Veintitres coma cinco por ciento ingresó a unidad de cuidados críticos, 19,7% requirió asistencia ventilatoria y 15,9% fallecieron. Los casos ocurrieron todo el año, con un aumento estacional esperado entre otoño y primavera y predominio de infecciones no asociadas a influenza en verano. En el análisis multivariado, sólo la postración se asoció significativamente a mortalidad al egreso (ORa 23,46 IC95 3,33-165,12, p = 0,002), sin asociación con la edad, comorbilidad, patógeno viral involucrado, parámetros de laboratorio, presentación clínica o puntuación CURB65. No se encontraron discordancias clínicas mayores entre diferentes agentes virales. Conclusiones: En nuestra serie de pacientes, mayoritariamente de la tercera edad, sólo la postración se asoció significativamente a mortalidad al egreso en pacientes hospitalizados por IRAG. El patógeno viral no resultó ser relevante.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Respiratory Tract Infections/mortality , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Seasons , Severity of Illness Index , Acute Disease , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , HospitalizationABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective To 1) describe clinical characteristics of adult patients in Chile with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) associated with influenza viruses, and 2) analyze virus subtypes identified in specimens collected from those patients, hospital resources used in clinical management, clinical evolution, and risk factors associated with a fatal outcome, using observational data from the SARI surveillance network (SARInet). Methods Adults hospitalized from 1 July 2011 to 31 December 2015 with influenza-associated SARI at a SARI sentinel surveillance hospital in Santiago were identified and the presence of influenza in all cases confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using respiratory samples. Results A total of 221 patients (mean age: 74.1 years) were hospitalized with influenza-associated SARI during the study period. Of this study cohort, 91.4% had risk factors for complications and 34.3% had been vaccinated during the most recent campaign. Pneumonia was the most frequent clinical manifestation, occurring in 57.0% of the cohort; other manifestations included influenza-like illness, exacerbated chronic bronchitis, decompensated heart failure, and asthmatic crisis. Cases occurred year-round, with an epidemic peak during autumn-winter. Both influenza A (H1N1pdm09 and H3N2) and B virus co-circulated. Critical care beds were required for 26.7% of the cohort, and 19.5% needed ventilatory assistance. Multivariate analysis identified four significant factors associated with in-hospital mortality: 1) being bedridden (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 22.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.0-164); 2) admission to critical care unit (aOR: 8.9; CI: 1.44-55); 3) Pa02/Fi02 ratio < 250 (aOR: 5.8; CI: 1.02-33); and 4) increased serum creatinine concentration (> 1 mg/dL) (aOR: 5.47; CI: 1.20-24). Seasonal influenza vaccine was identified as a significant protective factor (aOR: 0.14; CI: 0.021-0.90). Conclusions Influenza-associated SARI affected mainly elderly patients with underlying conditions. Most patients evolved to respiratory failure and more than one-quarter required critical care beds. Clinical presentation was variable. Death was associated with host characteristics and disease-associated conditions, and vaccine was protective. Virus type did not influence outcome.
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RESUMO Objetivo Descrever as características clínicas de pacientes adultos com infecção respiratória aguda grave (SARI) associada ao vírus da influenza e analisar os subtipos virais identificados em amostras coletadas destes pacientes, os recursos hospitalares empregados no tratamento clínico, a evolução clínica e os fatores de risco clínicos associados a um desfecho fatal, a partir de dados observacionais da rede de vigilância de SARI (SARInet) no Chile. Métodos Foram identificados os adultos hospitalizados com SARI associada a influenza em um hospital-sentinela de vigilância de SARI, em Santiago, de 1o de julho de 2011 a 31 de dezembro de 2015. A ocorrência de influenza foi confirmada em amostras respiratórias em todos os casos com a reação em cadeia da polimerase via transcriptase reversa (RT-RCP). Resultados Ao todo, 221 pacientes (idade média de 74,1 anos) foram hospitalizados com SARI associada a influenza no período de estudo. Nesta coorte, 91,4% apresentavam fatores de risco para complicação e 34,3% haviam sido vacinados na última campanha de vacinação. Pneumonia foi a manifestação clínica mais frequente, ocorrendo em 57,0% da coorte. Outras manifestações foram doença gripal, bronquite crônica exacerbada, insuficiência cardíaca descompensada e crise asmática. Os casos estiveram distribuídos ao longo do ano, com pico epidêmico no outono-inverno. Houve circulação simultânea dos vírus da influenza A (H1N1pdm09 e H3N2) e B. Leitos de terapia intensiva foram necessários em 26,7% da coorte e suporte ventilatório, em 19,5%. Na análise multivariada, quatro fatores importantes associados à mortalidade hospitalar foram identificados: estar restrito ao leito (odds ratio ajustado [ORaj] 22.3; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%] 3.0-164); ser admitido na unidade de terapia intensiva (ORaj 8.9, IC 95% 1.4 4-55); relação Pa02/Fi02 <250 (ORaj 5.8; IC 95% 1.02-33) e aumento da creatinina sérica (>1 mg/dl) (ORaj 5.47; IC 95% 1.20-24). A vacinação sazonal contra influenza foi identificada como importante fator de proteção (ORaj 0.14; IC 95% 0.021-0.90). Conclusões A SARI associada a influenza acometeu sobretudo pacientes idosos com doenças preexistentes. A maioria dos pacientes evoluiu com insuficiência respiratória e mais de um quarto precisou de cuidados intensivos. O quadro clínico foi variável. Morte foi associada às características do hospedeiro e problemas relacionados à doença. A vacinação teve efeito protetor e o tipo viral não influiu no desfecho.
Subject(s)
Respiratory Tract Infections/complications , Fatal Outcome , Influenza, Human/transmission , ChileABSTRACT
Acute renal failure (ARF) requiring hemodialysis is not common among patients affected by influenza. We report two unvaccinated adult patients with smoking habit, which were admitted with severe influenza A H1N1pdm09 that evolved with shock and required mechanical ventilation. Both patients developed progressive renal failure with oliguria/anuria, associated with urinary of inflammatory sediment with proteinuria, microhematuria and in one case also with hypocomplementemia, suggesting acute glomerulonephritis. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) was required in both cases. In one patient, who died of late complications, sequencing of the HA1 segment revealed the previously described D222N mutation associated to severe cases. ARF with RRT appears to be an uncommon complication of patients hospitalized for influenza A H1N1pdm09 and may be secondary to acute glomerulonephritis.
La insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) que requiere hemodiálisis no es una complicación común entre los pacientes afectados por influenza. Se comunican los casos clínicos de dos pacientes adultos fumadores no vacunados, que se internaron por influenza A H1N1pdm09 grave por shock y necesidad de ventilación mecánica. Ambos desarrollaron una falla renal progresiva con oliguria/anuria, asociada a un sedimento de orina inflamatorio con proteinuria, microhematuria y en un caso además con hipocomplementemia, sugiriendo una glomerulonefritis aguda. Se requirió terapia de reemplazo renal (TRR) en ambos casos. En uno de los pacientes, que falleció por complicaciones tardías, la secuenciación del segmento HA1 reveló la mutación D222N previamente descrita en casos graves. La IRA con TRR parece ser una complicación infrecuente de los pacientes ingresados por influenza A H1N1pdm09 y puede ser secundaria a una glomerulonefritis aguda.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Influenza, Human/complications , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Acute Kidney Injury/virology , Glomerulonephritis/virology , Acute Disease , Renal Dialysis , Acute Kidney Injury/therapy , Glomerulonephritis/therapyABSTRACT
Abstract We report the first description of a rare catalase-negative strain of Staphylococcus aureus in Chile. This new variant was isolated from blood and synovial tissue samples of a pediatric patient. Sequencing analysis revealed that this catalase-negative strain is related to ST10 strain, which has earlier been described in relation to S. aureus carriers. Interestingly, sequence analysis of the catalase gene katA revealed presence of a novel nonsense mutation that causes premature translational truncation of the C-terminus of the enzyme leading to a loss of 222 amino acids. Our study suggests that loss of catalase activity in this rare catalase-negative Chilean strain is due to this novel nonsense mutation in the katA gene, which truncates the enzyme to just 283 amino acids.
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Humans , Codon, Nonsense , Catalase/genetics , Catalase/metabolism , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Staphylococcus aureus/enzymology , Staphylococcus aureus/genetics , Arthritis/microbiology , Bacteremia/microbiology , Chile , DNA, Bacterial/chemistry , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Genotype , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
Human rhinovirus (HRV) is an emerging viral pathogen. Aim: To characterize a group of patients admitted due to infection by this agent in a general hospital in Chile. Methods: Cases were identified by RT-PCR for 1 year through active surveillance of patients admitted with severe respiratory illness. Diagnosis was not available during hospitalization. Thirty-two cases were identified, 90% were ≥60 years old or had co-morbid conditions. Human rhinovirus-related admissions represented 23.7% of hospitalization due to severe acute respiratory infections among adults and ranked second to influenza (37.8%). Patients presented with pneumonia (68.8%), decompensated chronic lung conditions (21.9%), heart failure or influenza-like illness (6.3% each). Admission to intensive or intermediate care units was required by 31.2% and in-hospital mortality reached 12.5%. A CURB-65 score ≥3 was significantly associated to in-hospital mortality (p < 0.05). Most patients received antibiotics (90%). Conclusions: Human rhinovirus infections in elderly patients with co-morbid conditions are associated with hospitalizations, requiring critical or semi-critical antibiotics use. A high CURB-65 score was associated to in-hospital mortality. .
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Picornaviridae Infections/virology , Rhinovirus , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Acute Disease , Chile/epidemiology , Hospital Mortality , Prospective Studies , Picornaviridae Infections/epidemiology , Picornaviridae Infections/therapy , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/therapy , Seasons , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infection was an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Chile. Aim: To characterize the clinical pattern of hospitalized patients, identify risk factors associated with ICU admission or death, and evaluate its economic impact. Patients and Methods: Twenty five adult patients admitted to 2 hospitals in the Metropolitan Area from May 2009 to December 2010 with PCR confirmed H1N1 infection were analyzed. Total hospital charges were obtained and, using data of registered cases, expenses for the whole country during the first epidemic wave were estimated. Results: Aill cases presented a risk factor: age over 60 years old (n = 13, 52%), co-morbid conditions (n = 24, 96%) or pregnancy (n = 1, 4%). Pneumonia was present in 64% (n = 16) and 16% (n = 4) had hypotension. Only 6 patients (24%) had a CURB-65 score ≥ 2 and 36% (n = 9) requiring ICU admission. Case fatality rate was 16% (n = 4). By multivariate analysis, diabetes mellitus type 2 was independently associated with ICU admission or death (OR 8.12; IC95 1.11-59.2, p < 0.05). Hospital charges for those admitted to ICU or the intermediate care unit reached US$ 20,304, and US$ 1,262 for those admitted in general wards. We estimated US$ 20 million in hospital charges for influenza related hospitalizations during the first wave for the whole country. Conclusions: A high proportion of patients affected by influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infection required ICU admission during 2009-2010. Case fatality rate associated to this infection was high, and diabetes mellitus type 2 was a risk factor for ICU admission or death. Hospital charges were higher for those admitted in critical care units and represented an important expenditure for Chile during the first wave. The CURB-65 score was inappropriate to recognize patients at risk of hospitalization or ICU admission.
Introducción: La infección por influenza A (H1N1) pandémica representó una importante carga de morbilidad y mortalidad en Chile. Objetivo: Caracterización clínica de pacientes hospitalizados durante los años 2009 y 2010, identificar factores de riesgo asociados con ingreso a UCI o muerte y determinar el impacto económico de esta enfermedad. Pacientes y Métodos: Análisis de las características clínicas y evolución en un grupo de 25 pacientes adultos ingresados a dos hospitales institucionales en la Región Metropolitana confirmados por RPC desde mayo de 2009 a diciembre de 2010. Estudio de gastos hospitalarios y estimación de gasto nacional según registro de casos atendidos desde mayo a agosto de 2009. Resultados. Todos los pacientes presentaron una condición de riesgo: edad > 60 años (n: 13, 52%), co-morbilidad (n: 24, 96%) o embarazo ((n: 1, 4%). El 64% (n: 16) presentó neumonía y 16% tuvieron hipotensión arterial (n: 4). Sólo 6 pacientes (24%) tuvieron puntuación CURB-65 ≥ 2. Un 36% (n: 9) requirió manejo en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) y 4 pacientes fallecieron (16%). Por análisis multivariado, el antecedente de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 se asoció en forma significativa e independiente al ingreso a UCI o a un desenlace fatal (OR 8,12; IC95 1,11-59,2, p < 0,05). El gasto por paciente en aquellos que ingresaron a la UCI o Intermedio alcanzó los US$ 20.304 y US$ 1.262, para los que no ingresaron a estas unidades. Para Chile, se estimó un gasto mínimo de 20 millones de dólares por concepto de hospitalización para los primeros cuatro meses de la pandemia el 2009, asumiendo que 60% ingresó a UCI o Unidades Intermedias. Conclusiones: Una alta proporción de los pacientes afectados por influenza A (H1N1) 2009 requirió ingreso a UCI durante los años 2009-2010. La letalidad de esta infección fue elevada y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 fue un factor de riesgo para ingreso a UCI o muerte. Los gastos hospitalarios fueron elevados, especialmente en los que ingresaron a unidades críticas. El sistema CURB-65 tiene una baja capacidad para reconocer riesgo de hospitalización o muerte en estos pacientes.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Influenza, Human/mortality , Pandemics/economics , Cost of Illness , Chile/epidemiology , Hospitalization , Influenza, Human/economics , Risk Factors , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
In order to understand the clinical and epidemiological aspects of infection with the AH1N1 influenza virus in Chile, a prospective study in the city of San Felipe was undertaken. It analyses the trends in consultations for respiratory causes in three primary care centers and hospital discharges by comparing data from years 2008 and 2009 until epidemiological week 37.It also includes a study of cases of ILI / SARI (influenza like disease/severe acute respiratory disease) in which viruses were detected by direct immunofluorescence (DIF) of nasopharyngeal aspirates and by real-time polymerase chain reaction in the case of influenza A (H1N1) 2009. A household survey was conducted in those cases with confirmed A (H1N1) infection, to identify contacts and history related to influenza virus transmission. The results indicate that the behavior of the pandemic was similar to that observed in the rest of the country, with an increase in emergency room visits for ILI. The most affected age group was from 5 to 14 years (26.5 per thousand inhabitants) and the least affected 60 years or older (1.2 per thousand). A 2.78% of the cases corresponded to SARI and the fatality rate was 0.11%.
Con el objetivo de conocer los aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de la infección por el virus A (H1N1) en Chile, se realizó un estudio prospectivo en la ciudad de San Felipe, lugar donde el brote de influenza se inició tardíamente en relación a otras ciudades del país. Se analizó la tendencia en las consultas por causa respiratorias en tres centros de atención primaria y egresos hospitalarios comparando los años 2008 y 2009 hasta la semana epidemiológica 37, y se realizó un estudio prospectivo de casos de enfermedad tipo influenza/infección respiratoria aguda grave (ETI/IRAG), tomando muestras mediante aspirado nasofaríngeo para detección de virus respiratorios por in-munofluorescencia directa (IFD) e identificación de virus influenza A (H1N1) 2009 por reacción de polimerasa en cadena en tiempo real (RPC-TR). En los pacientes confirmados se hizo una encuesta en visita domiciliaria para identificación de contactos y antecedentes relacionados con la transmisión de la influenza. Los resultados indican que el comportamiento de la pandemia fue similar a lo observado en el resto del país, con aumento de consulta principalmente en los servicios de urgencia; el grupo de edad más afectado fue el de 5 a 14 años (26,5 por mil habitantes), el menos afectado el grupo mayor de 60 años (1,2 por mil habitantes). Un 2,78% de los casos correspondió a IRAG y la tasa de letalidad fue de 0,11%.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology , Age Distribution , Contact Tracing , Chile/epidemiology , Emergency Service, Hospital , Influenza, Human/diagnosis , Pandemics , Prospective Studies , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/diagnosisABSTRACT
The Chilean Ministry of Health (MINSAL) led an investigation to identify associated factors to human influenza A (H1N1) infection in turkeys from poultry farms, Valparaíso. The Agriculture and Livestock Farming Service (SAG) informed the detection of influenza A (low pathogenicity) in turkeys and the Public Health Institute (ISP) confirmed influenza A (H1N1).The study included 100% of operative wards: 31% presented positive event (influenza A (H1N1)); 60% if considered only reproductive wards. Dissemination and dispersion velocity of 13 wards in 18 days evidenced a continuous common source. Interviews were performed to 89% of workers of whom 20% presented influenza-like disease: 26% from reproductive wards and 4% from raising and rearing farms. Of15 risk factors studied insemination and age in females showed statistically significant RR in low oviposition index wards. A man-bird transmission is proposed, through direct transmission of saliva during manual insemination or indirect transmission through contaminated semen. To the authors, this is the first turkey 2009 influenza H1N1 outbreak detected worldwide,in this case with a documented cloacal transmission path.
El MINSAL lideró una investigación para identificar factores asociados a infección por influenza A(H1N1) en pavos de planteles avícolas, Valparaíso. El Servicio Agrícola Ganadero informó la detección de influenza A (baja patogenicidad) en pavos y el ISP confirmó influenza A(H1N1). El estudio incluyó 100% de los pabellones operativos: 31% presentó evento positivo (influenza A(H1N1); 60% al considerar sólo pabellones de reproducción. La diseminación y velocidad de dispersión de 13 pabellones en 18 días evidenció una fuente común continua. Se entrevistó a 89% de los trabajadores y 20% presentó ETI: 26% de pabellones de reproducción y 4% de granjas de cría y recría. De 15 factores analizados, inseminación y edad de las hembras mostraron RR estadísticamente significativos en los planteles con baja ovipostura. Se plantea transmisión hombre-ave directa por saliva en inseminación manual o transmisión indirecta por semen contaminado. Es el primer brote de influenza A(H1N1) 2009 en pavos detectado en el mundo y que se comprueba vía de transmisión cloacal.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Influenza in Birds/transmission , Influenza, Human/transmission , Insemination, Artificial/veterinary , Animal Husbandry/methods , Chile/epidemiology , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity , Influenza in Birds/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Insemination, Artificial/methods , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , Semen/virology , TurkeysABSTRACT
Se analiza la detección y evolución de la epidemia de influenza A(H1N1) pandémica en Chile a través de la vigilancia centinela de la enfermedad tipo influenza (ETI) realizada en consultorios. A partir de la semana epidemiológica (SE) 20, aumenta la notificación de ETI, con un máximo de 207 casos por 105 (SE 27), superando el canal de alerta y permaneciendo por 8 semanas en la zona epidémica. Esto coincidió con la mayor circulación de influenza A detectada en estos centros (36 por ciento positividad a influenza A). La tasa máxima semanal se presentó en los de 10-14 años (432 por 105). El aumento se inició en Los Lagos y Metropolitana; Tarapacá y Coquimbo presentaron las tasas regionales semanales más altas. Esta modalidad de vigilancia permitió monitorear la evolución de la epidemia y su diseminación a las regiones a través de la estimación de tasas y análisis de los canales endémicos.
Detection and evolution of influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in Chile is analyzed through sentinel surveillance of influenza-like disease (ILD) developed in outpatient health care centers. From epidemiological week (EW) 20, ILD notification increases, with a maximum of 207 cases per 105 (EW 27), overpassing the alert channel and remaining for 8 weeks in the epidemiczone. This phenomenon concur with influenza A greater circulation detected in this centers (36 percent of influenza A positivity). Maximum weekly rate presented in 10-14 years old (432 per 105). The increase began in Los Lagos and Metropolitan region; Tarapaca and Coquimbo registered the greatest weekly regional rates. This type of surveillance allowed monitoring of theepidemic evolution and its regional dissemination through rates estimation and endemic channels analysis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Epidemiological Monitoring , ChileABSTRACT
Se analizó el comportamiento de la influenza en el 2010, a través de los componentes de la vigilancia. Desde la semana epidemiológica (SE) 32 aumenta la notificación de ETI en los centinela, con un máximo de casos en la SE 37 (tasa 80 por 105), inferior a 2009. Este aumento coincide con el alza de las consultas respiratorias (especialmente infecciones respiratorias agudas altas e influenza) que llega a 43 por ciento en la SE 36. Destaca la cocirculación de influenza AH1N1 (2009) y H3N2, con predominio de esta última y un máximo en la SE 36. La gravedad (hospitalizaciones por infecciones respiratorias agudas graves y fallecidos) fue menor que en 2009 y se concentró en los casos de H3N2. El aumento observado el 2010 fue de intensidad elevada, de carácter epidémico, y se desplazó a los meses de agosto-septiembre. Se requiere mantener y reforzar los componentes de la vigilancia influenza en el actual período pospandémico.
It was analyzed the 2010 influenza behaviour through surveillance components. Since epidemiologic week (EW) 32, influenza like disease notification increases in sentinel centers, with a maximum of cases on EW 37 (rate of 80 per 105), less than2009. This increase coincide with the rise in respiratory hospital visits (especially upper acute respiratory infections) reaching 43 percent on EW 36. it is registered co-circulation of influenza AH1N1 (2009) and H3N2, the last prevailing over the first one anda maximum on EW 36. Severity (severe acute respiratory infections hospitalizations and deaths) was lower than 2009 and was concentrated in H3N2 cases. The observed increase in 2010 was of high intensity, epidemic nature and shifted to August-September. It is required maintaining and reinforcing influenza surveillance components, in the current pos-pandemic period.
Subject(s)
Humans , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Epidemiological Monitoring , ChileABSTRACT
Debido al éxito en la eliminación del sarampión, rubéola y Síndrome Rubéola Congénito alcanzado en América, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud solicitó verificar la eliminación de estas enfermedades en los países de la región. Chile ratificó mediante Resolución a un comité nacional de expertos que revisó la información entregada por los equipos técnicos, en los siguientes componentes: epidemiología del sarampión, rubéola y SRC; calidad de la vigilancia; epidemiología molecular; sostenibilidad del programa de inmunizaciones y cohortes de población vacunada. La información obtenida de diversas fuentes permitió integrar la evidencia y determinar si los datos eran válidos, completos, representativos y consistentes. Esta publicación describe las etapas de la certificación y la información evaluada por el comité nacional ad hoc. Sus conclusiones serán ratificadas por el comité internacional, el que certificará si Chile cumple con los criterios para la eliminación, proceso que se espera culmine en diciembre 2011. Debido al constante riesgo de importación de estos virus desde otras partes del mundo, persisten muchos retos para mantener la eliminación en el tiempo.
Due to the success in the elimination of measles, rubella and CRS reached in the Americas, PAHO requested the verification of the elimination of these diseases in the countries of the region. Chile ratified by means of a resolution a National Committee of Experts, which revised the information provided by the technical teams in the following components: Epidemiology of measles, rubella and CRS; quality of the surveillance; molecular epidemiology; sustainability of the Immunization Program and cohorts of vaccinated population. The information gathered from different sources allowed to integrate the evidence provided and to determine if the data were valid, complete, representatives and consistent. In this paper we describe thecertification steps and the information evaluated by the ad-hoc national committee. Their conclusions will be ratified by the International Committee, which will certify if Chile fulfills the criteria for elimination, a process that is expected to end during December 2011.
Subject(s)
Humans , Disease Outbreaks , Mandatory Reporting , Rubella , Measles/epidemiology , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital , Mass Vaccination , ChileABSTRACT
Background: Following the announcement of the Influenza A(H1N1) pandemic by the World Health Organization in April 2009, a surveillance program was carried out in Chile to detect the introduction of the virus in the country and to monitor its propagation and impact. Aim: To describe the onset of the outbreak and the genetic characterization of the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in the first detected cases in Chile. Material and Methods: Analysis of18 clinical samples coming from suspicious patients, received in a National Reference Laboratory. RNA reverse transcription and real time influenza gene DNA amplification was carried out in a 7500 Fast and Step One Real Time PCR Systems of Applied Biosystems and MxPro-Mx3000P thermocycler from Stratagene. Super Script III Platinum One-Step Quantitative RT-PCR was used. Results: The virus was first detected in three persons returning from the Dominican Republic via Panamá and a child from the east zone of Santiago. Genetic characterization of the virus showed that the child was infected by a different variant of the pandemic virus than the three persons returning from the Caribbean. Conclusions: The onset of the Influenza outbreak in Chile apparently carne from two different epidemiological groups. The spread of the virus detected in the voyagers was limited immediately However the virus of the fourth case was found in different regions of Chile.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics , Influenza, Human/virology , Pandemics , Phylogeny , RNA, Viral/genetics , Chile/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Mexico , Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , United StatesABSTRACT
Se caracteriza el comportamiento de la circulación de los virus respiratorios durante la primera ola del virus influenza pandémico A (H1N1) en 2009 en Chile, a partir de datos del sistema de vigilancia centinela en el sector público como a partir de consultas ambulatorias en el sector privado. La influenza A estacional tuvo escasa circulación durante el período estudiado, lo cual permitió plantear que la influenza A sin tipificar podría corresponder mayoritariamente a influenza pandémica A (H1N1). La importancia relativa del virus pandémico mostró un comportamiento que varió con la edad, afectando en forma más marcada a niños escolares entre 5 y 14 años y adultos jóvenes, y en menor proporción a los niños menores de 5 años, entre los cuales predominó como agente etiológico principal el virus respiratorio sincicial.
Circulation of respiratory viruses during the first wave of pandemic influenza virus A (H1N1) in 2009 in Chile isdescribed, from data extracted from the sentinel surveillance system in the public sector and from outpatient clinics from the private sector. Seasonal influenza A had little circulation during the period studied, which allowed us to suggest that the influenza A without classification could be mainly pandemic influenza A (H1N1). The relative importance of the pandemic virus varied with age, affecting more markedly school children between 5 and 14 years and young adults, and to a lesser extent, children under 5 years, among which the predominant primary etiologic agent was respiratory syncytial virus.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/classification , Disease Outbreaks , ChileABSTRACT
Se presenta la evolución de la epidemia de la influenza A (H1N1) pandémica en Chile a través de un indicador de gravedad: casos de infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRAG) con evolución grave, y se identifican sus características epidemiológicas utilizando los datos del Ministerio de Salud, incluyendo todos los casos sospechosos y confirmados de influenza. Se notificaron 1.606 casos de IRAG, con una tasa acumulada de 9,4 casos por 100.000 habitantes, inferior a otros países de América. Los mayores riesgos se presentan en el norte y en áreas del extremo sur del país. Los menores de 5 años son el grupo de mayor riesgo (tasa de 30,7 por cien mil hab.), y la tasa de hospitalización de los de 50 y más años también refleja un riesgo de mayor gravedad. Destaca el alto porcentaje de comorbilidad 53 por ciento, similar a lo registrado en Canadá.
The evolution of the epidemic of influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in Chile is presented using an indicator of severity: acute respiratory infections (SARI) with serious evolution, and identifying its epidemiological characteristics. Data from the Ministry of Health, including all suspected and confirmed cases of influenza, is analyzed. SARI cases reported were 1606, with a cumulative rate of 9.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, lower than other countries in America. The greatest risks occur in the northern and southernmost areas of the country. All children under 5 years are at greatest risk (rate of 30.7 per 100,000 inhabitants.), and the rate of hospitalization for those 50 and over also reflect a more serious risk. The high percentage of co-morbidity, 53 percent, is similar to that reported in Canada.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Alphainfluenzavirus , Epidemiological Monitoring , Chile , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Debido a la pandemia de influenza A (H1N1) en el mundo, el Ministerio de Salud en Chile desarrolló un proyectodestinado a fortalecer la capacidad de los laboratorios descentralizados, mediante utilización de la técnica de biología molecular RT-PCR. El proyecto contempló: 1) Readecuación de los espacios físicos en los laboratorios clínicos, 2) compra de equipamiento, 3) adquisición de reactivos e insumos de laboratorio, 4) adquisición de materiales para la toma de muestra, 5) capacitación del recurso humano y 6) verificación del correcto funcionamiento del laboratorio. Al 2010, se encuentran funcionando 6 laboratorios que emplean RT-PCR; se ha obtenido un 100 por ciento de concordancia de las muestras y las autoridades centrales han elaborado un algoritmo de derivación de muestras respiratorias por parte de los 29 Servicios de Salud a los laboratorios regionales, basado en grupos objetivos establecidos en la vigilancia de influenza.
Due to pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the world, the Ministry of Health in Chile developed a project to strengthen decentralized laboratory capacity through the use of molecular biology technique RT-PCR. The project included: 1) Renovating the physical space in clinical laboratories, 2) purchasing equipment, 3) purchasing laboratory reagents and supplies, 4) acquiring materials for sample collection, 5) human resource training 6) verifying the proper functioning of the laboratory. By 2010, 6 laboratories employing RT-PCR are running, a 100 percent match of the samples has been obtained and the central authorities have developed an algorithm for derivation of respiratory specimens from the 29 Health Services to regional laboratories based on target groups established in the surveillance of influenza.
Subject(s)
Humans , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Laboratories/organization & administration , Epidemiological Monitoring , ChileSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Disease Outbreaks , Rubella/epidemiology , Rubella/prevention & control , Chile/epidemiology , Age and Sex Distribution , Incidence , Mass Vaccination , Rubella VaccineABSTRACT
La Rubéola es una enfermedad vírica febril causada por el virus Rubéola, un togavirus del género Rubivirus. Este virus es capaz de producir una erupción maculopapular, puntiforme y difusa que, a veces, se asemeja a la del Sarampión o la Escarlatina. Los niños por lo regular presentan pocos o ningún síntoma general, pero los adultos a veces sufren un pródromo de 1 a 5 días, caracterizado por fiebre leve, cefalalgia, malestar generalizado, coriza mínima y conjuntivitis. La linfadenopatía postauricular, occipital y cervical posterior es el signo más característico y se presenta entre 5 a 10 días antes de la erupción. Hasta la mitad de las infecciones pueden surgir sin erupción manifiesta (casos subclínicos). La leucopenia es común y puede haber trombocitopenia, pero las manifestaciones hemorrágicas son raras. La artralgia y, con menor frecuencia la artritis, complican una proporción importante de las infecciones, particularmente entre las mujeres adultas. La importancia en salud pública radica en que aumenta el riesgo de abortos espontáneos, mortinatos y anomalías congénitas (Síndrome de Rubéola Congénita) cuando se presenta en mujeres embarazadas; afectando al 90 por ciento de los recién nacidos de madres que contrajeron la enfermedad en el primer trimestre del embarazo. El ser humano es el único reservorio y el modo de transmisión es por vía aérea o por contacto directo con las personas infectadas. Puede transmitirse a partir de casos subclínicos. El período de incubación es de 14 a 21 días y el período de transmisibilidad se extiende desde 7 días antes del exantema y hasta 5 a 7 días después. La Rubéola y el SRC están en vías de eliminación en América. En Chile, en 1999 se realizó la Campaña de Vacunación en mujeres de10 a 29 años de edad, intervención que logró disminuir drásticamente la circulación de la Rubéola en el país.