comparative study on the effect of air scaler and hand instruments on the root surface using the scanning electron microscope

In vivo study was carried out to compare the effect of Gracey curette hand instrument and calcus sonic air scaler on root surface concerning roughness production and their efficiency in removing plaque and calculus using scanning electron microscope [SEM]. Twenty teeth with single roots have been used in this study. The teeth were apportioned into 2 groups, 9 teeth in each group with 2 planed site mesially and distally. The first group planed with Gracey curette each side with new cutting edge, the second group planed with calcus sonic air scaler with perio-tip mesially and distally. The other 2 teeth served as a control specimens, one single non-instrumented periodontally involved root, the other one was free of periodontal disease. When the teeth preparation were complete, they were prepared for the SEM. The specimens were examined at microscope power X500, 1000, 3000, 10000. The result revealed that there was no significant difference between the 2 instruments in removing plaque. Also the study showed no statistical difference between the 2 instruments in calculus removal. There was highly significant difference between the 2 instrument in roughness production on the root surface after root planning. The hand curette proved to be superior to the air scaler in producing a smoother surface

correlation between gingival inflammation, gingival fluid, pH and types of microorganisms in dental plaque

In physiological and pathological conditions, the gingival fluid pH play a significant role on the structure and function of the gingival crevice. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical correlation between gingival fluid pH, Gingival status and microbial shift during the establishment of gingivitis experimental gingivitis carried on 7 dental [mean age was 21 Yr.]. Gingival fluid pH evaluated by using universal indicator paper. The salivary pH and blood pH was also evaluated from the same patients by using the same method. Supragingival plaque was examined by dark field microscope. The results showed that the mean of the gingival fluid pH was 6.5 in patients with healthy gingiva [GI=0]. While with the development of experimental gingivitis [GI=1]. The mean gingival fluid pH was 6.8. Gingival fluid pH also evaluated after the resolution of gingival inflammation [GI=0]. The mean pH was returned again to 6.5. Bacteriological examination of the supragingival flora of day zero consisted mainly of cocci and rods. At day 7, the group of cocci dropped markedly. Fusiform filaments and motile increased slightly in their proportion. At day when gingivitis developed. In addition to the type of bacteria already found at day 7. Spirochetes also found, no statistical difference was shown in all time intervals of the experiment for both bacteriological and gingival fluid pH. The results also demonstrated a stable pH in both saliva and blood during the period of the experimental gingivitis. In conclusion we can say that there is a correlation between the gingivitis and gingival fluid pH value and this may be due to increase in the vascular permeability which considered as one of the important feature of the gingival inflammatory response

Immunocytochemical demonstration of IgG, IgA, IgM and albumin in the acquired supragingival pellicle

There is increasing evidences that immunological phenomena play a significant role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the presence and the distribution of immunoglohulins and albumin in the acquired enamel pellicle. Hydroxyapatite splints, trimmed into appropriate shape and secured to the labial surfaces of maxillary molars and premolar teeth, were used to collect acquired pellicle. The splint segments were removed after 2 hr. and processed for Transmission Electron Microscope [TEM] using low temperature embedding material. The specific sites of activity were visualized by reacting sections with a rabbit anti-immunoglobulins and anti-albumin which had been conjugated with protein A-gold complex. IgG, IgA and Albumin were found in the acquired pellicle, whereas IgM was not detected. Density of labeling was found to be greater on the epithelial cells adhered to the hydroxyapatite splint than in the acquired pellicle

Alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase in human gingival fluid and its relation to gingival inflammation

Periodontal inflammation is accompanied by presence of fluid in the gingival sulcus, and the amount of fluid varies according to the severity of inflammation. Alkaline phosphatase is known to be present in periodontal tissues and is normally confined to eucocytes; an increase in the activity of this enzyme has been shown by histochemical methods in inflamed gingiva. The main source of acid phosphatase in the crevicular area are probably the PMNS and desqaumating epithelial cells and the activity of this enzyme has often been associated with connective tissue metabolism. The aim of this study is to determine the activity of these enzymes in varying severity of gingival inflammation,15 patients were selected for this study; gingival fluids were collected with micropipettes. Assessment of the gingival status was made according to the Gingival Index [GI] of Loe And Silness. Then patients divided into 3 groups. Alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase was measured by colorimetric technique. Results demonstrated increase of enzymes activity with severity of gingival inflammation. Further investigation is needed to demonstrate the roles and activity of these enzymes in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease