Net Promoter Score (NPS) as a tool to assess parental satisfaction in pediatric intensive care units

Abstract Objective To verify the performance of the Net Promoter Score (NPS) as a tool to assess parental satisfaction in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Methods The authors conducted an observational cross-sectional multicenter study in the PICUs of 5 hospitals in Brazil. Eligible participants were all parents or legal guardians of PICU-admitted children, aged 18 years or over. The NPS was administered together with the EMpowerment of PArents in THe Intensive Care (EMPATHIC-30), used as the gold standard, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. For analysis, the results were dichotomized into values greater than or equal to the median of the tests. The associations between the 2 tools were evaluated and the distribution of their results was compared. Results The parents or legal guardians of 78 PICU-admitted children were interviewed. Of the respondents, 85% were women and 62% were in a private hospital. The median NPS was 10 (IQR, 10-10), and the median EMPATHIC-30 score was 5.7 (IQR, 5.4-5.9). Compared with the gold standard, the NPS had a sensitivity of 100% at all cutoff points, except at cutoff 10, where the sensitivity was slightly lower (97.5%). As for specificity, NPS performance was poorer, with values ranging from 0% (NPS ≥ 5) to 47.4% (NPS = 10). Conclusions NPS proved to be a sensitive tool to assess parental satisfaction, but with poor ability to identify dissatisfied users in the sample.

Prevalence and functional status of children with complex chronic conditions in Brazilian PICUs during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract Objective The proportion of children with complex chronic conditions is increasing in PICUs around the world. We determined the prevalence and functional status of children with complex chronic conditions in Brazilian PICUs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The authors conducted a point prevalence cross-sectional study among fifteen Brazilian PICUs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors enrolled all children admitted to the participating PICUs with complex chronic conditions on three different days, four weeks apart, starting on April 4th, 2020. The authors recorded the patient's characteristics and functional status at admission and discharge days. Results During the 3 study days from March to June 2020, the authors enrolled 248 patients admitted to the 15 PICUs; 148 had CCC (prevalence of 59.7%). Patients had a median of 1 acute diagnosis and 2 chronic diagnoses. The use of resources/devices was extensive. The main mode of respiratory support was conventional mechanical ventilation. Most patients had a peripherally inserted central catheter (63.1%), followed by a central venous line (52.5%), and 33.3% had gastrostomy or/and tracheostomy. The functional status score was significantly better at discharge compared to admission day due to the respiratory status improvement. Conclusions The prevalence of children with CCC admitted to the Brazilian PICUs represented 59.7% of patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. The functional status of these children improved during hospitalization, mainly due to the respiratory component.

Intestinal Ewing sarcoma: An unusual presentation in the pediatric age / Sarcoma de Ewing intestinal: presentación inusual en la edad pediátrica

Abstract Background: Ewing's Sarcoma (ES) is the second most common type of bone cancer, with an annual incidence of 2.9:100,000. Extraosseous cases represent 15%; however, there are no reported cases of ES located in the intestine in the pediatric population. Case report: We describe the case of a 14-year-old male patient, previously healthy, who started with an anemic syndrome, weight loss, and diaphoresis of 8 weeks of evolution. After visiting a physician, who documented the presence of anemia, the patient was referred to the National Institute of Pediatrics. Physical examination showed grade III-IV systolic murmur, splenomegaly, and pain in the left hemiabdomen with no irradiation. Computed axial tomography showed a mass-dependent on the peritoneum and intestinal loop. A biopsy of the lesion showed intestinal ES. The lesion was completely resected, and the patient was treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thirty months after diagnosis, the patient has no evidence of tumor activity. Conclusions: Extraosseous presentation of ES in pediatric age is rare. There are no reports of intestinal ES in the Latin American pediatric population, although eight case reports were found in adults. ES is curable by a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. The medical literature indicates that the extraosseous presentation should receive the same treatment as the osseous presentation, which can provide a survival rate of up to 70% if there is no evidence of metastasis (which most frequently is observed in the lung).

Resumen Introducción: El sarcoma de Ewing (SE) es el segundo tipo cáncer más común de hueso, cuya incidencia anual es de 2.9:100,000. Los casos extraóseos representan el 15%; sin embargo, no existen reportes en la literatura de casos de SE ubicados en el intestino en la población pediátrica. Caso clínico: Se describe el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 14 años, previamente sano, que inició con síndrome anémico, pérdida de peso y diaforesis de 8 semanas de evolución. Acudió con un médico, quien documentó la presencia de anemia y lo refirió al Instituto Nacional de Pediatría. A la exploración física presentaba soplo sistólico grado III-IV, esplenomegalia y dolor en hemiabdomen izquierdo sin irradiaciones. La tomografía axial computarizada mostró una masa dependiente del peritoneo y asa intestinal. La biopsia de la lesión reportó SE intestinal. Se resecó por completo la lesión y el paciente recibió tratamiento con quimioterapia y radioterapia. Después de 30 meses del diagnóstico, el paciente se encuentra sin datos de actividad tumoral. Conclusiones: La presentación extraósea del SE en edad pediátrica es rara. No existen reportes de presentación de SE intestinal en la población pediátrica latinoamericana, aunque se encontraron ocho reportes de caso en adultos. El SE es curable mediante la combinación de quimioterapia, radioterapia y cirugía. La literatura médica indica que la presentación extraósea debe recibir el mismo tratamiento que la ósea, lo cual puede proporcionar una sobrevida de hasta el 70% si no hay evidencia de metástasis (que ocurre más frecuentemente a pulmón).

El consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas en adultos españoles / Consumption of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs in Spanish adults

The lifestyle is the result of a set of behavior patterns or sociocultural habits acquired over the years that determines the state of physical, mental and social health of people. The aim was to analyze the habit of consuming tobacco, alcohol and other illegal drugs in the acquired healthy lifestyle. Descriptive, epidemiological and cross-sectional study in 788 participants aged 22 to 77 years (49.5% men; 50.5% women) selected by non-probabilistic and intentional sampling. Subscale 4 Tobacco, alcohol and other drug consumption habits was used. of the Acquired Healthy Lifestyle Assessment Scale. The following classifications on consumption habits were made: a) tobacco (non-smoker, mild, moderate, high and very high risk), b) alcohol (no risk, prudent consumption, low, moderate and high risk), c) drugs (never, almost never, with some frequency, quite frequently and very frequently) and d) global (not at all healthy, unhealthy, tending towards health and healthy). The results showed that 27% of the participants need to improve their lifestyle by eliminating (or reducing) drug use, acquiring healthier habits. Regarding the differences according to sex, men, compared to women, presented a higher prevalence of unhealthy habits, especially alcohol. In relation to the differences according to the age group, the participants from 49 to 55 years old presented the highest prevalence of habits in the unhealthy or unhealthy levels, while the group from 56 to 72 years old showed the healthiest levels in relation to the habit of drug use.

El objetivo fue analizar el hábito de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas ilegales en el estilo de vida saludable adquirido. Estudio descriptivo, epidemiológico y transversal en 788 participantes de 22 a 77 años de edad (49,5% varones; 50,5% mujeres) seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico e intencional. Se empleó la sub-escala 4. Hábito de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas de la Escala de Valoración del Estilo de Vida Saludable Adquirido. Se realizaron las siguientes clasificaciones sobre el hábito de consumo: a) tabaco (no fumador, leve, moderado, alto y muy alto riesgo), b) alcohol (ningún riesgo, consumo prudente, bajo, moderado y alto riesgo), c) drogas (nunca, casi nunca, con alguna frecuencia, con bastante frecuencia y con mucha frecuencia) y d) global (nada saludable, poco saludable, tendente hacia la salud y saludable). Los resultados mostraron que el 27% de los participantes necesita mejorar su estilo de vida eliminando (o reduciendo) el consumo de drogas, adquiriendo hábitos más saludables. Con respecto a las diferencias según sexo, los varones, en comparación con las mujeres, presentaron una mayor prevalencia de hábitos no saludables, sobre todo, de alcohol. En relación a las diferencias según el grupo de edad, los participantes de 49 a 55 años presentaron la mayor prevalencia de hábitos en los niveles poco o nada saludables, mientras que el grupo de 56 a 72 años mostró los niveles más saludables en relación al hábito de consumo de drogas.

Parents' satisfaction with care in pediatric intensive care units / Satisfacción de los padres respecto a la atención en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos / Satisfação dos pais em relação ao cuidado em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the parents' satisfaction in relation to the care provided to their child admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit and associated clinical factors. Method: Exploratory, cross-sectional study, with a total of 84 parents, in a private hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Data collection took place from March 2019 to January 2020, in the post-discharge period. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman's Correlation Coefficient. Results: Mean satisfaction was high (5.75) (SD=0.35). There was no correlation between parents' satisfaction and length of hospital stay, severity and illness. Conclusion: Parents showed high levels of satisfaction with the care received in pediatric intensive care, regardless of disease classification, length of hospital stay or severity. Greater satisfaction was observed in the domains of professional attitude, care and cure, information and parents' participation.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar la satisfacción de los padres en relación con la atención brindada al niño ingresado en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos y los factores clínicos asociados. Método: Es una investigación exploratoria y transversal, realizada entre 84 padres en un hospital privado de São Paulo, Brasil. Los datos se recogieron entre marzo de 2019 y enero de 2020, después del alta y se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y el Coeficiente de Correlación de Spearman. Resultados: La media de satisfacción fue alta (5,75) (DP=0,35). No hubo correlación de la satisfacción de los padres con la duración de la estancia, la enfermedad y la gravedad. Conclusión: Los padres mostraron altos niveles de satisfacción con la atención recibida en cuidados intensivos pediátricos, independientemente del período de la hospitalización, de la clasificación de la enfermedad o de la gravedad de la misma. Se observó mayor satisfacción en los dominios de actitud profesional, cuidado y curación, información y participación de los padres.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a satisfação dos pais em relação ao cuidado prestado ao filho internado na unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica e fatores clínicos associados. Método: Pesquisa exploratória, transversal, com 84 pais, em hospital privado de São Paulo, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu de março de 2019 a janeiro de 2020, no pós-alta. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman. Resultados: A média de satisfação foi alta (5,75) (DP=0,35). Não houve correlação da satisfação dos pais com tempo de internação, gravidade e doença. Conclusão: Os pais apresentaram altos níveis de satisfação com o cuidado recebido na terapia intensiva pediátrica, independentemente da classificação da doença, tempo de internação ou gravidade. Observou-se maior satisfação nos domínios atitude profissional, cuidado e cura, informação e participação dos pais.

End-of-life practices in patients admitted to pediatric intensive care units in Brazil: A retrospective study

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of life support limitation (LSL) in patients who died after at least 24 h of a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay, parent participation and to describe how this type of care is delivered. Methods: Retrospective cohort study in a tertiary PICU at a university hospital in Brazil. All patients aged 1 month to 18 years who died were eligible for inclusion. The exclusion criteria were those brain death and death within 24 h of admission. Results: 53 patients were included in the study. The prevalence of a LSL report was 45.3%. Out of 24 patients with a report of LSL on their medical records only 1 did not have a donot-resuscitate order. Half of the patients with a report of LSL had life support withdrawn. The length of their PICU stay, age, presence of parents at the time of death, and severity on admission, calculated by the Pediatric Index of Mortality 2, were higher in patients with a report of LSL. Compared with other historical cohorts, there was a clear increase in the prevalence of LSL and, most importantly, a change in how limitations are carried out, with a high prevalence of parental participation and an increase in withdrawal of life support. Conclusions: LSLs were associated with older and more severely ill patients, with a high prevalence of family participation in this process. The historical comparison showed an increase in LSL and in the withdrawal of life support.

Asociación entre el fenotipo hipertrigliceridemia-obesidad abdominal, la resistencia a la insulina y las variables cardiometabólicas en el síndrome de ovario poliquístico / Association among the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype, insulin resistance and the cardiometabolic variables in the polycystic ovary syndrome

Introducción: El síndrome de ovario poliquístico se asocia con frecuencia a alteraciones cardiometabólicas; y su asociación con el fenotipo hipertrigliceridemia-obesidad abdominal ha sido poco estudiada en Cuba. Objetivo: Identificar la frecuencia del fenotipo hipertrigliceridemia-obesidad abdominal en mujeres de edad mediana con síndrome de ovario poliquístico y su asociación con la resistencia a la insulina, trastornos del metabolismo de la glucosa y ateroesclerosis subclínica. Método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, en 30 mujeres. Se tomaron variables clínicas: edad, peso, talla, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura y cadera, índice cintura/cadera, tensión arterial, además de concentraciones de glucosa, insulina, colesterol total, triglicéridos, HDL-c y LDL-c, e índice HOMA-IR. La aterosclerosis subclínica se evaluó por doppler carotideo y ecocardiograma (hipertrofia ventricular izquierda y grasa epicárdica). El fenotipo hipertrigliceridemia-obesidad abdominal se definió como triglicéridos elevados (≥ 1,7 mmol/L) y circunferencia de la cintura ≥ 80 cm. Resultados: La frecuencia del fenotipo hipertrigliceridemia-obesidad abdominal fue 43,3 por ciento (13/30). Los valores medios de circunferencia abdominal, tensión arterial, así como de glucemia (p < 0,003), insulinemia (p = 0,028), triglicéridos (p < 0,0001), e índice HOMA-IR (p = 0,012) fueron más elevados en el grupo de mujeres con esa condición. A pesar de no haber diferencias significativas la frecuencia de mujeres con incremento del grosor íntima-media carotídeo y de grasa epicárdica fue superior en aquellas con el fenotipo. Conclusiones: La presencia del fenotipo hipertrigliceridemia-obesidad abdominal es frecuente en mujeres con síndrome de ovario poliquístico, y se asocia con alteraciones del metabolismo de la glucosa y la resistencia a la insulina. Este pudiera ser utilizado en la práctica clínica como un marcador de riesgo para alteraciones cardiometabólicas(AU)

Introduction: The polycystic ovary syndrome is frequently associated to cardiometabolic alterations; and its relation with the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype has been poorly studied in Cuba. Objective: Identify the frequency of the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype in middle age women with polycystic ovary syndrome and its association with insulin resistance, disorders in the glucose metabolism and subclinical atherosclerosis. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study in 30 women. As clinical variables there were used: age, weight, size, body mass index, waist-hip circumference, waist/hip index, blood pressure; glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-c and LDL-c concentrations, and HOMA-IR index. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed by a carotid doppler and an echocardiogram (left ventricular hypertrophy and epicardial fat). The hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype was defined as high triglycerides levels (≥ 1.7 mmol/L) and CC ≥ 80 cm. Results: The frequency of the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype was 43.3 percent (13/30). The mean values of abdominal circumference, blood pressure, as well as glycemia (p < 0.003), insulinaemia (p = 0.028), triglycerides (p < 0.0001), and HOMA-IR index (p = 0.012) were higher in the group of women with that condition. Although there were not significant differences, the frequency of women with increase of the carotid intima-media thickness and epicardical fat was higher in those with the phenotype. Conclusions: The presence of the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype is frequent in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome, and it is associated with alterations of the glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. This can be used in the clinical practice as a marker of risk for cardiometabolic alterations(AU)

Encefalitis por Anticuerpos contra el Receptor NMDA: un diagnóstico diferencial neuropsiquiátrico

La Encefalitis por Anticuerpos contra el Receptor NMDA es un reto debido a la amplia lista de posibilidades diagnósticas a las que se asemeja la sintomatología inicial. Es una enfermedad cuya fisiopatología está dada por la generación y acción de anticuerpos, inducidos mayormente por agentes externos (virus) e internos (algunos tumores), sobre NMDAR (receptor N-metil-D-aspartato) que puede cursar con alteraciones neurológicas, psiquiátricas y autonómicas, usualmente afectando a población femenina adulta joven y que en ocasiones forma parte de un síndrome paraneoplásico. Su manejo se basa en inmunoterapia con corticosteroides, inmunoglobulina intravenosa o en casos refractarios, plasmaféresis. La eficacia de estas terapias aumenta con el diagnóstico oportuno, sin embargo con frecuencia el tratamiento se aplica tardíamente por lo difícil del acierto diagnóstico. Presentamos el caso clínico de una femenina de 22 años, que debutó con manifestaciones neuropsiquiátricas, inicialmente medicada con antipsicóticos y que desarrolló rigidez, aumento de creatina quinasa y estatus epiléptico, por lo cual se sospechó síndrome neuroléptico maligno, ameritando hospitalización en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Ante la nula mejoría, se replanteó el diagnóstico, con sospecha de encefalitis autoinmune y se instauró el tratamiento específico, con lo cual la paciente pudo retornar a su vida diaria sin déficit. (provisto por Infomedic International)

Plan de Atención de Enfermería (PAE) en personas con infección por SARS-COV-2: revisión narrativa / Nursing Care Plan for people infected with SARS-COV-2: a narrative review / Plano de Assistência de Enfermagem em pessoas com infecção por SARS-COV-2: revisão narrativa

Objetivo: generar un Plan de Atención de Enfermería con base en la literatura disponible para la atención de personas en Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo que presentan infección por SARS-COV-2. Métodos: se realizó una revisión narrativa con artículos disponibles desde diciembre del 2019 hasta agosto del 2020 en las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo y Dialnet; además, se revisaron documentos oficiales que abordan pautas de práctica basadas en la evidencia relacionadas con COVID-19 y condiciones laborales óptimas de trabajadores en salud. Resultados: los resultados son analizados en dos secciones: condiciones laborales óptimas y carga laboral del personal de enfermería, y una propuesta metodológica para el proceso de atención de enfermería (valoración, diagnóstico de enfermería, planificación de las intervenciones, ejecución de las intervenciones y evaluación) de personas en condición crítica por COVID-19. Conclusiones: el cuidado de la persona en situación crítica por COVID-19 debe tener un enfoque integral y holístico; siendo esto una oportunidad para llevar a cabo manejos que respondan a sus necesidades personales y familiares. Esto incluye tratamientos ofrecidos para el manejo de la dimensión biológica, como el manejo de los síntomas y las manifestaciones clínicas; en la dimensión emocional, propiciar la comodidad, el bienestar mental, involucrar la familia en el cuidado; en la dimensión espiritual, buscar aliviar el sufrimiento o el dolor, fomentar la compasión; y en la dimensión social, usar las herramientas tecnológicas disponibles para mantener los lazos familiares y de afinidad.

Objective: To generate a Nursing Care Plan based on the available literature to attend people in Intensive Care Units with SARS-COV-2 infections. Methods: A narrative review was carried out with the articles available from December 2019 to August 2020 on the PubMed, Scielo and Dialnet databases. In addition, official documents were reviewed that covered practice guidelines based on evidence related to COVID-19 and optimal working conditions for health care workers. Results: The results were analyzed in two sections: The optimal working conditions and workloads of nursing staff, and a methodological proposal for the nursing care process (assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning interventions, executing interventions and evaluations) for people in critical conditions due to COVID-19. Conclusions: Caring for a person in a critical situation due to COVID-19 must involve an integral and holistic approach. It is an opportunity to carry out managing that answer to their personal and family needs. This includes treatments offered to managing the biological dimension such as managing symptoms and clinical manifestations; promoting comfort, mental wellbeing and involving the family in caring for them from an emotional dimension; seeking to alleviate suffering or pain and promoting compassion from a spiritual dimension; and using the available technology to maintain family and other relationships from a social dimension.

Objetivo: gerar um Plano de Assistência de Enfermagem com base na literatura disponível para o cuidado de pessoas em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva com infecção por SARS-COV-2. Métodos: foi realizada revisão narrativa com artigos disponíveis de dezembro de 2019 a agosto de 2020 nas bases de dados PubMed, Scielo e Dialnet. Além disso, foram revisados documentos oficiais que abordam diretrizes práticas baseadas em evidências relacionadas ao COVID-19 e condições ótimas de trabalho para profissionais de saúde. Resultados: os resultados são analisados em duas seções: condições ótimas de trabalho e carga de trabalho do pessoal de enfermagem e uma proposta metodológica para o processo de assistência de enfermagem (avaliação, diagnóstico de enfermagem, planejamento da intervenção, implementação da intervenção e avaliação) de pessoas em estado crítico pela COVID-19. Conclusões: o cuidado da pessoa em situação crítica devido à COVID-19 deve ter uma abordagem integral e holística; sendo esta uma oportunidade para realizar uma gestão que responda às suas necessidades pessoais e familiares. Com tratamentos oferecidos para a gestão da dimensão biológica como manejo de sintomas e manifestações clínicas; da dimensão emocional, promover conforto, bem-estar mental, envolver a família no cuidado; na dimensão espiritual procurar aliviar o sofrimento ou a dor, promover a compaixão; e na dimensão social, utilizar as ferramentas tecnológicas disponíveis para manter os vínculos familiares e de afinidade.

Comparison of nursing workload in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit estimated by three instruments / Comparação da carga de trabalho de enfermagem em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica estimada por três instrumentos / Comparación de la carga de trabajo de enfermería en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátrica estimada por tres instrumentos

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the nursing workload using the Nursing Activities Score (NAS), Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-28 (TISS-28) and Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score (NEMS) instruments in children admitted to a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in a university hospital. Method: A prospective cohort study performed in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, with a sample formed of all children hospitalized during the study period. Nursing workload was evaluated using the TISS-28, NEMS and NAS instruments, and further divided into two groups: Group 1 forming a category of basic activities items and Group 2 forming a category of other support and intervention activities. Results: The sample consisted of 490 Pediatric Intensive Care Unit admissions, totaling 4617 observations. NAS presented the best estimate of total working hours. TISS-28 and NEMS showed better agreement and the results showed strong correlations between NAS and TISS-28 and between NEMS and TISS-28. In Group 1 (basic activities), NAS(1) and TISS-28(1) showed moderate correlation, in Group 2 (specialized activities) the three instruments showed strong correlations. Conclusion: NAS stood out in the evaluation of nursing workload and showed good correlation and agreement with the TISS-28.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a carga de trabalho de enfermagem por meio dos instrumentos Nursing Activities Score (NAS), Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-28 (TISS-28) e Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score (NEMS) em crianças internadas em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica de um hospital universitário. Método: Estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica, com amostra constituída por todas as crianças internadas durante o período do estudo. A carga de trabalho de enfermagem foi avaliada por meio dos instrumentos TISS-28, NEMS e NAS, e posteriormente dividida em dois grupos: Grupo 1 formando uma categoria de itens de atividades básicas; Grupo 2 formando uma categoria de outras atividades de apoio e intervenção. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 490 internações em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica, totalizando 4617 observações. O NAS apresentou a melhor estimativa do total de horas de trabalho. O TISS-28 e o NEMS apresentaram melhor concordância e os resultados apresentaram fortes correlações entre NAS e TISS-28 e entre NEMS e TISS-28. No Grupo 1 (atividades básicas), o NAS(1) e o TISS-28(1) apresentaram correlação moderada, no Grupo 2 (atividades especializadas) os três instrumentos apresentaram correlações fortes. Conclusão: O NAS destacou-se na avaliação da carga de trabalho de enfermagem e apresentou boa correlação e concordância com o TISS-28.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comparar la carga de trabajo de enfermería a través de los instrumentos Nursing Activities Score (NAS), Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-28 (TISS-28) y Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score (NEMS) en niños ingresados en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátrica de un hospital universitario. Método: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo realizado en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátrica, con muestra constituida por todos los niños ingresados durante el período de estudio. La carga de trabajo de enfermería fue evaluada a través de los instrumentos TISS-28, NEMS y NAS y, posteriormente dividida en dos grupos: Grupo 1 formando una categoría de ítems de actividades básicas; Grupo 2 formando una categoría de otras actividades de apoyo e intervención. Resultados: La muestra fue compuesta por 490 ingresos en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátrica, en un total de 4617 observaciones. El NAS presentó la mejor estimativa del total de horas trabajadas. El TISS-28 y el NEMS presentaron mejor concordancia y los resultados demostraron fuertes correlaciones entre NAS y TISS-28 y entre NEMS y TISS-28. En el grupo 1 (actividades básicas), el NAS(1) y el TISS-28(1) presentaron correlación moderada, en el Grupo 2 (actividades especializadas) los tres instrumentos presentaron correlaciones fuertes. Consideraciones Finales: El NAS se destacó en la evaluación de la carga de trabajo de enfermería y presentó buena correlación y concordancia con el TISS-28.

Prevalence, mortality and risk factors associated with very low birth weight preterm infants: an analysis of 33 years / Prevalência, mortalidade e fatores de risco associados ao prematuro de muito baixo peso ao nascer: uma análise de 33 anos

Abstract Objective: To assess the prevalence, mortality and risk factors associated with the birth of very low birth weight preterm infants over a period of 33 years. Methods: Four cross-sectional studies were analyzed, using data from perinatal interviews of birth cohorts in the city of Pelotas collected in 1982, 1993, 2004, and 2015. Based on perinatal questionnaires, anthropometric measurements of newborns and death certificates were analyzed to obtain the prevalence rate, neonatal mortality, and risk factors (maternal age, income and type of delivery) for very low birth weight. Results: A total of 19,625 newborns were included in the study. In the years 1982, 1993, 2004, and 2015, there were, respectively, 5909, 5232, 4226, and 4258 births. The prevalence of very low birth weight was, respectively, 1.1% (n = 64), 0.9% (n = 46), 1.4% (n = 61), and 1.3% (n = 54). There was no statistical evidence of an increasing trend over time (p = 0.11). Among the risk factors, family income in the three poorest quintiles was associated with prevalence rates that were approximately twice as high as in the richest quintile (p = 0.003). Mortality per 1000 live births for neonates weighing <1500 g decreased from 688 to 259 per thousand from 1982 to 2015 (p < 0.001), but still represented 61% of neonatal deaths in the latter year. Conclusion: Although mortality in very low birth weight decreased by more than 60% in recent years, this group still contributes with more than half of neonatal deaths. Low family income remains an important risk factor in this scenario.

Resumo Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência, mortalidade e fatores de risco associados aos nascimentos de prematuros de muito baixo peso ao nascer (MBPN) ao longo de 33 anos. Métodos: Série de quatro estudos transversais com o uso de dados das entrevistas perinatais das coortes de nascimento da cidade de Pelotas coletados em 1982, 1993, 2004 e 2015. A partir de questionários perinatais, medidas antropométricas dos recém-nascidos e certidões de óbito, foram analisadas a prevalência, a mortalidade neonatal e os fatores de risco (idade materna, renda e tipo de parto) para prematuros de muito baixo peso ao nascer. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 19.625 recém-nascidos. Em 1982, 1993, 2004 e 2015 ocorreram, respectivamente, 5.909, 5.232, 4.226 e 4.258 nascimentos. A prevalência de prematuros de muito baixo peso ao nascer naqueles anos foi, respectivamente, de 1,1% (n = 64), 0,9% (n = 46), 1,4% (n = 61) e 1,3% (n = 54). A tendência de aumento durante o período não alcançou significância estatística (p = 0,11). Entre os fatores de risco, a renda familiar nos três quintis mais pobres esteve associada a prevalências cerca de duas vezes mais altas do que no quintil mais rico (p = 0,003). A mortalidade por 1.000 nascidos vivos para os neonatos com peso < 1500 g caiu de 688 para 259 por mil ao longo dos anos (p < 0,001), mas ainda representa 61% dos óbitos neonatais em 2015. Conclusão: Embora a mortalidade nos prematuros de muito baixo peso ao nascer tenha diminuído em mais de 60% nos últimos anos, esse grupo ainda contribui com mais da metade dos óbitos neonatais. A baixa renda familiar continua a ser fator de risco importante nesse cenário.

Uso de Kinect para Xbox-360 para mejorar el equilibrio en un adulto mayor con enfermedad renal crónica Reporte de caso / Use of Xbox-360 Kinect® to improve balance in elderly people with chronic kidney disease: a case report / Usando Kinect para Xbox-360 para melhorar o equilíbrio em um adulto idoso com doença renal crônica. Relato de caso

Introducción. Los procesos de rehabilitación funcional pueden verse bastante favorecidos con el uso de la tecnología, ya que mediante diferentes dispositivos es posible estimular la independencia funcional de los pacientes, tal es el caso del Kinect, que en su modalidad semiinmersiva de realidad virtual puede ser muy útil para el tratamiento de diferentes pacientes, incluidos los adultos mayores. El objetivo del presente reporte de caso es determinar la utilidad de una intervención mediante el uso de Kinect para Xbox 360 para mejorar el equilibrio en un adulto mayor con enfermedad renal crónica. Presentación del caso. Paciente masculino de 81 años de edad con insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC), quien durante 6 semanas recibió intervención con Kinect (3 sesiones semanales de 45 minutos). Cada sesión se hizo en tres fases: calentamiento, práctica de juegos con el Kinect y estiramientos musculares. Se hicieron 3 evaluaciones (antes de la intervención, a la tercera semana y a la sexta semana) mediante las pruebas de alcance funcional, velocidad de la marcha, Tinetti marcha y equilibrio, Mini mental Examination de Folstein (MMSE), estabilometría, podometría y Test Modificado de Integración Sensorial. Con la intervención el usuario no mostró cambios en la prueba de Tinetti marcha ni en podometria, pero en la prueba de alcance funcional mejoró 8,5 puntos; en la Tinetti equilibrio, 7, y en la MMSE, 3; la velocidad de la marcha se incrementó a 1,5 m/segundo y el índice de Romberg a 0,77. Conclusión. El uso de del Kinect en el tratamiento de pacientes mayores, a través de un entorno recreativo, favorece el proceso de intervención fisioterapéutica, el acondicionamiento muscular general y los procesos cognitivos, además mejora el equilibrio.

Introduction: The functional rehabilitation processes require the adoption of technology in rehabilitation; it results in the stimulation of the functional independence in the elderly through the use of the Xbox-360 Kinect® as a semi- immersive mode of virtual reality. General Objective: To determine the effect of the Xbox-360 Kinect® to improve balance in the elderly with chronic kidney disease. Methodology: A case report of using videogames with the Xbox-360 Kinect® with elderly people who have chronic kidney disease. The intervention was six weeks of three weekly sessions, each lasting 45 minutes. Three assessments were performed: the first, before the intervention; the second, on the third week; and last one, on the sixth week. Each session comprised of three phases: warming up, use of the X-BOX 360 kinect®, and the muscle stretching. Functional Test scope, gait velocity, Tinetti Gait and Balance, Mini-Mental State Examination, stabilometry test, podiatry exam, and Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Integration were the instruments used. Results: The patient improved in all tests, except for in Tinetti Gait and in podiatry tests, where no change had been observed. The functional test scope showed an improvement score of 8.5 points, Tinetti balance of 7 points and Mini- mental state examination of 3 points. Gait speed increased to 1.5m/sec and the Romberg index to 0.77. Conclusion: The use of the Xbox-360 Kinect® in elderly people, through a recreational environment, favors the process of physiotherapeutic intervention, general muscle conditioning, and improvement of balance, as well as, favoring cognitive processes.

Introdução. Os processos de reabilitação funcional podem ser bastante favorecidos com o uso da tecnologia, pois por meio de diferentes dispositivos é possível estimular a independência funcional dos pacientes, como é o caso do Kinect, que em sua modalidade de realidade virtual semi-imersiva pode ser muito útil para o tratamento de diferentes pacientes, incluindo idosos. O objetivo deste relato de caso é determinar a utilidade de uma intervenção usando o Kinect para Xbox 360 para melhorar o equilíbrio em um adulto idoso com doença renal crônica. Apresentação do caso. Paciente do sexo masculino, 81 anos, com insuficiência renal crônica (IRC), que recebeu intervenção do Kinect por 6 semanas (3 sessões semanais de 45 minutos). Cada sessão foi realizada em três fases: aquecimento, prática de jogos com o Kinect e alongamento muscular. Foram feitas 3 avaliações (antes da intervenção, na terceira semana e na sexta semana) utilizando os testes de amplitude funcional, velocidade da marcha, marcha e equilíbrio de Tinetti, Mini Exame Mental de Folstein (MEEM), estabilometria, podometria e Teste Modificado de Integração Sensorial. Com a intervenção, o usuário não apresentou alterações no teste de marcha de Tinetti ou na pedometria, mas no teste de amplitude funcional melhorou 8,5 pontos; no equilíbrio de Tinetti, 7, e no MMSE, 3; a velocidade da marcha aumentou para 1,5 m / segundo e o índice de Romberg para 0,77. Conclusão. A utilização do Kinect no tratamento de pacientes idosos, por meio de um ambiente lúdico, favorece o processo de intervenção fisioterapêutica, condicionamento muscular geral e processos cognitivos, além de melhorar o equilíbrio.

Desarrollo evolutivo humano y longevidad. Un análisis bio-psicosocial / Human evolutionary development and longevity. A bio-psychosocial analysis

En este trabajo se hace una revisión bibliográfica sobre el desarrollo evolutivo humano y longevidad, desde un enfoque biopsicosocial (Engel, 1977; Gliedt et al., 2017; Lehman et al., 2017). Tras aplicar el método de análisis PRISMA, se obtuvieron diversos resultados relacionados con un desarrollo evolutivo más longevo; así, en el área biológica, 3 factores: los SNPs, los telómeros y la química del estrés; en el área psicológica, 5 factores: la metacognición, la resiliencia, la espiritualidad, las relaciones personales y la depresión; y en el área social, 8 factores: la pseudo-heredabilidad, las relaciones conyugales, la maternidad, el nivel educativo, estilos de vida, dieta y restricción calórica, actividad física y mental y tecnología sanitaria. Ante los datos obtenidos en las tres áreas, de este enfoque biopsicosocial, y el repetido solapamiento entre factores del área psicológica y del área social, se plantea que pudieran considerarse estas dos como una conjunta, proponiéndose un enfoque explicativo con dos áreas: bio-psicosocial que, por factores encontrados en este trabajo, quedarían un 18,7% de biológica y un 81,3% psicosocial. Actualmente, hay suficiente información sobre desarrollo evolutivo humano y longevidad, pero una ausencia de investigaciones que estudien esos factores desde una perspectiva integrada. Mucha de esa información privilegiada se podría aplicar ya, psicológica y socialmente, a la población en general, para una mejora de su salud, en cualquier fase del desarrollo evolutivo humano.

In this work, a literature review on human evolutionary development and longevity is made from a biopsychosocial approach (Engel, 1977; Gliedt et al., 2017; Lehman et al, 2017). After applying the PRISMA analysis method, several results related to a more long-lived evolutionary development were obtained; thus, in the biological area, 3 factors: SNPs, telomeres and stress chemistry; in the psychological area, 5 factors: metacognition, resilience, spirituality, personal relationships and depression; and in the social area, 8 factors: pseudo-heritability, conjugal relations, motherhood, educational level, lifestyles, diet and caloric restriction, physical and mental activity and health technology. Given the data obtained in the three areas, of this biopsychosocial approach, and the repeated overlap between factors of the psychological area and the social area, it is proposed that both could be considered as a joint, proposing an explanatory approach with two areas: bio-psychosocial that, for factors found in this work, would be 18.7% biological and 81.3% psychosocial. Currently, there is enough information on human evolutionary development and longevity, but an absence of research that studies these factors from an integrated perspective. Much of this privileged information could be applied already, psychologically and socially, to the population in general, for an improvement of their health, at any stage of human evolutionary development.

Fascitis plantar. Criterios y experiencias sobre la infiltración con anestésicos locales y corticoesteroides / Plantar fasciitis Criteria and experiences on infiltration with local anesthetics and corticosteroids

Introducción: Dentro del grupo de las enfermedades del sistema osteomioarticular la fascitis plantar (FP) es una de las causas más frecuente de dolor crónico del pie. Objetivo: aportar criterios sobre el empleo de la infiltración de anestésicos locales y corticoesteroides para el tratamiento de la fascitis plantar. Desarrollo: se seleccionaron las infiltraciones de corticoesteroides y de anestésicos locales que se realizan con mayor frecuencia en la práctica clínica, se analizó su efectividad según la evidencia en la literatura internacional y a partir de ahí se contrastaron los resultados encontrados con los criterios y experiencias de los autores de este trabajo. Conclusiones: Las consideraciones realizadas en este estudio apuntan a que el uso de los corticoides mediante infiltraciones en patologías ortopédicas es un medio valioso para mejorar la inflamación de los tejidos y para el alivio de los dolores, tanto cuando se emplea en las articulaciones como en las partes blandas(AU)

Introduction: within the group of diseases of the osteomioarticular system, plantar fasciitis (FP) is one of the most frequent causes of chronic foot pain. Objective: to provide criteria on the use of infiltration of local anesthetics and corticosteroids for the treatment of plantar fasciitis. Development: the infiltrations of corticosteroids and local anesthetics that are performed more frequently in clinical practice were selected, their effectiveness was analyzed according to the evidence in the international literature and from there the results were contrasted with the criteria and experiences of the patients authors of this work. Conclusions: the considerations made in this study suggest that the use of corticosteroids through infiltrations in orthopedic pathologies is a valuable means to improve inflammation of the tissues and for the relief of pain, both when used in the joints and in the joints and soft parts(AU)

Rapid diagnosis of respiratory distress syndrome by oral aspirate in premature newborns / Diagnóstico rápido da síndrome do desconforto respiratório por aspirado bucal em recém-nascidos prematuros

Abstract Objective: The stable microbubble test on gastric aspirate and on amniotic fluid has been used for the diagnosis of respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn. However, no study has performed this test on oral aspirates from premature infants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the stable microbubble test on oral aspirates from preterm newborns to predict respiratory distress syndrome. Method: This study included infants with gestational age <34 weeks. Oral fluids were obtained immediately after birth and gastric fluids were collected within the first 30 minutes of life. The samples were frozen and tested within 72 hours. Results: The sample was composed of paired aspirates from 64 newborns, who were divided into two groups: respiratory distress syndrome group (n = 21) and control group (n = 43). The median (interquartile range) of the stable microbubble count in the oral samples of infants with respiratory distress syndrome was significantly lower than that of infants who did not develop respiratory symptoms: respiratory distress syndrome group = 12 (8 -22) stable microbubbles/mm2; control group = 100 (48 -230) microbubbles/mm2 (p < 0.001). The correlation between microbubble count in gastric and oral aspirates was 0.90 (95% confidence interval = 0.85 -0.95; p < 0.001). Considering a cut-off point of 25 microbubbles/mm2, the sensitivity and the specificity of the stable microbubble test were 81.4% and 85.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The study suggests that the stable microbubble test performed on oral aspirate is a reliable alternative to that performed on gastric fluid for the prediction of respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn.

Resumo Objetivo: O teste das microbolhas estáveis no aspirado gástrico e no líquido amniótico foi usado no diagnóstico da síndrome do desconforto respiratório do recém-nascido. Contudo, nenhum estudo fez esse teste nos aspirados bucais de neonatos prematuros. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho do teste das microbolhas estáveis em aspirados bucais de recém-nascidos prematuros para prever síndrome do desconforto respiratório. Método: Este estudo incluiu neonatos com idade gestacional < 34 semanas. Os fluidos orais foram obtidos imediatamente após o nascimento e os fluidos gástricos foram coletados nos primeiros 30 minutos de vida. As amostras foram congeladas e testadas em 72 horas. Resultados: A amostra foi composta de aspirados pareados de 64 recém-nascidos, divididos em dois grupos: grupo de síndrome do desconforto respiratório (n = 21) e grupo de controle (n = 43). A mediana (intervalo interquartil) da contagem das microbolhas estáveis nas amostras de fluido oral dos neonatos com síndrome do desconforto respiratório foi significativamente menor que a dos neonatos que não desenvolveram sintomas respiratórios: grupo de síndrome do desconforto respiratório = 12 (8-22) microbolhas estáveis/mm2; grupo de controle = 100 (48-230) microbolhas/mm2 (p < 0,001). A correlação entre a contagem das microbolhas nos aspirados gástricos e bucais foi 0,90 (intervalo de confiança de 95% = 0,85-0,95; p < 0,001). Considerando um ponto de corte de 25 microbolhas/mm2, a sensibilidade e a especificidade do teste das microbolhas estáveis foram 81,4% e 85,7%, respectivamente. Conclusão: O estudo sugere que o teste das microbolhas estáveis feito no aspirado bucal é uma opção confiável ao fluido gástrico para a predição da síndrome do desconforto respiratório do recém-nascido.

Inferior vena cava filter removal – Hope for the best and prepare for the worst: An anesthesiology perspective

A patient presented to our institution for an elective removal of an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter under local anesthesia. Once removed, it was noticed that the filter had a missing secondary leg. The patient had a chest CT done which showed a hyper-attenuating structure in the region of the tricuspid valve highly suspicious for the fractured strut of the filter. Upon these findings, the patient was taken once again to the surgical suite for an endovascular retrieval of the strut. For fear of a possible cardiac injury and a potential need for a sternotomy, the patient received general anesthesia and was placed with appropriate IV access and full cardiac monitors. The strut was removed successfully without any complications. Despite the relative benign nature of this endovascular procedure, one should always be prepared for an appropriate resuscitation in case of an occurrence of a surgical complication.

Fluid balance in pediatric patients in prone position: a pragmatic study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between prone position, increased diuresis, and decreased cumulative fluid balance in critically ill pediatric patients who underwent mechanical ventilation (MV) for pulmonary causes and describe adverse events related to the use of the position. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study. Patients aged between 1 month and 12 years who underwent MV for pulmonary causes, between January 2013 and December 2015, were selected and divided between those who were put on prone position (PG) and those who were not (CG) during the hospitalization at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Data were analyzed longitudinally from D1 to D4. RESULTS: A total of 77 patients (PG = 37 and CG = 40) were analyzed. The general characteristics of both groups were similar. In the comparison between the groups, there was no increase in diuresis or decrease in cumulative fluid balance in the prone group. In the longitudinal analysis of D1 to D4, we saw that the PG presented higher diuresis (p = 0.034) and a lower cumulative fluid balance (p = 0.001) in D2. Regarding the use of diuretics, there was greater use of furosemide (P <0.001) and spironolactone (P = 0.04) in the PG. There was no increase in adverse events during the use of the prone position. CONCLUSION: The prone position was not associated with increased diuresis or decreased cumulative fluid balance in critically ill pediatric patients who underwent to MV for pulmonary causes.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre posição prona, aumento da diurese e diminuição do balanço hídrico em pacientes pediátricos criticamente enfermos e submetidos à ventilação mecânica (VM) por causa pulmonar, além de descrever eventuais intercorrências relacionadas à aplicação dessa posição. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional retrospectivo. Pacientes submetidos à VM por causa pulmonar, com idade entre 1 mês e 12 anos no período entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2015, foram selecionados e divididos entre os que receberam posição prona (GP) e os que não receberam (GC) durante a internação na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (Utip). Os dados foram analisados longitudinalmente de D1 a D4. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados77 pacientes (GP=37 e GC=40). Em termos de características gerais, os grupos foram semelhantes entre si. Na comparação entre os grupos, não houve aumento da diurese ou diminuição do balanço hídrico cumulativo no grupo prona. Na análise longitudinal de D1 a D4, evidenciou-se que o GP apresentou maior diurese (p=0,034) e menor balanço hídrico cumulativo (p = 0,001) no D2. Com relação ao uso de diuréticos, houve maior uso de furosemida (P<0,001) e de espironolactona (P=0,04) no GP. Não houve aumento de eventos adversos durante a utilização da posição prona. CONCLUSÃO: A posição prona não demonstrou associação com aumento da diurese ou diminuição de balanço hídrico cumulativo em pacientes críticos pediátricos submetidos à VM por causa pulmonar.

Impact of the appendiceal position on the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric appendicitis / Impacto da posição do apêndice sobre o diagnóstico e tratamento de apendicite da infância

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate how symptoms vary according to the appendiceal position in pediatric patients and to demonstrate that the laparoscopic approach is safe and effective in any appendiceal location by comparing each location to another. Methods: The medical records of 1,736 children aged 14 or younger who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy over a period of 14 years were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were divided according to the position of the appendiceal tip into four groups: anterior, pelvic, retrocecal and subhepatic. The Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests were used with the Bonferroni correction, with a significant p<0.05. Results: The appendiceal location was anterior in 1,366 cases, retrocecal in 248 cases, pelvic in 66 cases and subhepatic in 56 cases. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of patient age and gender. Abdominal pain was the only symptom with statistically significant differences between the groups. The rate of perforated appendicitis was higher in the subhepatic and pelvic positions. Intraoperative complications and conversions were not statistically significant. Technical difficulties and operative time were higher in subhepatic position. The rate of postoperative complications was similar between the different locations, except for bowel obstruction, which was higher in pelvic appendicitis. Conclusions: The clinical symptoms of appendicitis hardly ever change with the position of the appendix. The laparoscopic approach is safe and effective, regardless the appendiceal location.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar como os sintomas variam de acordo com a posição do apêndice em pacientes pediátricos e demonstrar que a laparoscopia é segura e eficaz em qualquer posição do apêndice, comparando-as. Métodos: Os prontuários de 1.736 pacientes pediátricos com idade ≤14 anos submetidos à apendicectomia laparoscópica em um período de 14 anos foram analisados retrospectivamente. Os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com a posição do apêndice: anterior, pélvica, retrocecal e sub-hepático. Os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e do qui-quadrado foram usados com a correção de Bonferroni, sendo significante p<0,05. Resultados: A posição do apêndice era anterior em 1.366 casos, retrocecal em 248 casos, pélvica em 66 casos e sub-hepática em 56 casos. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos quanto às variáveis idade e sexo. A dor abdominal foi a única variável com diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos. A taxa de apêndice perfurado foi superior nas posições sub-hepática e pélvica. As complicações intraoperatórias e a taxa de conversão não foram estatisticamente significativas. As dificuldades técnicas e o tempo cirúrgico foram superiores em posição sub-hepática. A taxa de complicações pós-operatórias foi semelhante entre as diferentes posições, exceto a obstrução intestinal, que foi superior em posição pélvica. Conclusões: Os sintomas da apendicite dificilmente variam com a posição do apêndice. A laparoscopia é segura e eficaz, independentemente da posição do apêndice.

After-school leisure time: physical activity and estimated caloric expenditure in schoolchildren from southeast Spain / El periodo de ocio extraescolar: actividad física y gasto energético estimado en escolares del sureste español

Abstract Introduction: The after-school period is commonly used by schoolchildren to do physical activities; however, the level of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and caloric expenditure achieved during that period of time is unknown. Objective: To analyze the physical activity levels and the estimated caloric expenditure during the after-school period. Materials and methods: 408 schoolchildren enrolled in the Spanish education system and aged between 11 and 12 years were included in the study, of whom 205 were females (11,21±0,41) and 203 males (11,20±0,40). This is a descriptive, relational and cross-sectional study. Schoolchildren reported their physical activity by means of the Previous Day Physical Activity Recall (PDPAR) instrument. Physical activity was analyzed through the average minutes involved in MVPA (>3METs) and the caloric expenditure taken from the MET levels. Results: The results showed a higher average of MVPA (p<0.05) and caloric expenditure (p<0.001) in males than in females. Conclusions: The average MVPA minutes estimated by schoolchildren meet the recommendations of daily physical activity established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Special attention is required for the female gender and the beginning of adolescence.

Resumen Introducción. Por lo general, el periodo de ocio extraescolar es empleado por los escolares para realizar actividades físicas; sin embargo, se desconoce el nivel de actividad física de moderada a vigorosa intensidad (AFMV) y de gasto calórico registrados en ese periodo. Objetivo. Analizar los niveles de actividad física y gasto energético estimado durante el periodo de ocio extraescolar. Materiales y métodos. Participaron 408 escolares, con un rango de edad entre 11 y 12 años, siendo 205 niñas (11.21±0.41) y 203 niños (11.20±0.40) del sistema educativo español. Se siguió un diseño de tipo descriptivo relacional y de carácter transversal. Los escolares registraron la actividad física con el instrumento Previous Day Physical Activity Recall y su análisis se hizo a través del promedio de minutos realizando AFMV (>3 MET) y el gasto calórico extraído de los niveles de MET. Resultados. Se encontraron medias superiores para los hombres respecto a las mujeres, tanto en los minutos de AFMV (p<0.05) como en el gasto calórico (p<0.001) registrado. Conclusiones. El promedio de minutos de AFMV estimada por los escolares estudiados cumple con los valores diarios recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se debe prestar especial atención al género femenino y a la entrada a la adolescencia.

Cierre de comunicación oroantral mediante el uso de membrana de plasma: revisión de la literatura y reporte de un caso clínico / Closure of oroantral communication using a plasma membrane: review of the literature and report of a clinical case

Una comunicación oroantral es el espacio creado entre el seno maxilar y la cavidad oral, si ésta no es tratada a tiempo puede desencadenar una fístula e inclusive la presencia de sinusitis crónica. La comunicación oroantral es una de las complicaciones con mayor prevalencia que puede presentarse durante los procedimientos quirúrgicos cercanos a la zona donde se vea involucrado el seno maxilar. Con mayor incidencia encontramos los primeros molares, seguidos de los segundos molares y por último los terceros molares. El manejo convencional de una comunicación oroantral va desde su cierre espontáneo hasta el manejo quirúrgico; esto dependerá del tamaño de la lesión y el tiempo transcurrido de ésta. El caso clínico se trata de un paciente de 42 años de edad con antecedente de extracción del O.D. 16 por facultativo particular, desarrollando posteriormente un cuadro de sinusitis, por lo que acude al Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Regional 1o de Octubre, I.S.S.S.T.E. en la CDMX, siendo valorado por nuestro servicio, donde se observa una comunicación franca entre la cavidad bucal y el seno maxilar, realizándose cierre de la misma con una membrana de plasma rico en factores de crecimiento plaquetario (AU)

Oroantral communication is the space created between the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity, if the communication is not treated on time, it would progress to oroantral fi stula or chronic sinus disease. An oroantral communication is the most common complication during surgical procedures closer to the maxillary sinus. With greater incidence we found sites of upper fi rst molar, followed by the second molar and fi nally third molars. The conventional handling of an oroantral communication goes between spontaneously closure or surgical closure management, it will depend in the size of the lesion and the time elapsed. The present article shows a clinical case, is a male patient of 42 years old with a previous extraction of tooth 16, by a private doctor, later developing a picture of sinusitis. Then he goes to the emergency department of the Hospital 1o of October, ISSSTE in the CDMX, being evaluated by our service, where there is a frank communication between the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus, closing it with a plasma membrane rich in growth factors (AU)