Medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados para el adulto mayor en el servicio de medicina interna / Potentially inappropriate medications for older adults in the internal medicine service

Introducción: se consideran prescripciones inapropiadas de medicamentos cuando el riesgo supera el beneficio, o en las que hay un incremento en el potencial de interacciones farmacológicas. Para evitarlo en el adulto mayor se han desarrollado herramientas como los criterios Beers y los PRISCUS. Objetivo: identificar las prescripciones potencialmente inapropiadas en la población adulta mayor que consultó al servicio de medicina interna del Hospital Universitario Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo mediante los listados Beers y PRISCUS. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal en pacientes mayores de 65 años, se calculó el tamaño de la muestra en 357 pacientes. La información recolectada fue almacenada en el programa excel versión 2013 y analizada en EPI INFO versión 7.1.4. Resultados: la mediana de edad fue 75 años, el género masculino 52,66%, el promedio de medicamentos por paciente fue de 8,77 con una DE +/- 5. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue insuficiencia cardiaca con 29 casos (8,12 %). La prescripción inapropiada de medicamentos (PIM) según los criterios Beers, se observó en 4,9%, los más frecuentes fueron metoclopramida 20% y amiodarona 14%. La lista PRISCUS identificó 2.5% de prescripciones inapropiadas siendo prazosin (20%) el más relacionado. Conclusiones: los medicamentos encontrados según los criterios BEERS fueron metoclopramida, amiodarona, prazosina, betametildigoxina y con los PRISCUS, prazosina, haloperidol, betametildigoxina y difenhidramina.

Introduction: inappropriate drug prescribing is defined as the use of medicines whose risks outweigh their benefits, or when there is increased potential of drug-drug interactions. The Beers and PRISCUS criteria were developed as tools to prevent potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) in the elderly. Objective: to identify PIM in the elderly population who attended the internal medicine service of Hospital Universitario Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo, by means of the Beers and PRISCUS criteria. Materials and methods: a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study in patients over age 65. The sample size was calculated in 357 patients. Excel version 2013 was used for data storage. EPI INFO version 7.1.4 was used for data analysis. Results: mean age 75 years, males 52.66%, average number of drugs per patient 8.77 (SD +/- 5). Heart failure was the most common diagnosis (29 cases - 8.12 %). According to the Beers criteria, PIM was identified in 4.9% of patients; metoclopramide (20%) and amiodarone (14%) being the most prescribed. The PRISCUS list identified PIM in 2.5%; prazosin (20%) being the most prescribed. Conclusions: the drugs identified by the BEERS criteria were metoclopramide, amiodarone, prazosin, and beta-methyl digoxin. Prazosin, haloperidol, beta-methyl digoxin, and diphenhydramine were identified by the PRISCUS criteria.

Comparación del efecto de omeprazol como monoterapia y su combinación con bicarbonato de sodio en el tratamiento de la pirosis moderada a severa: ensayo clínico controlado, aleatorizado y doble ciego / Comparison of the effect of omeprazole monotherapy and its combination with sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of moderate to severe heartburn: a double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial

Heartburn occurs in 75% of patients with digestive discomfort of any origin and is one of the main symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modification and symptomatology management with various drugs; when heartburn is moderate to severe, a proton pump inhibitor is more suitable. Omeprazole (OMZ) combined with sodium bicarbonate (BC) has demonstrated significant and sustained suppression of acid secretion. The objective was to compare the effect of sequential OMZ/BC therapy compared to OMZ monotherapy for the improvement of heartburn in Mexican individuals. The study was a double-blind, randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical study including 277 subjects with moderate to severe heartburn. Patients received 7 days of OMZ/BC and 7 days of OMZ (OMZ/BC7) or 14 days of OMZ (OMZ14). The primary endpoint was defined as the change in the number of days a week that the patient has heartburn, it was evaluated at 14 days. Both treatments reduced time (days) with heartburn by less than 4 days (OMZ14 3.9 vs. 4.2 days OMZ/BC7), as well as duration, number of events and intensity of heartburn. The treatments improved the quality of life, and the control of the symptoms. The proportion of adverse events was lower with OMZ/BC. The non-inferiority of OMZ/BC7 with respect to OMZ14 was verified.

La pirosis se presenta en el 75% de los pacientes con molestias digestivas de cualquier origen y es uno de los principales síntomas de la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico. El tratamiento se enfoca en la modificación del estilo de vida y el manejo de la sintomatología con diversos fármacos; cuando la pirosis es moderada a severa, un inhibidor de la bomba de protones es más adecuado. El omeprazol (OMZ) combinado con bicarbonato de sodio (BC) ha demostrado supresión significativa y sostenida de la secreción ácida. El objetivo fue comparar el efecto de la terapia secuencial de OMZ/BC en comparación con el tratamiento continuo de OMZ para la mejoría de la pirosis en individuos mexicanos. Estudio clínico multicéntrico, doble ciego, controlado, aleatorizado que incluyó 277 sujetos con pirosis moderada a severa. Los pacientes recibieron 7 días de OMZ/BC y 7 días de OMZ (OMZ/BC7) o 14 días de OMZ (OMZ14). La variable primaria fue definida como el cambio del número de días a la semana que el paciente presenta pirosis, se evaluó a los 14 días. Ambos tratamientos redujeron los días con pirosis en menos 4 días (OMZ14 3,9 vs. 4,2 días OMZ/BC7), así como la duración, el número de eventos e intensidad de la pirosis. Los tratamientos mejoraron los indicadores de calidad de vida, y el control del padecimiento. La proporción de eventos adversos fue menor con OMZ/BC. Se comprobó la no-inferioridad de OMZ/BC7 respecto OMZ14.

La reconfiguración de la esfera pública en América Latina: un acercamiento analítico desde la ciudadanía subalterna / The Reconfiguration of Public Sphere in Latin America: an analytic approach from subordinated citizenship

Resumen La democracia se ha constituido en uno de los temas de gran interés y debate para las ciencias sociales, en particular para el campo de la sociología política en América Latina. El trayecto histórico que ha tenido la esfera de lo público se ha convertido en un espacio epistémico encargado de reconfigurar las relaciones sociopolíticas que existen entre la ciudadanía y el Estado en el marco de los procesos endógenos/exógenos que constituyen la democracia en su concepción de lo público. Así pues, el propósito del presente artículo consiste en realizar un breve análisis sobre la discusión de la democracia en el marco del imaginario de los grupos subalternos que ejercen una mirada crítica sobre los procesos hegemónicos fomentados por los grupos dominantes, los cuales instituyen un modelo propio de la democracia moderna/liberal que está en función de un orden político en el plano vertical que genera actores marginados en la región.

Abstract Democracy has become one of the topics of great interest and debate for the social sciences, in particular, for the field of political sociology in Latin America. The historical journey, which has taken the public sphere has become an epistemic space responsible for reshaping the socio-political relations that exist between citizens and the state within the framework of the endogenous/exogenous processes, which constitute democracy in its conception of the public. Thus, the purpose of this article is to carry out a brief analysis of the discussion of democracy within the framework of the imaginary of junior groups that exercise a critical view of the hegemonic proces ses fostered by dominant groups, which institute a model typical of modern/liberal democracy, which is based on a political order at the vertical level generated by marginalized actors in the region.

Ellagic acid production using polyphenols from orange peel waste by submerged fermentation

Background: Biotechnological processes are part of modern industry as well as stricter environmental requirements. The need to reduce production costs and pollution demands for alternatives that involve the integral use of agro-industrial waste to produce bioactive compounds. The citrus industry generates large amounts of wastes due to the destruction of the fruits by microorganisms and insects together with the large amounts of orange waste generated during the production of juice and for sale fresh. The aim of this study was used orange wastes rich in polyphenolic compounds can be used as source carbon of Aspergillus fumigatus MUM 1603 to generate high added value compounds, for example, ellagic acid and other molecules of polyphenolic origin through submerged fermentation system. Results: The orange peel waste had a high concentration of polyphenols, 28% being condensed, 27% ellagitannins, 25% flavonoids and 20% gallotannins. The major polyphenolic compounds were catechin, EA and quercetin. The conditions, using an experimental design of central compounds, that allow the production of the maximum concentration of EA (18.68 mg/g) were found to be: temperature 30°C, inoculum 2 × 107 (spores/g) and orange peel polyphenols 6.2 (g/L). Conclusion: The submerged fermentation process is an effective methodology for the biotransformation of molecules present in orange waste to obtain high value-added as ellagic acid that can be used as powerful antioxidants, antibacterial and other applications.

Aumento en la oferta de consultorios adyacentes a farmacias y atención en servicios públicos en México entre 2012 y 2018 / Increase in medical offices in pharmacies in Mexico and health care in public health services between 2012 and 2018

Resumen: Objetivo: Estudiar los cambios en la utilización de servicios de salud públicos y privados en México entre 2012 y 2018. Material y métodos: Usamos la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de los años 2012 y 2018 (Ensanut 2012 y Ensanut 2018-19), y datos agregados de la oferta de servicios de salud. Resultados: Los consultorios adyacentes a farmacias (CAF) crecieron aceleradamente y esto se relacionó con un menor uso de servicios públicos, aun en la población con seguridad social. Individuos que viven en municipios con alta densidad de CAF tienen menor probabilidad de usar servicios públicos. El aumento en la afiliación al Seguro Popular (SP) no se acompañó de un incremento de la oferta de servicios públicos y no se relaciona con mayor utilización de servicios públicos. Conclusiones: Derechohabiencia y afiliación no garantizan el acceso a la atención médica en servicios públicos. Dada la creciente importancia de los CAF, es urgente diseñar y evaluar estrategias para regular su desempeño.

Abstract: Objective. To study changes in health care utilization in the public and private sector in Mexico in 2012 and 2018. Material and methods: We used the 2012 and 2018-19 National Health and Nutrition Surveys and aggregated data on the supply of health services. Results. There was an accelerated increase in medical offices in pharmacies (MOP) that was related to a lower use of public health services, even among the population with social security. We found that individuals living in municipalities with a high density of MOP had a lower probability of using public services. The increase in the affiliation to the Seguro Popular (SP) was not followed by an increase in public health services and was not associated with a higher utilization of public health services. Conclusions. Affiliation or health insurance does not guarantee access to public services. Given the high increase in MOP, it is urgent to design and evaluate strategies to regulate their performance.

Efectos fisiológicos de los péptidos bioactivos derivados de las proteínas del lactosuero en la salud: Una revisión / Physiological health effects of whey protein-derived bioactive peptides: A review

RESUMEN El lactosuero es un subproducto derivado de la elaboración de queso. La calidad de la composición química de las proteínas del lactosuero las convierte en un sustrato ideal para la generación de péptidos con actividad biológica. La presente revisión tiene por objetivo analizar y discutir los efectos fisiológicos de los péptidos bioactivos derivados de las proteínas del lactosuero (PBDL) en la salud. Asimismo, este trabajo muestra detalladamente las estructuras químicas de las secuencias de los PBDL capaces de ejercer efectos favorables in vitro e in vivo e influir positivamente en los sistemas cardiovascular, endócrino e inmunológico. Sin embargo, las metodologías para generar PBDL de manera controlada, la dosificación y las concentraciones óptimas han sido poco exploradas. Por lo que es importante llevar a cabo investigación de frontera que permita avanzar el umbral del conocimiento vislumbrando la posibilidad de utilizar los PBDL como coadyuvantes en la prevención y tratamiento de enfermedades.

ABSTRACT Whey is a by-product of cheese production. The relevant chemical composition of whey proteins makes them an ideal substrate to release peptides with biological activity. The objective of this manuscript was to analyze and discuss the effects of whey-derived proteins bioactive peptides in health. Moreover, this review shows in detail sequences able to benefit human systems. Several in vitro and in vivo studies showed the capacity of these bioactive peptides to positively influence cardiovascular, endocrine and immune systems. However, the methodologies to obtain them in a controlled way, as well as dose and optimum concentrations have been scarcely explored. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct new research to improve knowledge that focuses on the possibility of using whey-derived bioactive peptides in the prevention and treatment of diseases.

Obstrucción intestinal por ascaris lumbricoides en un niño de 6 años. Reporte de un caso / Intestinal obstruction by ascaris lumbricoides in a 6-years-old child. A case report

Resumen Las sintomatologías de la infección por ascaris lumbricoides es generalmente gastrointestinal y su tratamiento es clínico, sin embargo, la obstrucción intestinal es la forma de presentación más rara y requiere de tratamiento quirúrgico. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 6 años, con vómito, dolor y distensión abdominal de 48 horas de evolución. La radiografía abdominal mostró niveles hidroaéreos. Se realizó una exploración quirúrgica que encontró un apelotonamiento de parásitos a nivel del íleon. Se describe el manejo terapéutico.

Abstract The symptomatology of Ascaris lumbricoides infection is generally gastrointestinal and the treatment is clinical, however intestinal obstruction is the most rare form of presentation and requires surgical treatment. The case of a 6-year-old patient with vomiting, pain and abdominal distension over 48 hours of evolution is presented. Abdominal radiography showed fluid levels. A surgical exploration was performed which found a package of parasites at the ileum. Therapeutic management is described.

Experiencias locales de la formación ciudadana desde la infancia en las escuelas de Ibagué - Tolima (Colombia) / Local Experiences of Citizenship Formation from Childhood Experiences at Schools in Ibagué, Tolima (Colombia)

Resumen Al hablar de la formación ciudadana desde la primera infancia, hablamos en concreto del reconocimiento de la infancia como ciudadanos en el pleno ejercicio en su participación democrática lo que nos exige trascender hacia realidades más concretas y posibles por medio de la formulación de proyectos innovadores e incluyentes que permitan visibilizar a los niños en un rol activo en los diferentes escenarios sociales, así mismo reconocer a los docentes como actores fundamentales en el marco de construir sentidos/acciones en común entre educadores y formadores en los espacios educativos.

Abstract By speaking of citizen training from the early childhood, we speak specifically of the recognition of children as citizens in the full exercise in their democratic participation, which requires us to transcend to more concrete and possible realities through the formulation of innovative and inclusive projects, which allow to visualize children in an active role, in the different social scenarios, by recognizing teachers as fundamental actors in the framework of building common senses/actions between educators and trainers in educational spaces.

Por qué es importante lograr metas de hipertensión arterial sistémica... A propósito un caso clínico que inició como evento vascular cerebral isquémico / Why is it important to achieve the goals of treatment of hypertension.... About a case that began as ischemic stroke

Resumen La hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS) es una de las condiciones más frecuentes que se ve en atención primaria de las enfermedades cardiovasculares y que tiene como consecuencias; dependiendo del "órgano blanco" que afecte, producir la cardiopatía isquémica, la vasculopatía cerebral o la nefropatía crónica. Dentro de la patogénesis de la HAS se encuentran implicados varios mecanismos fisiopatológicos; de los cuales actualmente, por señalar los más importantes y frecuentes, juegan un papel el incremento en los niveles de adrenalina, el sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona y en fecha reciente, mucho se menciona la participación de la resistencia a la insulina y la hiperinsulinemia. Dichos procesos conllevan un desequilibrio entre el tono simpático y el parasimpático, aunado a la hipersensibilidad por el sodio desencadenan uno de los mecanismos fisiopatogénicos de la HAS. Actualmente se define la HAS como el hallazgo de cifras de tensión arterial mayores a 140/90 mm Hg. Este es uno de los padecimientos que más afecta a la población mundial encontrando prevalencias en grupos etarios y de género de 45 al 55% en varones entre los 45 y 70 años y del 45 al 65% en mujeres de ese mismo grupo etario. En el 2013 se publicaron las guías clínicas más recientes para su tratamiento y las metas recomendadas, con lo que se ha logrado disminuir sus complicaciones y mortalidad; dentro de las que destacan enfermedades vasculares como la cardiopatía isquémica y la cerebral y renal. En el presente trabajo se comenta un caso clínico que ejemplifica las complicaciones secundarias en un diagnóstico tardío, el daño a "órgano blanco" por exposición a largo plazo y el inadecuado cumplimiento de las metas terapéuticas.

Abstract Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is one of the most common conditions seen in primary care of cardiovascular disease and whose consequences; depending on the "target organ" affecting produce ischemic heart disease, cerebral vascular disease or chronic kidney disease. In the pathogenesis of HAS are several physiopathological mechanisms involved; of which currently, to name the most important and frequent play a role in increasing adrenaline levels, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and recently, much the participation of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia mentioned. These processes lead to an imbalance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic tone, coupled with hypersensitivity sodium trigger one of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of hypertension. SAH is currently defined as finding numbers of older blood pressure 140/90 mm Hg. This is one of the diseases that most affect the world population prevalences found in age and gender groups 45 to 55% in men between 45 and 70 years and 45 to 65% in women of the same age group. In 2013 most recent clinical guidelines for treatment and the recommended goals, which has managed to reduce its complications and mortality were published; among which include vascular diseases such as ischemic heart and brain and kidney. In this paper a case that exemplifies the secondary complications in late diagnosis, damage to "target organ" by long-term exposure and inadequate compliance with therapeutic goals discussed.

Avaliação da atenção ao diabetes mellitus em unidades de saúde da família de Petrolina, Pernambuco, 2011 / Quality evaluation of diabetes mellitus care in family health centres, Petrolina, Pernambuco, 2011 / Evaluación de la atención a la diabetes mellitus en unidades de salud de la familia de Petrolina, Pernambuco, 2011

Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade da atenção aos portadores de diabetes mellitus nas Unidades de Saúde da Família de Petrolina, Pernambuco, em 2011. Métodos: avaliação normativa, tendo como padrão as normas do Ministério da Saúde. Para avaliação de estrutura e processo, realizou-se observação de 40 unidades de saúde e entrevistas com profissionais; para avaliação de resultado, utilizaram-se dados dos Sistemas de Informação sobre Mortalidade e Hospitalização. Resultados: em todas as 40 unidades havia consultórios individuais e fitas reagentes, em 32 havia glicosímetros e em 9, profissionais de nível superior treinados. Foi evidenciada falta de endocrinologistas na atenção secundária. Todas as equipes realizavam atividades educativas e 22 realizavam o exame dos pés. Entre os triênios pré (2004-2006) e pós-implantação (2007-2009) do programa de controle da diabetes não houve diferença significativa na ocorrência de hospitalizações e óbitos por complicações da Diabetes Mellitus. Conclusão: a atenção ao diabético foi classificada como de qualidade regular.

Objective: to evaluate diabetes mellitus patient care quality in Family Health services in Petrolina-PE, 2011. Methods: A normative evaluation following Brazilian Health Ministry standard guidelines. 40 health centres were observed and health professionals were interviewed in order to evaluate structure and process. Mortality and Hospital Admissions System data were used to evaluate outcomes. Results: all 40 health centres were equipped with individual consulting rooms and reagent strips. 32 health centres had blood glucose meters and 9 health centres had trained university-level professionals. There were no endocrinologists in secondary care. All teams undertook educational activities and 22 performed feet examinations. There was no significant difference in hospitalization and death incidence due to Diabetes Mellitus complications in the three-year periods prior (2004-2006) and following (2007-2009) diabetes control program implantation. Conclusion: diabetes care was classified as being of regular quality.

Objetivo: evaluar la calidad de la atención a los portadores de Diabetes Mellitus en las Unidades de Salud de la Familia de Petrolina, Pernambuco, en 2011. Métodos: evaluación normativa, teniendo como estándar las normas del Ministerio de Salud. Para la evaluación de estructura y proceso, se observaron 40 unidades de salud y se realizaron entrevistas con profesionales; para la evaluación de resultado, se utilizaron datos de los Sistemas de Información sobre Mortalidad y Hospitalización. Resultados: en todas las 40 unidades había consultorios individuales y tiras reactivas, en 32 había glucómetros y en 9, profesionales de nivel superior capacitados. Se evidenció la falta de endocrinólogos en la atención secundaria. Todos los equipos realizaban actividades educativas y 22 realizaban el examen de los pies. Entre los trienios pre (2004-2006) y pos implantación (2007-2009) del programa de control de la diabetes no hubo diferencia significativa en la ocurrencia de hospitalizaciones y óbitos por complicaciones de la Diabetes Mellitus.Conclusion: la atención al diabético fue clasificada como de calidad regular.

Comparison of six-minute walk test in children with moderate/severe asthma with reference values for healthy children / Comparação do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos em crianças com asma moderada/grave com valores de referência parasaudáveis

OBJECTIVE: to compare physical performance and cardiorespiratory responses in the six-minute walk test (6MWT) in asthmatic children with reference values for healthy children in the same age group, and to correlate them with intervening variables. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional, prospective study that evaluated children with moderate/severe asthma, aged between 6 and 16 years, in outpatient follow-up. Demographic and spirometric test data were collected. All patients answered the pediatric asthma quality of life (QoL) questionnaire (PAQLQ) and level of basal physical activity. The 6MWT was performed, following the American Thoracic Society recommendations. Comparison of means was performed using Student's t-test and Pearson's correlation to analyze the 6MWT with study variables. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: 40 children with moderate or severe asthma were included, 52.5% males, 70% with normal weight and sedentary. Mean age was 11.3 ± 2.1 years, mean height was 1.5 ± 0.1 m, and mean weight was 40.8 ± 12.6 Kg. The mean distance walked in the 6MWT was significantly lower, corresponding to 71.9% ± 19.7% of predicted values; sedentary children had the worst values. The difference between the distance walked on the test and the predicted values showed positive correlation with age (r = 0.373, p = 0.018) and negative correlation with cardiac rate at the end of the test (r = -0.518, p < 0.001). Regarding QoL assessment, the values in the question about physical activity limitations showed the worst scores, with a negative correlation with walked distance difference (r = -0.311, p = 0.051). CONCLUSIONS: asthmatic children's performance in the 6MWT evaluated through distance walked is significantly lower than the predicted values for healthy children of the same age, and is directly influenced by sedentary life style. .

OBJETIVO: comparar o desempenho físico e cardiorrespiratório do teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC 6 min) em crianças asmáticas com valores de referência para saudáveis da mesma faixa etária e correlacioná-los com variáveis intervenientes. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal, prospectivo, em crianças com asma moderada/grave, entre seis e 16 anos, em acompanhamento ambulatorial. Coletaram-se dados demográficos e espirométricos. Os pacientes responderam questionário de qualidade de vida em asma (PAQLQ) e nível de atividade física basal. O TC 6 min foi realizado segundo recomendações da American Thoracic Society. Para comparações de médias usou-se teste t e correlação de Pearson para analisar o TC 6 min com variáveis estudadas. Nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: incluídas 40 crianças, 52,5% meninos, 70% eutróficas e sedentárias. A média deidade 11,3 ± 2,1 anos, altura 1,5 ± 0,1 m e peso 40,8 ± 12,6 Kg. A média da distância percorrida no TC 6 min foi significativamente inferior correspondendo a 71,9% ± 19,7 dos valores previstos, onde as crianças sedentárias exibiram os piores valores. A diferença entre a distância percorrida no teste e os valores preditos mostrou correlação positiva com a idade (r = 0,373, p = 0,018) e negativa com a frequência cardíaca ao final do teste (r = -0,518, p < 0,001). Na avaliação da qualidade de vida, os valores do quesito limitações das atividades físicas, demonstraram pior pontuação com correlação negativa com a diferença das distâncias percorridas (r = -0,311,p = 0,051). CONCLUSÕES: o desempenho do TC6 min em crianças asmáticas avaliado através da distância percorrida é significativamente ...

Pancreatitis por citomegalovirus en inmunocomprometidos. Reporte de casos / Cytomegalovirus pancreatitis in inmunocompromised patients: a case report

Se reporta dos casos de pancreatitis secundaria a la infección por citomegalovirus confirmado por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (PCR-RT) en pacientes portadores del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Se descartaron otras causas mediante exámenes auxiliares. Ambos pacientes fueron tratados con ganciclovir y se obtuvo una mejoría tanto clínica como en los exámenes auxiliares. Esta patología no debe pasar desapercibida en pacientes VIH positivos a pesar de no presentar la característica clínica de pancreatitis aguda.

Niveles de hemoglobina en pacientes en hemodiálisis a nivel del mar y a mayor altitud, y su relación con la calidad de vida / Hemoglobin levels in hemodialysis patients at sea level and high altitude, and its relation with the quality of life

Objetivo. Determinar si los niveles de hemoglobina se relacionan con la calidad de vida a diferentes altitudes en pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD) crónica. Pacientes y Métodos. Se seleccionó pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en HD crónica que vivían a nivel del mar (Lima, 150 metros sobre el nivel del mar ûmsnmû; Chiclayo, 27 msnm) y a mayor altitud (Arequipa, 2 327 msnm; Puno, 3 827 msnm). Los pacientes fueron reevaluados a los tres y seis meses, se registró el nivel de hemoglobina, la presión arterial y las dosis de eritropoyetina y de fierro. A los seis meses, se seleccionó a los pacientes que tuvieron hemoglobina que no varió más de 1,5 g/dL entre el primer, tercero y sexto mes del estudio y se aplicó el test SF-36de calidad de vida. Resultados. Se evaluó 54 pacientes de nivel del mar y 48 de mayor altitud. Los primeros tuvieron mayor edad, menor prevalencia de hipertensión arterial, menores niveles de hemoglobina y de hematócrito, mayor promedio de KT/V y menor uso de medicamentos que interfieren con angiotensina. No hubo diferencia en la dosis semanal de eritropoyetina ni en la mensual de hierro. Los resultados del test SF-36 no mostraron diferencia entre los dos grupos; y, en pacientes de nivel del mar se encontró correlación entre el resultado del test SF-36 y el nivel de hemoglobina, no así en pacientes de mayor altitud. Conclusiones. Los pacientes en HD que viven a mayor altitud tienen un mayor nivel de hemoglobina. Hubo correlación entre el nivel de hemoglobina y la calidad de vida en los pacientes en HD que viven a nivel del mar, pero no en los pacientes en HD que viven a mayor altitud.

Objective. To determine whether hemoglobin levels are related to the quality of life at different altitudes in hemo- dyalisis (HD) patients. Material and MethOds. We selected patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in chronicHD who were living at sea level (Lima at 150 meters above sea level (masl) and Chiclayo 27 masl) and at high altitude (Arequipa 2 327 masl and Puno 3 827 masl). The patients were re-evaluated at 3 and 6 months recording: hemoglobin, blood pressure, doses of erythropoietin and iron levels. Six months later, patients who had hemoglobin which did not vary more than 1,5 g/dL among the first, third and sixth month of the study were selected; and the quality of life Test SF-36 was applied. results. We assessed 54 HD patients at sea level and 48 at high altitude. Sea level HD patients were older, had a lower prevalence of arterial hypertension, lower levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit, higher KT/V average and less use of medicines that interfere with angiotensin. There was no difference in the weekly dose of erythropoietin or monthly dose of iron. SF-36 test results showed no difference between the two groups. In sea level HD patients, a correlation was found between the SF-36 test result and their hemoglobin level. This was not found among high altitude HD patients. Conclusion. Higher hemoglobin levels are found in HD patients living at high altitude; and, in HD patients from sea level, there was a correlation between the hemoglobin level and the quality of life, which was not found in HD patients who live at high altitude. Key wOrds. Anemia, hemodialysis, high altitude, chronic kidney disease, quality of life.

Incidencia y factores de riesgo de endofugas en el tratamiento endovascular de los aneurismas aórticos / [Incidence and risk factors of endoleak in endovascular aortic aneurysm repair].

BACKGROUND: endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) reduces morbidity and hospital stay compaired with open surgical repair. Endoleak is a common complication of the procedure. The resulting increase of pressure within the sac may expand the aneurysm with the following risk of rupture. The aim of this study was to recognize the incidence of endoleak in tomographic controls of the patients who underwent endovascular repair at our hospital as well as identify the risk factors associated with this complication. METHODS: all consecutive patients who underwent endovascular aneurysm repair at our hospital between 2008, February until 2012, February were restrospectively enrolled in the study, excluding those who were lost at follow-up. 43 patients were included, aged 70.5 ± 6 (men: 88

). The endpoint was endoleak incidence at 1, 6, 12th months after the intervention in the control tomography, and its association with underlying risk factors: hypertension, Smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary desease and the diameter of the aneurysm. RESULTS: eleven (11

). All were infrarrenal aortic aneurysms. The anteroposterior diameter of the aneurysm (more than 60 mm) showed a trend toward statistical significance as a risk factor (30

; p:0.073). No relationship was found with gender, age, COPD, smoking or hypertension. CONCLUSION: endoleak after endovascular aneurysm repair is a common complication. The size of the aneurysm might be a risk factor of the event.

Reproductive performance of the Mesa silverside (Chirostoma jordani Woolman, 1894) under natural and controlled photoperiods

Chirostoma jordani is a native annual species inhabiting lacustrine waters of the Central Mexico Plateau. It is widely distributed and is currently facing high environmental pressures. Five experiments were performed to study the reproductive performance of this species. Four of the experiments were conducted in 270-L indoor recirculation tanks. Two males and one female at the first stage of reproduction were included in each test. A photoperiod of 14 light hours and 10 dark hours was used. In a fifth experiment, 10 females and 15 males were kept in an outdoor 3,000-L recirculation tank under natural photoperiod. The number of spawns, fertilised eggs and 30-day-old juveniles were counted and the survival rate was calculated. The results indicated significant differences (P< 0.05) between treatments. Higher spawn numbers and greater egg production were observed under controlled photoperiod, and higher numbers of juveniles and a higher survival rate were observed under natural photoperiod. The trials exhibited different patterns of egg production during the experiment. The egg production in the natural-photoperiod trials followed a polynomial curve model. In contrast, the trials under the controlled photoperiod showed an irregular pattern of increases and decreases in egg production.

Variabilidad genética de la respuesta inflamatoria: I. Polimorfismo -511 C/T en el gen IL1β en diferentes subpoblaciones peruanas / Genetic variability of the inflammatory response: I. The -511 C/T IL1β polymorphism in different Peruvian subpopulations

El polimorfismo -511 citosina/timina (-511 C/T) en la región promotora del gen interleuquina 1 beta (IL1β) estα implicado en la producciσn diferencial de la citoquina y por tanto puede estar asociado a la respuesta inmuno-inflamatoria en obesidad, dislipidemias, cardiopatías, cáncer, infecciones, y el tratamiento con nutrientes y fármacos. Objetivos: Establecer la distribución de frecuencias de los genotipos y alelos del polimorfismo -511 C/T del gen IL1β en diferentes subpoblaciones peruanas. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal. Instituciones: Centro de Investigación de Bioquímica y Nutrición e Instituto de Medicina Tropical D.A. Carrión, Facultad de Medicina, UNMSM y Centro de Genética y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, USMP, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Pobladores peruanos. Intervenciones: Extracción de ADN genómico a partir de muestras sanguíneas o epitelio bucal según metodología estándar, de 168 individuos de 9 grupos subpoblacionales: 23 mestizos de Lima, 33 amazónicos (20 de Pucallpa y 13 de Amazonas) y 112 andinos (12 de Ancash, 10 de Cajamarca, 18 de Huarochirí-Lima, 25 de Puno-Taquile, 25 de Puno-Uros y 22 de Puno-Anapia). Análisis del polimorfismo -511 C/T mediante la técnica de PCR/RFLP, con primers específicos y digestión con la enzima de restricción AvaI, detectándose los fragmentos por electroforesis en geles de agarosa al 2% y tinción con bromuro de etidio. Principales medidas de resultados: Frecuencias genotípicas y alélicas del gen IL1β. Resultados: Se encontró las siguientes frecuencias genotípicas CC=0,024; CT=0,369 y TT=0,607, consistentes con el equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg; y las frecuencias alélicas fueron alelo C=0,208 y aleloT= 0,792. La frecuencia del alelo T, considerado el mutante, fue muy alta en los Uros de Puno (0.940) y más baja en los mestizos de Lima (0.609). La comparación de las frecuencias genotípicas (TT versus CT+CC) y alélicas (T versus C) mostraron diferencias significativas (p<0,01) entre los pares Lima mestizos y las de Puno-Taquile y Puno-Uros. Existieron diferencias significativas (p<0,001) cuando se las comparó con otras poblaciones del mundo. Conclusiones: El alelo T mutante del polimorfismo -511 C/T en el gen IL1β, asociado a mayor producciσn de la citoquina, fue frecuente en las subpoblaciones estudiadas. Debido a las diferencias encontradas, es importante considerar la etnicidad en los estudios de asociaciσn y de riesgo de este gen, como factor de respuesta inflamatoria, en obesidad, dislipidemias, cardiopatías, cáncer, infecciones, y el tratamiento con nutrientes y fármacos.

The -511 citosyne/thymine (-511 C/T) polymorphism in the promoter region of human interleukin 1B (IL1β) gene is associated to differential cytokine synthesis and immuno-inflammatory response in obesity, dyslipidemias, cardiopathies, cancer, infections, other diseases, nutritional intervention and drug treatment. Objectives: To determine allelic and genotypic frequencies of -511 C/T polymorphism in the IL1β gene polymorphism in different Peruvian subpopulations. Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Settings: Faculties of Human Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos and Universidad San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru. Participants: Peruvian subjects. Interventions: Genomic DNA was extracted from 168 individuals from Lima (23 mestizos), 33 Amazonians (20 Pucallpa and 13 Amazonas) and 112 Andeans (12 Ancash, 10 Cajamarca, 18 Huarochiri-Lima, 25 Puno-Taquile, 25 Puno-Uros and 22 Puno-Anapia) according to standard methodology and amplification using PCR-RFLP technique. PCR products were digested with AvaI restriction enzyme and fragments were separated by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide stain. Main outcomes measures: Allelic and genotypic frequencies of the -511 C/T polymorphism in the IL1β gene. Results: CC=0,024, CT=0,369, and TT=0,607 genotypes frequencies were found, consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, as well as alleles frequencies C = 0,208, and T= 0,792. The frequency of (mutant) T allele was very high in Puno-Uros (0,940) and low in Lima-mestizos (0,609). Comparison of genotypes (TT versus CT+CC) and alleles (T versus C) showed significant differences (p <0.01) between pairs Lima-mestizos and Puno-Uros and Puno-Taquile. Differences were significant (p <0.001) when compared to other world populations. Conclusions: T allele of IL1β gene -511 polymorphism related to increased production of the cytokine was frequent in these Peruvian subpopulations. Because of these differences, it is important to consider ethnicity in association studies and risk of this gene, factor of inflammatory response in obesity, dyslipidemias, cardiopathies, cancer, infections, other diseases, nutritional intervention and drug treatment.

Análisis de la actividad antiinflamatoria y analgésica aguda de la metformina mediante el Test de Formalina / Analysis of the Anti-Inflammatory and Acute Analgesic Activity of Metformin Through the Formalin Test

OBJETIVO: Determinar la actividad antiinflamatoria de la Metformina, así como la dosis óptima, en un evento agudo de inflamación, en roedores. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se emplearon 42 ratas albinas hembras (Wistar), de peso promedio 250 gr. distribuidas aleatoriamente en seis grupos (n = 7), se empleó la prueba de formalina. Los animales recibieron Metformina (100, 200 o 300 mg/kg), Diclofenaco, agua destilada y formalina. Se aplicó la prueba de ANOVA de una vía, se utilizó el programa IBM SPSS Statistics v.20. RESULTADOS: No se presentó efecto de la Metformina sobre el dolor neurogénico. En la fase II de dolor inflamatorio, la Metformina a dosis de 100 y 300 mg/Kg, presentó tiempos de latencia de 22,40 y 47,10 seg., frente a 2,21 seg. con formalina (p<0.05). La Metformina a dosis de 300 y 100 mg/kg, presentó un tiempo de lamidas de 130,47 y 148,71 seg., frente a 283,36 seg. con formalina (p<0.05). La dosis de Metformina 300 mg/kg fue la que mayor efecto antiinflamatorio presentó, seguido de la dosis de 100mg/Kg.CONCLUSIONES: Se confirmó la acción antiinflamatoria aguda de la Metformina a dosis de 100 y 300 mg/kg, en roedor, mediante el test de formalina. La mayor eficacia anti-inflamatoria fue obtenida con dosis de 300 mg/kg.

OBJETIVE: To determine the antiinflammatory activity of metformin and the optimal dose in an acute event of inflammation in rodents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used 42 female albino rats (Wistar), average weight 250 gr. randomized into six groups (n = 7), and applied the formalin test. The animals received Metformin (100, 200 or 300 mg/kg), diclofenac, distilled water and formalin. Statistical analysis with one-way ANOVA, we used the IBM SPSS Statistics v.20 program. RESULTS: No effect of Metformin over neurogenic pain occurred. In phase II Metformin at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg, had latencies of 22,40 and 47,10 sec. compared to 1.48 sec. with formalin (p<0.05). Metformin in doses of 300 and 100 mg/kg, had a time of 130,47 and 148,71 sec of licking compared to 283,36 sec. with formalin (p<0.05). The 300 mg/kg Metformin dose showed the greatest antiinflammatory effect, followed by the 100mg/kg dose. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the acute anti-inflammatory action of Metformin at doses of 100 and 300 mg / kg in mice through the formalin test. Most anti-inflammatory efficacy was obtained with the 300 mg/kg Metformin dose.