Sublethal effect of Abamectin in the functional response of the predator Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) on Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae) / Efeito subletal da Abamectina na resposta funcional do predador Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) em Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae)

Abstract The biological control used for the control of Tetranychus urticae (Koch) is the predator mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot). It is important to the know the effects of acaricides on the biological behavior the Abamectin on the functional response of P. persimilis. The functional response of the predator was of type II exposed to concentration of Abamectin, the functional response parameters: successful attack rate (a'), handling time (Th), search efficiency and the maximum predation theory (T/Th) were affected by the acaricide. The predator spends more time in persecute, dominate, consume and prepair it self to the next searching comparing with the proof subject an the predation ability was affected.

Resumo O controle biológico utilizado para o controle de Tetranychus urticae (Koch) é o acaro predador Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot). É importante conhecer os efeitos dos acaricidas sobre o comportamento biológico do predador. Foi avaliado o efeito tóxico de a Abamectina na resposta funcional de P. persimilis. A resposta funcional do predador foi tipo II exposta a concentrações subletais de Abacmetina, os parâmetros da resposta funcional: taxa de ataque (a'), tempo de manipulação (Th), a eficiência na procura e predação teórica máxima (T/Th) foram afetados pelo acaricida. O predador passa mais tempo na procura, dominar, consumir e se preparar para a próxima procura em comparação com a testemunha e sua capacidade de predação foi afetada.

Sublethal effect of Abamectin in the functional response of the predator Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) on Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae)

Abstract The biological control used for the control of Tetranychus urticae (Koch) is the predator mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot). It is important to the know the effects of acaricides on the biological behavior the Abamectin on the functional response of P. persimilis. The functional response of the predator was of type II exposed to concentration of Abamectin, the functional response parameters: successful attack rate (a), handling time (Th), search efficiency and the maximum predation theory (T/Th) were affected by the acaricide. The predator spends more time in persecute, dominate, consume and prepair it self to the next searching comparing with the proof subject an the predation ability was affected.

Resumo O controle biológico utilizado para o controle de Tetranychus urticae (Koch) é o acaro predador Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot). É importante conhecer os efeitos dos acaricidas sobre o comportamento biológico do predador. Foi avaliado o efeito tóxico de a Abamectina na resposta funcional de P. persimilis. A resposta funcional do predador foi tipo II exposta a concentrações subletais de Abacmetina, os parâmetros da resposta funcional: taxa de ataque (a'), tempo de manipulação (Th), a eficiência na procura e predação teórica máxima (T/Th) foram afetados pelo acaricida. O predador passa mais tempo na procura, dominar, consumir e se preparar para a próxima procura em comparação com a testemunha e sua capacidade de predação foi afetada.

Enteroscopia de doble balón: Experiencia inicial en Venezuela

Recientemente se ha desarrollado un sistema de enteroscopia de doble balón que permite la visualización de la totalidad del intestino delgado. El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar la experiencia en Venezuela con este sistema endoscópico en la evaluación de la patología intestinal. Métodos: Se realizaron 33 procedimientos de enteroscopia de doble balón en 30 pacientes. 19 por abordaje anterógrado, 8 por abordaje retrógrado y 3 por abordaje combinado. Se registró la tasa de éxito en la inserción del yeyuno e ileon, la evaluación total del intestino delgado, los hallazgos, la realización de procedimientos terapéuticos y las complicaciones. Resultados: La inserción del enteroscopio más allá del ligamento de Treitz fue de 100% y de la válvula ileocecal de 75%. La observación de la totalidad del intestino delgado fue posible en 7 (23,3%) de 30 pacientes. Se encontraron hallazgos positivos en el 56,6 % de los casos. Se realizó terapéutica endoscópica en 1 paciente con sangrado digestivo. Se tomó biopsia en 10 pacientes (33,3%). No hubo complicaciones. Conclusiones: La enteroscopia de doble balón hace viable la evaluación completa del intestino delgado con la posibilidad de realizar terapéutica endoscópica y toma de biopsia para diagnóstico histológico. Es un procedimiento bien tolerado y seguro.

Recently has been developed a new method for enteroscopy, the double balloon method that allows the exploration of the entire small bowel. The aim of this study is to present the experience in Venezuela of this endoscopic method for small bowel disorders. Methods: The double balloon endoscopy system was used to perform 33 enteroscopies in 30 patients, 19 by anterograde approach, 8 by retrograde approach, 3 by combined approach.. The rate of success in jejunal and ileal insertion, the entire examination of the small intestine, the findings, the therapeutic procedures and complications were registered. Results: Insertion of the endoscope beyond the ligament of Treitz was possible in all the anterograde procedure; the insertion of the ileocecal valve was possible in 75% of the cases. The entire small bowel was observed in 7 out of 30 patients (23,3%). There were positive findings in 17 out of 30 patients (56,6%). Endoscopic therapy was performed in 1 case. Biopsy was taken in 10 patients. No complications occurred. Conclusions: Double balloon enteroscopy permits the exploration of the small bowel with the possibility of endoscopic therapy. The procedure is safe and well tolerated by the patients.

Calidad de las espirometrías en un estudio epidemiológico de terreno: Factores determinantes de la necesidad de repetir el examen en el estudio Platino-Chile / Spirometries in a population based study: factors determining the need of test repetition, in Chile's Platino study

Spirometry, the most used test to evaluate pulmonary function, is only occasionally measured in field epidemiological studies. Our aim was to determine which of the following factors in the Platino study can be associated low quality spirometries in the first session: sex, age, socioeconomic level, educational level, body mass index, cold chill, smoking, operating technician, date and subject's previous spirometric experience. 1.168 individuals were evaluated with spirometry. Fifteen nurses and 1 midwife were trained according to NIOSCH standards. Easy One NDD spirometers were used. 1.037 subjects (88.8 percent) performed a satisfactory spirometry in the first session, and 131 (11.2 percent) failed to do so. Only two significant predictors of this failure were identified: age and educational level. Causes for test repetition were 1) Non satisfactory acceptability (77.1 percent); 2) lack of reproducibility (67.9 percent); 3) decline of post bronchodilator CVF without concomitant change in VEF1 (36.6 percent). Eighty nine of the 131 subjects accepted to repeat the test. A satisfactory spirometry was obtained in 79 subjects. Hence, at the end of the study 95.5 percent of the subjects attained a satisfactory test. We conclude that personnel without experience, with appropriate training, can perform high quality field spirometries. Acceptability and repoducibility were the most sensitive factors associated with a bad performance of spirometry. Age and schooling were the main factors related with a low quality spirometry. No association was detected regarding technician as a predictor of low quality spirometries carried out in a population setting.

La espirometría es el examen más utilizado para evaluar la función pulmonar y ocasionalmente se usa en estudios epidemiológicos. Evaluamos si las variables: sexo, edad, nivel socioeconómico, escolaridad, IMC, cursar concomitantemente con resfrío, tabaquismo, fecha del examen, haberse efectuado espirometría anteriormente y técnico responsable, se asociaban con la probabilidad de espirometrías insatisfactorias en una primera sesión. Quince enfermeras y una matrona que recibieron capacitación realizaron las espirometrías en 1.168 sujetos empleando un espirómetro Easy One NDD. En la primera sesión 1.037 individuos (88,8 por ciento) efectuaron una espirometría satisfactoria fracasando 131 (11,2 por ciento). Se identificaron dos variables predictoras del fracaso: edad y años de instrucción. Las causas más frecuentes de espirometrías insatisfactorias fueron: 1) No cumplir con criterios de aceptabilidad (77,1 por ciento); 2) Falta de reproducibilidad (67,9 por ciento); 3) Caída de CVF post broncodilatador sin cambio en el VEF1 (36,6 por ciento). De los 131 sujetos cuya espirometría fue insatisfactoria en la primera sesión, ochenta y nueve aceptaron repetirla, lográndose al final del estudio una espirometría satisfactoria en el 95,5 por ciento de la muestra. Personal técnico sin experiencia previa y adecuadamente entrenado, es capaz de lograr espirometrías de buena calidad en un estudio epidemiológico de campo. Las causas más frecuentes de repetición de examen guardan relación con dificultad de alcanzar criterios de aceptabilidad y reproducibilidad de la prueba. Factores gravitantes en la repetición son la edad y el nivel de instrucción de los sujetos examinados. El desempeño de los técnicos no constituyó un factor limitante para obtener una adecuada calidad de la espirometría en terreno.