Investigation of oral and general health status and IL-1β gene polymorphism as risk factors for oral mucositis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship of OM with possible risk factors such as oral health condition, immunological status and IL-1β profile in patients submitted to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Fifty-four individuals submitted to HSCT were included. All patients received previous dental treatment and photobiomodulation (PBM) as the institutional OM preventive protocol. OM scores, immune status, and IL-1β levels were determined during the conditioning period and at D+3 and D+8 after HSC infusion. IL-1β gene polymorphism was also analyzed during conditioning. Possible associations of OM with risk factors were analyzed using conditional Fisher's exact test. OM was observed in 34 patients (62.9%) classified as Grade 1 (13 patients/24.1%), Grade 2 (14 patients/25.9%), Grade 3 (3 patients/5.5%), and Grade 4 (4 patients/7.4%). Allogeneic HSCT individuals exhibited a higher OM grade than autologous subjects. Moreover, an association was observed between severe OM and severe gingivitis (p = 0.01), neutropenia (p = 0.03), and leukopenia (p = 0.04). A significant association between OM and lower IL-1β levels was detected at three time points, i.e., conditioning (p = 0.048), D+3 (p = 0.01), and D+8 (p = 0.005). The results showed that IL-1β gene polymorphism was not associated with OM. Our study provided important insights into the scope of OM risk factors in the setting of HSCT. Patients submitted to HSCT with severe gingivitis prior to chemotherapy and with severe neutropenia and leukopenia exhibited a higher OM grade. Further investigation will be necessary to better understand the exact role of IL-1β in the context of OM pathobiology and to validate cytokine analysis in larger cohorts.

New tendencies in non-surgical periodontal therapy

Abstract The aim of this review was to update the evidence of new approaches to non-surgical therapy (NSPT) in the treatment of periodontitis. Preclinical and clinical studies addressing the benefits of adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, probiotics, prebiotics/synbiotics, statins, pro-resolving mediators, omega-6 and -3, ozone, and epigenetic therapy were scrutinized and discussed. Currently, the outcomes of these nine new approaches, when compared with subgingival debridement alone, did not demonstrate a significant added clinical benefit. However, some of these new alternative interventions may have the potential to improve the outcomes of NSPT alone. Future evidence based on randomized controlled clinical trials would help clinicians and patients in the selection of different adjunctive therapies.

Effect of Obesity and/or Ligature-induced Periodontitis on Aortic Wall Thickness in Wistar Rats / Efeito da obesidade e/ou periodontite induzida por ligadura na espessura da parede da aorta em ratos wistar

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate aortic wall thickness after periodontal disease and/or obesity induction in a Wistar rat model. Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control (CT), periodontal disease (PD), obesity (OB), and obesity plus periodontal disease (OB+PD). Groups OB and OB+PD received cafeteria diet for 17 weeks. After they had acquired obesity (week 12), periodontal disease was induced by placing a silk ligature on the maxillary right second molar of groups PD and OB+PD. During the experimental period, body weight and Lee index were assessed. Mean alveolar bone loss (ABL) was evaluated, and aortas were prepared for histometric analysis of the aortic wall by ImageJ software. Body weight and Lee index increased in rats exposed to cafeteria diet. Mean ABL was higher in Groups PD and OB+PD than in control and OB (p<0.05). ABL was 18% higher in Group OB+PD than in Group PD, with statistically significant difference (p<0.001). Aortas were thicker in Groups OB and OB+PD than in control and PD groups, respectively (2.31mm ± 0.28 and 2.33 ± 0.29 vs. 2.18 ± 0.26 and 2.14 ± 0.27). Group OB differed significantly from the control group (p=0.036), and OB+PD and OB differed significantly from PD (p=0.004 and p= 0.001, respectively). Obesity alters aortic wall thickness in Wistar rats. However, the presence of periodontal disease did not affect the aortic wall thickness under the conditions of the present study.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a espessura da parede da aorta após modelos de indução de doença periodontal e/ou obesidade em ratos Wistar. Sessenta ratos Wistar machos foram aleatoria mente divididos em quatro grupos: controle (CT), doença periodontal (DP), obesidade (OB), obesidade mais doença periodontal (OB+DP). Os grupos OB e OB+DP rece beram dieta de cafeteria por 17 semanas. Após de adquirirem obesidade, (semana 12), doença periodontal foi induzido pela colocação de ligaduras de seda no segundo molar superior direito dos grupos DP e OB+DP. Durante o período experi mental, o peso corporal e índice de Lee foram obtidos. Média de perda óssea alveolar (POA) foi avaliada e as aortas preparadas para análise histométrica da parede aórtica (em mm) pelo software ImageJ. Ratos expostos a dieta de cafeteria demonstraram um aumento do peso corporal e do índice de Lee. Uma POA media maior foi observada nos grupos DP e OB+DP comparado aos grupos controle e OB (p<0.05). O grupo OB+DP, quando comparado ao grupo DP, apresentou POA 18% maior e essa diferença foi estatisticamente significativa (p<0.001). Os grupos OB e OB+DP exibiram uma espessura de aorta maior comparado aos grupos DP e controle, respectivamente (2.31 ± 0.28 e 2.33 ± 0.29 vs. 2.18 ± 0.26 e 2.14 ± 0.27). Diferenças significativas foram observadas nas comparações dos grupos OB e controle (p=0,036), e OB+DP e OB comparado ao grupo DP (p=0.004 e p= 0.001, respectivamente). A obesidade parece afetar a espessura da parede da aorta em ratos Wistar. Entretanto, a presença de doença periodontal não afetou a espessura da parede da aorta sob as condições do presente estudo.

Effects of low molecular weight heparin on alveolar bone loss in wistar rats

Abstract This study aimed to assess the effects of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on alveolar bone loss (ABL), blood count, and counting of megakaryocytes and adipocytes in male Wistar rats. Forty male 60-day Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control (C), Periodontal Disease (PD), Heparin (Hp) and Heparin + Periodontal Disease (Hp+PD). LMWH was applied for 60 days at doses of 1 ml/kg/day. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 30 and 60. On day-49, PD and Hp+PD groups were subjected to ligature-induced periodontitis around second upper right molar. The left side was assessed as spontaneous alveolar bone loss. Mean ABL in the side with ligature showed significantly different between C (0.35±0.07 mm) and Hp+DP (0.49±0.09 mm) groups (p<0.001), between PD (0.55±0.11 mm) and Hp (0.32±0.06 mm) groups (p<0.001) and between Hp and Hp+DP groups (p<0.001). No significant differences were found among groups for ABL in the side without ligature. Animal weight, food intake, and water consumption showed no statistically significant difference among groups. Megakaryocytes and adipocytes were counted using optical microscopy and no statistically significant differences were found. Within-groups, there were an increase and a decrease, respectively, in the counting of lymphocytes (p=0.005 for C and p=0.009 for Hp+PD groups only) and leukocytes (p=0.003 for C, p=0.001 for PD, p=0.002 for Hp, and p<0.001 for Hp+PD groups). There was no decrease in the number of platelets in the three collection periods. LMWH was not able to affect ABL, but it may change the blood counting, especially increasing lymphocytes.

Resumo O presente estudo objetivou verificar o efeito da heparina de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) sob a perda óssea alveolar (POA), contagem de células sanguíneas, megacariócitos e adipócitos em ratos Wistar machos. Quarenta ratos Wistar de 60 dias foram randomicamente divididos em quatro grupo: Controle (C), Doença Periodontal (DP), Heparina (Hp) e Heparina + Doença Periodontal (Hp+DP). HBPM foi aplicada durante 60 dias em doses de 1 mL/kg/dia. Coletas sanguíneas foram realizadas nos dias 0, 30 e 60. No dia 49, os grupos DP e Hp+DP receberam indução de doença periodontal por ligadura ao redor do segundo molar superior direito. No lado esquerdo, verificou-se perda óssea alveolar espontânea. A média de POA no lado com ligadura mostrou-se estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos C (0,35±0,07 mm) e Hp+PD (0,49±0,09 mm) (p<0,001), entre os grupos DP (0,55±0,11 mm) e Hp (0,32±0,06 mm) (p<0,001) e entre os grupos Hp e Hp+DP (p<0,001). Nenhuma diferente significativa foi observada entre os grupos no lado sem ligadura. Peso dos animais, consumo de ração e ingestão de água não mostraram diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Megacariócitos e adipócitos foram contados por microscopia óptica e nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada. Dentro dos grupos, houve um aumento e uma diminuição, respectivamente, na contagem de linfócitos (p=0,005 no grupo C e p=0,009 no grupo Hp+DP somente) e leucócitos (p=0,003 no grupo C, p=0.001 no grupo DP e p=0,002 no grupo Hp e Hp+DP). Não houve diminuição no número de plaquetas nos três períodos de coleta. HBPM não foi capaz de modificar a POA, porém modificou a contagem de células sanguíneas, especialmente aumentando o número de linfócitos.

Methodological aspects in the study of periodontal breakdown in rats: influence of the presence and time of ligature / Aspectos metodológicos no estudo da destruiçãoperiodontal em ratos: influência da presençae tempo de ligadura

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of different times on alveolar bone loss (ABL) and whether the presence of ligature on one side affects ABL on the contralateral site.This is a secondary analysis of databases from studies conductedat the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Included studiesused ligature­induced periodontal disease in rats. In order to beincluded, the studies were required to have a control group withoutany ligatures and an intra­group control. Three studies were included, which used different time periods: 2 weeks with ligatureand 8 weeks without ligature; 5 weeks with ligature and 17 weekswithout ligature; 22 weeks with and without ligature. Animals wereraised similarly and sacrificed by decapitation. Maxillae weredefleshed with 9% sodium hypochlorite. Pictures were taken andfive measurements were obtained from each image.The presence of ligature generated significantly greater ABL compared to sides without ligature. Comparing sides with ligature, ABL was lower at 2 weeks than at 5 and 22 weeks. Sides without ligature showed no significant difference between 8 and 17 weeks for spontaneous periodontitis. However, after22 weeks, animals exhibited significantly greater ABL whencompared to other periods. The presence of ligature on oneside did not influence ABL on the contralateral side. Two weeks of ligature­induced periodontal disease seems to besufficient to demonstrate significant ABL. Teeth withoutligature contralateral to teeth with ligature may be considered sound controls, thereby reducing the amount of animals neededin periodontal research.

Avaliar o efeito de diferentes períodos experimentais e se a presença de ligadura em um dos lados afeta a perda óssea alveolar (POA) no lado contra lateral. O presente estudo trata se de uma análise secundária dos bancos de dados de estudos realizados na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Os estudos incluídos utilizaram o modelo de indução de doença periodontal por ligadura em ratos. Os estudos necessitavam possuir grupo controle sem ligadura, assim como controle intra­ grupo. Foram incluídos 3 estudos, com diferentes períodos de análise: 2 semanas com ligadura e 8 semanas sem ligadura;5 semanas com ligadura e 17 semanas sem ligadura; 22semanas com e sem ligadura. Os ratos foram criados nas mesmas condições, sacrificados por decapitação, as maxilas retiradas e os tecidos moles removidos com hipoclorito de sódio 9%. Tomadas fotográficas foram realizadas e cinco mensurações foram obtidas de cada imagem. A presença de ligadura gerou uma perda óssea alveolar significativamente maior quando comparado ao lado sem ligadura. Nos lados com ligadura um período de 2 semanas mostra menor perda óssea alveolar que 5 e 22 semanas. Lados sem ligadura foram avaliados e não observou­ se diferença significativa entre 8 e 17 semanas para periodontite espontânea. No entanto a partir de 22 semanas os animais exibiram significativamente maior perda óssea alveolar quando comparado aos demais tempos experimentais. A presença de ligadura em um dos lados não influenciou a perda óssea do lado contra lateral. Duas semanas de doença periodontal induzida por ligadura parece ser suficiente para demonstrar perda óssea significativa e a utilização de lados contra laterais de dentes com ligadura é possível de ser considerada como controles saudáveis, reduzindo o número de animais em pesquisa.

Efficacy of two mouthwashes with cetylpyridinium chloride: a controlled randomized clinical trial

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis effects of two mouthwashes containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), in comparison to negative control mouthwash. One hundred and twenty subjects were randomly assigned to study groups: test (0.075% CPC and 0.28% zinc lactate), positive control (0.07% CPC) and negative control mouthwash without CPC. All volunteers were examined by a calibrated examiner for the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (Turesky modification) and Löe-Silness Gingival Index (GI). Gingival severity was also measured by the percentage of sites with positive gingival bleeding. During six weeks, oral hygiene consisted of brushing twice daily with a toothbrush and toothpaste and rising with their assigned mouthwash. Plaque and gingival parameters were assessed at baseline, after four and six weeks of product use. Statistical analyses were performed separately for plaque and gingival indices, by ANOVA, paired t-test and ANCOVA (α < 0.05). After 4 and 6 weeks, all mouthwashes groups presented statistically significant reductions in plaque and gingival parameters as compared to baseline. In comparison to the positive control, the test group presented additional reductions in dental plaque of 19.8% and 16.8%, after 4 and 6 weeks, respectively. For GI, the additional reductions in the test group were 9.7% and 14.3%, at 4 and 6 weeks, respectively. The test group showed additional reduction of 35.3% and 54.5% in the gingival severity, at week 4 and 6, respectively. It is concluded that the mouthwash containing CPC and zinc lactate presents significant anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis effects as compared to positive and negative control mouthwashes.

Effect of 15% Alcohol Dependence on Alveolar Bone Loss and TNF-α Secretion in Wistar Rats

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 15% alcohol dependence on ligature-induced alveolar bone loss and TNF- secretion in Wistar rats. Thirty-three male Wistar rats aged 45-60 days (mean weight=253 g) were randomly allocated test or control groups. Test group (n=18) received 15% alcohol as liquid intake and control group (n=15) received water during the experimental period. TNF-α was analyzed by ELISA assay in 11 animals per group. After 14 days of alcohol/water intake, alcohol dependency was assessed and silk ligatures were placed around the left second upper molars. Ligature presence and body weight were checked weekly. After 40 days, animals were sacrificed and the maxillae were defleshed for morphometric analysis using standardized images. All animals in the test group displayed signs of alcohol dependency at day 14. No statistically significant differences in final body weight (334.83±21.38 vs. 322.48±30.65 g, p=0.20) were observed between groups. In relation to alveolar bone loss, no statistically significant difference was observed among test and control groups both for ligated teeth (0.76±0.06 vs. 0.74±0.10 mm, p=0.60) and unligated teeth (0.41±0.16 vs. 0.35±0.05 mm, p=0.22). The TNF-α secretion also did not display statistically significant differences between test and control groups (10.78±1.84 vs. 12.13±2.11 pg/mL, p=0.12). It may be concluded that 15% alcohol dependency was not capable to alter alveolar bone loss and TNF-α secretion in Wistar rats.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da dependência de álcool a 15% sobre a perda óssea alveolar induzida e secreção de TNF-α em ratos Wistar. Trinta e três ratos wistar com idade entre 45 e 60 dias (peso médio=253 g) foram alocados aleatoriamente para o grupo teste ou controle. O grupo teste (n=18) recebeu álcool a 15% como ingestão líquida e o grupo controle (n=15) recebeu água durante o período experimental. TNF-α foi analisado por meio de ELISA em 11 animais por grupo. Após 14 dias de ingestão de álcool/água a dependência do álcool foi determinada e ligaduras de seda foram colocadas ao redor dos segundos molares superiores esquerdos. A presença das ligaduras e o peso corporal foram verificadas semanalmente. Depois de 40 dias os animais foram sacrificados e as maxilas foram preparadas para análise morfométrica em fotografias estandardizadas. Todos os animais do grupo teste apresentaram sinais de dependência de álcool no dia 14. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas no peso corporal final entre os grupos (334,83±21,38 vs. 322,48±30,65 gramas, p=0,20) Em relação a perda óssea alveolar, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos teste e controle tanto para dentes com (0,76±0,06 vs. 0,74±0,10 mm, p=0,60) como para dentes sem ligadura (0,41±0,16 vs. 0,35±0,05 mm, p=0,22). A secreção de TNF-α também não demonstrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos teste e controle (10,78±1,84 vs. 12,13±2,11 pg/mL, p=0,12). Pode-se concluir que a dependência de álcool a 15% não foi capaz de alterar a perda óssea alveolar e a secreção de TNF-α em ratos Wistar.

Efficacy of two soft-bristle toothbrushes in plaque removal: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy in supragingival plaque removal of two soft-bristle toothbrushes. Seventy volunteers were allocated randomly to the Colgate Slim Soft or Curaprox CS5460 toothbrush grourps. At baseline appointment, volunteers underwent plaque examination using the Rustogi Modification of the Navy Plaque Index. Under supervision, they then brushed their teeth for 1minute with their assigned toothbrushes and the plaque examination was repeated. Volunteers performed daily oral hygiene with their assigned toothbrush and a regular dentifrice provided by the researchers for 7 days. The baseline experimental procedures were then repeated. Separate analyses of variance were performed for the whole-mouth, interproximal, and gumline plaque scores (p < 0.05). No difference in baseline pre-brushing scores was found between groups. After a single toothbrushing, the mean plaque score was significantly reduced in both groups (p < 0.05), with greater reduction of whole-mouth and interproximal plaque scores observed in the SlimSoft group compared with the Curaprox group (p < 0.05). After 7 days, the SlimSoft group showed greater reduction of the whole-mouth and interproximal plaque scores compared with the Curaprox group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the SlimSoft toothbrush presented greater efficacy in supragingival plaque removal than did the Curaprox CS5460 toothbrush, as reflected by whole-mouth and interproximal plaque scores.

A population-based cohort study of oral health in South Brazil: The Porto Alegre Study / Um estudo de coorte de base populacional de saúde bucal no sul do Brasil: Estudo de Porto Alegre

Few population-based cohort studies have been established in Dentistry and this is especially true for Latin America. We conducted a population-based prospective study focusing on oral health in Porto Alegre, south Brazil, and herein we describe its methodology and discuss directions for further research. The cohort was established in 2001 using a multistage probability sample of 1,465 toothed and 121 edentulous subjects. A 5-year follow-up was performed in 2006 that included 755 individuals. The main aim of this study was to determine the pattern and risk factors for periodontal disease progression and tooth loss incidence. A full-mouth protocol was used including periodontal assessments at six sites per tooth. Primary outcomes were periodontal attachment loss and tooth loss. Oral mucosal lesions, dental plaque, gingivitis, supragingival calculus, probing depths, gingival recession, and dental caries were also assessed. This is the first population-based cohort study to focus on periodontal disease in Latin America. Findings will contribute to our understanding of the epidemiology of periodontal disease and provide valuable data for the planning and implementation of preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Poucos estudos de coorte de base populacional têm sido estabelecidos em Odontologia e isso é especialmente verdade para a América Latina. Nós conduzimos um estudo prospectivo de base populacional focando em saúde bucal em Porto Alegre, sul do Brasil, e aqui descrevemos a metodologia do estudo e discutimos direções futuras da pesquisa. A coorte foi estabelecida em 2001 utilizando uma amostra probabilística múltiplo-estágio de 1.465 dentados e 121 desdentados. Um acompanhamento de 5 anos foi realizado em 2006 e incluiu 755 indivíduos. Os objetivos principais do estudo foram determinar o padrão e os fatores de risco para progressão de doença periodontal e incidência de perda dentária. Um protocolo de exame de boca completa foi utilizado, incluindo registros periodontais em 6 sítios por dente. Os desfechos primários foram perda de inserção periodontal e perda dentária. Lesões de mucosa bucal, placa visível, gengivite, cálculo supragengival, profundidade de sondagem, recessão gengival e cárie dentária também foram acessados. Este é o primeiro estudo de coorte de base populacional a focar em doença periodontal na América Latina. Os achados deste estudo contribuirão para o entendimento da epidemiologia da doença periodontal e fornecerão dados valiosos para planejamento e implementação de estratégias preventivas e terapêuticas.

Correlation between gingival thickness and gingival recession in humans / Correlação entre espessura do tecido gengival e recessão gengival

Gingival recession is characterized by the apical migration of the gingival margin, exposing the root surface. Studies have demonstrated several etiological factors for gingival recession such as periodontitis, traumatic toothbrushing, use of oral piercing, and past orthodontic therapy, among others. It might not be possible to identify and quantify the influence of each factor, and gingival recession at some sites may be the result of the combination of these factors. Gingival recession affects individuals at all ages, with prevalence increasing as time passes. The aim of this study was to observe whether there is correlation between gingival thickness and gingival recession. Fifty-five subjects of both genders aged 18-35 years participated in the study. The volunteers were under treatment at the School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Buccal gingival thickness was measured on incisors, canines and bicuspids, under anesthesia, following inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analysis was performed with STATA version 10.1. The results had a Pearson Correlation Coefficient of -0.216. Linear regression had a statistically significant p-value of 0.025. It may be concluded that there is weak negative correlation between gingival thickness and gingival recession.

A recessão gengival é caracterizada pelo deslocamento apical da margem gengival, expondo a superfície radicular. Pesquisas têm apresentado vários fatores relacionados à etiologia da recessão gengival como: periodontite, escovação traumática, uso de piercing oral, tratamento ortodôntico passado, entre outros. Pode não ser possível identificar e quantificar a influência de cada fator,e a recessão gengival, em determinados sítios, pode ser o resultado da confluência de várias causas. A prevalência da recessão gengival atinge indivíduos de todas as idades, aumentando significativamente com o passar dos anos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi observar se existe correlação entre a espessura do tecido gengival e a recessão gengival. Participaram da pesquisa pacientes de ambos os gêneros, com idade entre 18 e 35 anos, que estavam em tratamento nas clínicas odontológicas da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.Foram medidas a espessura e recessão gengival das faces vestibulares dos dentes incisivos, caninos e pré-molares, previamente anestesiados, seguindo os critérios estabelecidos para inclusão e exclusão no estudo. Para avaliação e comparação dos resultados foi utilizado o programa estatístico STATA versão 10.1. Os resultados mostraram que a correlação de Pearson entre a espessura gengival e a recessão foi de -0.216. A regressão linear apresentou um p= 0.025, estatisticamente significativo. Pode-se concluir que existe uma correlação fraca e inversa entre espessura gengival e recessão gengival.

Effects of Alcohol and/or Tobacco Exposure on Spontaneous Alveolar Bone Loss in Rat

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of alcohol and/or tobacco exposure on spontaneous alveolar bone loss in Wistar rats. Twenty-four, male, 60 day-old, Wistar rats were assigned to 4 groups: Group 1 received 10 mL/kg of glucose solution (5%). Group 2 received 2 g/kg alcohol (20%). Group 3 was exposed to tobacco smoke (6 cigarettes/60 min). Group 4 received both interventions of groups 2 and 3. Alcohol was given by gastric gavage and cigarette exposure was performed using a forced ventilation chamber. After 30 days, animals were sacrificed and the upper maxillae removed and defleshed. Morphometric analysis of alveolar bone loss (ABL) around the second molar was performed in standardized digital photographs. Statistical analysis was conducted using paired t-test, one-way ANOVA and occurrence of spontaneous periodontal disease (ABL ≥ 0.39 mm) was analyzed by Fisher's exact test. Significant differences in body weight were observed between all groups. Group 2 presented higher body weight as compared to the 3 other groups at 4 weeks (p≤0.05). Mean ABL values were 0.31 mm (±0.08), 0.29 mm (±0.07), 0.33 mm (±0.10), and 0.33 mm (±0.08) for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. No significant differences were found among groups. In the analysis of occurrence of periodontal breakdown, alcohol exposure decreased the occurrence of ABL and cigarette exposure increased ABL. The combination of alcohol and cigarette exposure did not differ from the control group. Alcohol consumption decreased the occurrence of periodontal breakdown, while tobacco increased this rate.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da exposição do álcool e/ou tabaco sobre a perda óssea alveolar (POA) espontânea em ratos Wistar. Vinte e quatro ratos, machos, com 60 dias de vida foram divididos em 4 grupos: Grupo 1 recebeu 10 mL/kg de solução de glicose (5%). Grupo 2 recebeu 2 g/kg de álcool (20%). Grupo 3 foi exposto a fumaça do tabaco (6 cigarros/60 min). Grupo 4 recebeu a mesma intervenção dos grupos 2 e 3. A solução de álcool foi dada por meio de gavagem e a exposição ao tabaco foi realizada por meio de câmara de ventilação forçada. Após 30 dias de experimento, os animais foram sacrificados e as maxilas removidas. Análise morfométrica da POA ao redor do segundo molar superior foi realizada de modo padronizada. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada por meio de teste t pareado e ANOVA. Ocorrência de doença periodontal espontânea (POA ≥ 0,39 mm) foi realizada pelo teste exato de Fisher. Diferenças significativas no peso corporal médio foram observadas em todos os grupos. Grupo 2 apresentou maior peso corporal médio quando comparado aos outros 3 grupos ao fim do experimento (p≤0,05). A média de POA foi 0,31 mm (±0,08); 0,29 mm (±0,07); 0,33 mm (±0,10) e 0,33 mm (±0,08) para os grupos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Na análise de ocorrência de destruição periodontal, a exposição de álcool diminuiu sua ocorrência, enquanto que exposição ao tabaco aumentou a POA espontânea. A combinação de álcool e tabaco não diferiu do grupo controle.

Cessação do hábito de fumar: responsabilidade da odontologia / Smoking cessation: responsability of dentistry

A exposição ao tabaco tem representado uma das maiores ameaças à saúde pública, sendo considerada epidemia pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, desde 1990. Estima-se que o uso do tabaco esteja associado a mais de cinco milhões de mortes a cada ano em todo o mundo. Isso se explica, uma vez que o tabagismo é um dos principais fatores de risco para uma série de doenças crônicas, incluindo-se câncer, doenças pulmonares e doenças cardiovasculares. Além dos efeitos sistêmicos já bem conhecidos do uso do tabaco, uma variedade de doenças bucais tem sido associada a hábito. Dentre elas está o risco aumentado de desenvolvimento de câncer bucal, cárie, doença periodontal, perda de dentes e edentulismo. O fumo é reconhecido hoje como o principal fator de risco para doenças periodontais. Além de contribuir para o aparecimento dessa doença, o consumo do tabaco está associado a maior velocidade de progressão dessa doença, bem como a piores resultados de cicatrização dos tecidos periodontais pós-terapia, quando comparados indivíduos não expostos a expostos ao tabaco. Similarmente, o fumo tem sido associado a perda de implantes. Este artigo objetiva fornecer uma visão atualizada dos problemas bucais relacionados ao hábito de fumar, bem como fornecer informações pertinentes sobre os benefícios da cessação do fumo.

Tobacco exposition represents one of the major threats to public health, being considered epidemic by the World Health Organization since 1990. It is estimated that the use of tobacco is associated with more than five million deaths each year around the world. This is justified once smoking is one of the main risk factors to a series chronic diseases, including cancer, and pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Beyond the well-known systemic effects related to tobacco use, a variety of oral diseases have been associated with this habit. Among these, there is an increased risk for cancer development, caries, periodontal disease, tooth loss and edentulism. Smoking is recognized today as the main risk factor for periodontal diseases. Additionally to negatively contribute for periodontal disease establishment, its use is associated with higher rates of disease progression, as well as poorer healing results after periodontal therapy when compared to non-exposed individuals. Similarly, smoking has been associated with implants loss. This aim of thus article was to provide an up-to-date view of oral problems related to smoking, as well as giving relevant information about benefits of smoking cessation.

Correlation analysis of alveolar bone loss in buccal/palatal and proximal surfaces in rats

The aim was to correlate alveolar bone loss in the buccal/palatal and the mesial/distal surfaces of upper molars in rats. Thirty-three, 60-day-old, male Wistar rats were divided in two groups, one treated with alcohol and the other not treated with alcohol. All rats received silk ligatures on the right upper second molars for 4 weeks. The rats were then euthanized and their maxillae were split and defleshed with sodium hypochlorite (9%). The cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) was stained with 1% methylene blue and the alveolar bone loss in the buccal/palatal surfaces was measured linearly in 5 points on standardized digital photographs. Measurement of the proximal sites was performed by sectioning the hemimaxillae, restaining the CEJ and measuring the alveolar bone loss linearly in 3 points. A calibrated and blinded examiner performed all the measurements. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient revealed values of 0.96 and 0.89 for buccal/lingual and proximal surfaces, respectively. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) between measurements in buccal/palatal and proximal surfaces was 0.35 and 0.05 for the group treated with alcohol, with and without ligatures, respectively. The best correlations between buccal/palatal and proximal surfaces were observed in animals not treated with alcohol, in sites both with and without ligatures (r = 0.59 and 0.65, respectively). A positive correlation was found between alveolar bone loss in buccal/palatal and proximal surfaces. The correlation is stronger in animals that were not treated with alcohol, in sites without ligatures. Areas with and without ligature-induced periodontal destruction allow detection of alveolar bone loss in buccal/palatal and proximal surfaces.

Effect of obesity on alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis in Wistar rats

Obesity has been linked to higher inflammatory status and periodontal breakdown. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of obesity on alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four female Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: obese (n=13), which were fed with "cafeteria diet" (CAF diet - high amounts of sucrose and fat) for 90 days in order to gain weight, and non-obese (n=11) regularly fed rats. Ligature-induced experimental periodontitis was created in all animals. Body weight differed statistically between obese and non-obese groups (277.59 and 223.35 g, respectively) at the moment of the ligature placement. Morphometric registration of alveolar bone loss was carried out after 30 days of ligature placement to determine the effect of obesity on the progression of experimental periodontitis. RESULTS: Intra-group comparisons showed significantly higher alveolar bone loss mean values in maxillary teeth with ligature (P<0.05). Alveolar bone loss [mean (SD), mm] was not statistically different between obese and non-obese groups [0.71 (0.09) and 0.65 (0.07) mm, respectively]. However, when palatal sides are analyzed separately, obese group presented significantly higher alveolar bone loss (P<0.05) as compared to non-obese [0.68 (0.12) and 0.53 (0.13) mm, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the weak differences, it is possible to conclude that the progression of alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis can be potentially influenced by body weight in rats.

O papel da obesidade como um possível modificador do tratamento periodontal: desfecho parcial de 6 meses de um ensaio clínico randomizado / The role of obesity on periodontal treatment: partial outcome of 6 months from a randomized clinical trial

Objetivo: avaliar o possível efeito da obesidade sobre o tratamento periodontal não-cirúrgico associado ou não a antibiótico em mulheres de peso normal e obesas após 6 meses de acompanhamento. Metodologia: a partir de um delineamento do tipo ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado por placebo, em paralelo, 32 mulheres (35-55 anos) com periodontite crônica foram incluídas e distribuídas em dois grupo experimentais (16 peso normal e 16 obesas). Mulheres fumantes, diabéticas e com sobrepeso não foram incluídas. As pacientes foram alocadas randomicamente para receber tratamento periodontal subgengival associado ao uso de placebo ou metronidazol (400mg, 3x/dia, durante 10 dias) concomitantemente. Os parâmetros clínicos periodontais foram avaliados por um examinador treinado e calibrado no baseline e 6 meses após o tratamento periodontal. Resultados: Todos os parâmetros clínicos apresentaram melhora durante o período de acompanhamento. O Índice de Placa Visível foi positivo em aproximadamente 25% dos sítios nos grupos experimentais após 6 meses do tratamento, enquanto que o Índice de Sangramento Gengival e o Sangramento à Sondagem foram observados em aproximadamente 10% e 25% dos sítios, respectivamente. Esses parâmetros não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos experimentais aos 6 meses. A redução na Profundidade de Sondagem variou entre 0.52 ± 0.3 e 0.81 ± 0.5mm e o ganho de Inserção Clínica variou entre 0.23 ± 0.3 e 0.45 ± 0.5mm. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos experimentais para estes parâmetros (P=0.59 e 0.67, respectivamente). Conclusão: Ponderando as limitações desta análise preliminar, obesidade parece não afetar negativamente os resultados da terapia periodontal não-cirúrgica. Além disso, o uso de Metronidazol não forneceu um benefício adicional a terapia periodontal.

Aim: to evaluate the possible effects of obesity on clinical parameters after systemic antibiotic adjunctive scaling and root planning (SRP) in women with 6 month follow-up. Methods: a randomized clinical trial was conducted. Thirty-two women (35 - 55 years old) with chronic periodontitis were allocated into obesity (n=16) and normal weight (n=16) groups. Smokers, diabetics and overweight were not included. Patients were randomized to SRP plus Metronidazole (400 mg, 3 time/day, 10 days) or SRP plus placebo. Periodontal parameters were evaluated by one calibrated examiner at baseline and 6 month follow-up. Results: all periodontal parameters showed improvement during follow-up. Visible Plaque Index was positive around 25% of sites in the experimental groups after 6 months of treatment, while the Gingival Bleeding Index and Bleeding on Probing were observed in approximately 10% and 25% of the sites, respectively. These parameters showed no significant differences between experimental groups at 6 months. Probing Pocket Depth was reduced ranged 0.52 ± 0.3 and 0.81 ± 0.5 mm and Periodontal attachment loss get ranged 0.23 ± 0.3 and 0.45 ± 0.5 mm. There were no statistically significant differences between experimental groups for these parameters (P=0.59 and 0.67, respectively). Conclusion: Considering the limitations of this preliminary analysis, obesity seems not affect the results of nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Furthermore, the use of Metronidazole was not provided an additional benefit to periodontal therapy.

Efeitos hemodinâmicos da sobrecarga ventricular direita aguda experimental / Hemodynamic effects of experimental acute right ventricular overload / Efectos hemodinámicos de la sobrecarga ventricular derecha aguda experimental

FUNDAMENTO: A sobrecarga ventricular direita aguda está associada a situações clínicas de elevada morbimortalidade, tais como: ressecções pulmonares extensas, tromboembolismo pulmonar, transplante pulmonar e edema pulmonar das altitudes. Alguns pontos de sua fisiopatologia permanecem obscuros. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos hemodinâmicos da sobrecarga ventricular direita aguda experimental em suínos. MÉTODOS: A sobrecarga ventricular direita foi induzida pela oclusão das artérias pulmonares através de ligaduras. Vinte porcos foram utilizados no estudo, sendo alocados em 04 grupos: um controle, não submetido à oclusão vascular pulmonar, e três de sobrecarga ventricular direita submetidos à oclusão das seguintes artérias pulmonares: SVD1 (artéria pulmonar esquerda); SVD2 (artéria pulmonar esquerda e do lobo inferior direito) e SVD3 (artéria pulmonar esquerda, do lobo inferior direito e do lobo mediastinal), obstruindo a vasculatura pulmonar em 42, 76 e 82,0 por cento respectivamente. Variáveis de hemodinâmica foram medidas a cada 15 minutos durante a uma hora do estudo. Na análise estatística, foram utilizados ajustes de modelos lineares mistos com estrutura de variâncias e covariâncias. RESULTADOS: Nas comparações intergrupais, houve aumento significativo da frequência cardíaca (p = 0,004), pressão arterial pulmonar média (p = 0,001) e pressão capilar pulmonar (p < 0,0001). Houve redução significativa da pressão arterial média (p = 0,01) e do índice sistólico (p = 0,002). Não houve diferença significativa no índice cardíaco (p = 0,94). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da intensa sobrecarga ventricular direita promovida pela obstrução de 82,0 por cento da vasculatura pulmonar e pelo aumento significativo da pressão arterial pulmonar não houve disfunção cardiovascular severa e/ou choque circulatório no período estudado.

BACKGROUND: Acute right ventricular overload is associated with high morbidity and mortality clinical situations such as: extensive lung resection, pulmonary thromboembolism, lung transplantation and high altitude pulmonary edema. Some points of its pathophysiology remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To assess the hemodynamic effects of experimental acute right ventricular overload in pigs. METHODS: Right ventricular overload was induced through the occlusion of the pulmonary arteries using ligationss. Twenty pigs were used in the study, divided into 04 groups: one control group not subject to pulmonary vascular occlusion, and three right ventricular overload groups subject to occlusion of the following pulmonary arteries: SVD1 (left pulmonary artery); SVD2 (left pulmonary artery and right lower lobe) and SVD3 (left pulmonary artery, right lower lobe and mediastinal lobe), obstructing the pulmonary vasculature in 42, 76 and 82.0 percent respectively. Hemodynamic variables were measured every 15 minutes during one hour of study. The statistical analysis employed mixed linear models with variance and covariance structures. RESULTS: Group comparisons revealed significant increases in heart rate (p = 0.004), mean pulmonary artery pressure (p = 0.001) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in cardiac index (p = 0.94). CONCLUSION: Despite the severe right ventricular overload promoted by 82.0 percent obstruction of the pulmonary vasculature and the significant increase in pulmonary arterial pressure, there was no severe cardiovascular dysfunction and/or circulatory shock during the study period.

FUNDAMENTO: La sobrecarga ventricular derecha aguda está asociada a situaciones clínicas de elevada morbimortalidad, tales como: resecciones pulmonares extensas, tromboembolismo pulmonar, transplante pulmonar y edema pulmonar de las alturas. Algunos puntos de su fisiopatología permanecen obscuros. OBJETIVO:Evaluar los efectos hemodinámicos de la sobrecarga ventricular derecha aguda experimental en porcinos. MÉTODOS:La sobrecarga ventricular derecha fue inducida por la oclusión de las arterias pulmonares a través de ligaduras. Veinte cerdos fueron utilizados en el estudio, siendo divididos en 4 grupos: uno control, no sometido a la oclusión vascular pulmonar, y tres de sobrecarga ventricular derecha sometidos a la oclusión de las siguientes arterias pulmonares: SVD1 (arteria pulmonar izquierda); SVD2 (arteria pulmonar izquierda y del lóbulo inferior derecho) y SVD3 (arteria pulmonar izquierda, del lóbulo inferior derecho y del lóbulo mediastinal), obstruyendo la vasculatura pulmonar en 42, 76 y 82,0 por ciento respectivamente. Variables de hemodinámica fueron medidas cada 15 minutos durante una hora del estudio. En el análisis estadístico, fueron utilizados ajustes de modelos lineares mixtos con estructura de variancias y covariancias. RESULTADOS:En las comparaciones intergrupales, hubo aumento significativo de la frecuencia cardíaca (p = 0,004), presión arterial pulmonar media (p = 0,001) y presión capilar pulmonar (p < 0,0001). Hubo reducción significativa de la presión arterial media (p = 0,01) y del índice sistólico (p = 0,002). No hubo diferencia significativa en el índice cardíaco (p = 0,94). CONCLUSIÓN:A pesar de la intensa sobrecarga ventricular derecha promovida por la obstrucción de 82,0 por ciento de la vasculatura pulmonar y por el aumento significativo de la presión arterial pulmonar no hubo disfunción cardiovascular severa y/o shock circulatorio en el período estudiado.

Comparison of two methods for alveolar bone loss measurement in an experimental periodontal disease model in rats

There are many studies that evaluate possible risk factors for periodontal diseases in animals. Most of them have focused only on the biological aspects of disease occurrence; therefore, it has been difficult to compare studies of the different methodological approaches. The aim of the present study was to compare different methods - linear and area - of the evaluation of morphometrical alveolar bone loss. Sixty hemimaxillae, defleshed and stained with 1 percent methylene blue to delineate the cementoenamel junction and alveolar bone crest, were obtained from a previous study that induced periodontal disease by means of ligatures in two groups of fifteen Wistar rats during 9 weeks. Ligatures were placed around the right upper second molars, and the contra-lateral teeth remained as intra-group controls. Digital photographs were taken from the specimens and submitted to a single, calibrated, blind examiner who performed the morphometrical evaluation of alveolar bone loss using both linear and area methods. Mean values of linear and area measurements were obtained from each side - buccal and palatal - of the specimens. The degree of association between the two methods was determined by Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. An almost perfect association (0.98) was determined between the linear and area evaluations. A mathematical formula was subsequently created to estimate the total area of alveolar bone loss, from linear mean measurements. Both methods were suitable for detecting bone level alterations. The results of the present study allow for the transformation of data and better compilation of results from different studies.

Estabilidade do modelo animal de lesão pulmonar aguda induzida por ácido oleico / Stability of the animal model of oleic acid-induced acute lung injury

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a estabilidade das variáveis hemodinâmicas, da mecânica respiratória e de troca gasosa do modelo animal de lesão pulmonar aguda induzida por ácido oleico. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo experimental no qual foram utilizados 10 cães de raça indeterminada. As variáveis foram aferidas inicialmente e em 30, 60, 90 e 120 min após a administração do ácido oleico. Para analisar as medidas repetidas, foram testados efeitos lineares e quadráticos e foram utilizados ajustes de modelos lineares mistos com estruturas de variâncias e covariâncias diversificadas, dependendo da variável analisada. RESULTADOS: Observamos estabilidade da pressão arterial média aos 30 min, assim como da frequência cardíaca, da pressão arterial pulmonar e da pressão de capilar pulmonar aos 60 min. Frequência respiratória, volume corrente, volume minuto e trabalho respiratório estabilizaram aos 30 min. Quanto às variáveis de troca gasosa, PaO2, relação PaO2/FiO2 e fração de shunt pulmonar estabilizaram-se aos 30 min. As demais variáveis mantiveram-se em ascensão ou queda contínuas. CONCLUSÕES: O modelo de lesão pulmonar aguda induzida por ácido oleico é estável para algumas das variáveis testadas; porém, a estabilização se dá em momentos diferentes. As variáveis da mecânica respiratória e de troca gasosa estabilizaram em 30 min, e as hemodinâmicas, em 60 min.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the stability of hemodynamic, respiratory and gas exchange variables in an animal model of oleic acid-induced acute lung injury. METHODS: This was an experimental study involving 10 mongrel dogs. The variables were measured at baseline, as well as at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the administration of oleic acid. In order to analyze repeated measurements, linear and quadratic effects were tested. Mixed linear models with diversified variance and covariance structures were used, depending on the variable studied. RESULTS: We found that mean arterial blood pressure stabilized at 30 min, as did heart rate, pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary capillary pressure at 60 min. Respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume and respiratory work stabilized at 30 min. Regarding gas exchange variables, PaO2, PaO2/FiO2 ratio and pulmonary shunt fraction stabilized at 30 min. The remaining variables maintained a continuous rise or fall. CONCLUSIONS: This oleic acid-induced acute lung injury model is stable for some of the variables tested, although stabilization occurs at different times. The respiratory and gas exchange variables stabilized at 30 min, whereas the hemodynamic variables stabilized at 60 min.

Microscopic qualitative evaluation of fixation time and decalcification media in rat maxillary periodontium

The rat model is widely used in periodontal research and the quality of histological sections is essential. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histological characteristics of periodontal tissues in Wistar rat maxillae, with different times of fixation and decalcified by nitric acid or formic acid (Anna Morse Solution). Fifteen rats were used. Fixation was performed for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The maxillae were hemi-sectioned and each part was decalcified either in nitric acid for 7 days or in Anna Morse solution for 35 days. Two trained and blinded examiners performed the evaluation. Fourty eight hours of fixation and decalcification with Anna Morse solution showed more clear characteristics of the epithelium-connective tissue interface and of the periodontal structures. Mean measurements between the cementum-enamel junction and the bone crest varied in the different experimental times from 176.5 (± 60.45) to 210.94 (± 39.33) pixels on the buccal aspect, and from 199.69 (± 38.33) to 298.55 (± 70.81) pixels on the palatal aspect, with no statistically significant differences (ANOVA, p > 0.05). In the same fixation period, decalcification with nitric acid or Anna Morse solution did not display any statistically significant differences. It may be concluded that for a qualitative histological analysis, fixation should preferably be for 48 hours and the demineralization should be made by Anna Morse solution. For a histomorphometric analysis, the decalcification solution does not interfere in the results.

O modelo rato é extensamente usado na pesquisa periodontal, e a qualidade dos cortes histológicos é essencial. A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar as características histológicas dos tecidos periodontais nas maxilas de ratos Wistar, após diferentes períodos de fixação e descalcificação pelo ácido nítrico ou pelo ácido fórmico (Solução de Anna Morse). Quinze ratos foram usados. A fixação foi realizada nos períodos de 24, 48 e 72 horas. As maxilas foram divididas e parte foi descalcificada em ácido nítrico durante 7 dias e parte com solução de Anna Morse por 35 dias. Dois examinadores treinados e cegos executaram a avaliação. Quarenta e oito horas de fixação e descalcificação com solução de Anna Morse mostraram características mais evidentes da interface epitélio-conjuntivo, assim como das estruturas periodontais. As médias, por vestibular, entre a junção cemento-esmalte e a crista óssea nos diferentes tempos experimentais variaram entre 176,5 (± 60,45) e 210,94 (± 39,33) "pixels", e, na face palatina, entre 199,69 (± 38,33) e 298,55 (± 70,81) "pixels", sem nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significativa (ANOVA, p > 0,05). No mesmo período de fixação, a descalcificação com ácido nítrico ou solução de Anna Morse não mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significantes. Pode-se concluir que, para a análise histológica qualitativa, a fixação deve ser preferivelmente em 48 horas e a desmineralização por solução de Anna Morse. Para a análise histo-morfométrica, a solução descalcificadora não interferiu nos resultados.

Comparison of histometric and morphometric analyses of bone height in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats

The purpose of this study was to compare histologic and morphometric procedures of bone height measurement. Microscopic measurements are the most frequent methods in periodontal studies with animals, but have limited capacity to identify bone levels associated with both healthy tissues and periodontal disease. Ligatures were placed in the maxillary left second molars of 10 male 60-day-old Wistar rats for 30 days. Left and right maxillary sides of 5 rats were processed for histologic analysis (H), sectioned buccolingually, and stained with HE. The maxillae of the other 5 rats were defleshed and used for morphometric analysis (M). Histometric measurements from the cementoenamel junction to the bone crest were performed. Standardized photographs were used for morphometric analysis. The t test was used for dependent or independent samples (alpha = 0.05 percent). Distances from cementoenamel junction to bone crest were 0.95 ± 0.25 and 1.07 ± 0.30 mm for H and M, respectively. Buccal measurements were 0.92 ± 0.16 and 1.08 ± 0.35 mm for H and M. The values obtained using H and M for areas without ligatures were 0.44 ± 0.15 and 0.47 ± 0.11 mm for lingual measurements and 0.23 ± 0.08 and 0.41 ± 0.10 mm for buccal measurements. No significant differences were found between the two methods in the detection of bone height associated with the placement of ligatures in rats.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar procedimentos de medida da altura óssea histológica e morfométrica. O método mais freqüente de mensuração da altura óssea em estudos em animais são as medidas microscópicas. No entanto, tem limitada capacidade de identificar os níveis ósseos associados com os tecidos saudáveis e doença periodontal. Foram colocadas ligaduras no segundo molar superior esquerdo de 10 ratos machos Wistar com 60 dias de vida durante um período de 30 dias. Hemimaxilas direitas e esquerdas de 5 ratos foram processadas para a análise histológica (H), cortadas no sentido vestíbulo-lingual e coradas com HE. Hemimaxilas dos outros 5 ratos tiveram toda a matéria orgânica removida para análise morfométrica (M). Medidas histométricas da junção cemento-esmalte (JCE) à crista óssea alveolar foram realizadas. Fotografias padronizadas foram utilizadas na análise morfométrica. O teste t foi utilizado para amostras dependentes e independentes (alfa = 0,05 por cento). As distâncias entre a JCE e a crista óssea na face palatina foram de 0,95 ± 0,25 e 1,07 ± 0,30 mm para H e M, respectivamente. As medidas vestibulares foram 0,92 ± 0,16 e 1,08 ± 0,35 mm para H e M. Os valores obtidos usando H e M para áreas sem ligadura foram 0,44 ± 0,15 e 0,47 ± 0,11 mm por lingual e 0,23 ± 0,08 e 0,41 ± 0,10 mm por vestibular, respectivamente. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois métodos na detecção da altura óssea associada à colocação de ligaduras em ratos.