ABSTRACT
Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines emerge as promising vaccines to prevent infectious diseases. Compared with traditional vaccines, mRNA vaccines present numerous advantages, such as high potency, safe administration, rapid production potentials, and cost-effective manufacturing. In 2020, two COVID-19 vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273) were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The two vaccines showed high efficiency in combating COVID-19, which indicates the great advantages of mRNA technology in developing vaccines against emergent infectious diseases. Here, we summarize the type, immune mechanisms, modification methods of mRNA vaccines, and their applications in preventing infectious diseases. Current challenges and future perspectives in developing mRNA vaccines are also discussed.
Subject(s)
Humans , United States , mRNA Vaccines , BNT162 Vaccine , COVID-19 Vaccines/genetics , Communicable Diseases , RNA, Messenger/geneticsABSTRACT
Objective To explore the characteristics of narcissism in a sample of violent criminal and analyze the relationship between narcissism and impulsive-premeditated violent aggression.Methods A total of 88 violent criminal were administered by means of cluster random sampling with the Chinese version of the Impulsivepremeditated Aggression Scale and the Narcissistic Personality Questionnaire.Results (1) Comparing with the impulsive violent criminal,premeditated violent criminal had higher level of Overt narcissism,and the difference was statistically significant(59.77±10.89,54.67±10.15; P＜0.05).(2) Overt narcissism had significantly positive correlation with premeditated aggression(r=0.560; P＜0.01) ;and covert narcissism had significantly positive correlation with impulsive aggression(r=0.440; P＜0.01).(3)The authority and self-admiration traits of overt narcissism had significantly positive prediction to premeditated aggression(β=0.442,P＜0.01;β=0.297,P＜0.05);The vulnerability trait of covert narcissism has significantly positive prediction to impulsive aggression(β=0.526,P＜0.01).Conclusion Overt narcissism can result in premeditated aggression;Covert narcissism can result in impulsive aggression.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effectiveness and safety of low-intensity warfarin anticoagulation in over 80-year-old patients with nonvascular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Methods The 180 NVAF patients aged over 80 years were randomly assigned into 2 groups: 90 patients in lowintensity warfarin anticoagulation group (target value of INR 1.6-2.0), the other 90 patients in standard-intensity warfarin anticoagulation group (target value of INR 2. 0-3.0). All patients were followed up in outpatient-department for one year. Main outcome measures included the incidence rates of bleeding and thromboembolic events, and secondary outcome measures included the warfarin dosage and times of INR＞3.0. Results The incidence rate of thromboembolic events was 4.4% (4/90) in low-intensity group and 3.3% (3/90) in standard-intensity group with no statistically significant difference between these two groups (P＞0. 05). However, the incidence rate of hemorrhage was significantly lower in low-intensity group than in standard-intensity group [5.6% (5/90) vs. 16.7%(15/90), P＜0. 05]. Meanwhile the warfarin dosage was significantly lower in low-intensity group than in standard-intensity group [(1. 55±0. 63) mg vs. (2.31±0.57) mg, P＜0.05]. The times of INR＞3.0 were less in low-intensity group than in standard-intensity group (P＜0. 05). Conclusions Therapy with low-intensity warfarin anticoagulation in NVAF patients aged over 80 years may be equally effective as, but safer than that with standard-intensity warfarin.