Sucking insects and their predators on tree canopies of a monocultural stand of Caryocar brasiliense

Abstract Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) trees are widely distributed throughout the Cerrado ecosystem. The fruits of C. brasiliense trees are used by humans for food and as the main income source in many communities. C. brasiliense conservation is seriously threatened due to habitat loss caused by the land-use change. Sucking insects constitute an important ecological driver that potentially impact C. brasiliense survival in degraded environments. In addition, insects sampling methodologies for application in studies related to the conservation of C. brasiliense are poorly developed. In this study, sucking insects (Hemiptera) and their predators were recorded in three vertical strata of Caryocar brasiliense canopies. The distribution of sucking species showed vertical stratification along the canopy structure of C. brasiliense. The basal part of the canopy had the highest numbers of sucking insects Aphis gossypii (Glover 1877) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Bemisia tabaci (Genn. 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and their predators Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), spiders (Araneae), and Zelus armillatus (Lep. & Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Predators' distribution follows the resource availability and preferred C. brasiliense tree parts with a higher abundance of prey.

Resumo Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) é amplamente distribuído por todo o ecossistema de cerrado. Os frutos de C. brasiliense são utilizados na alimentação humana e constitui uma importante fonte de renda para muitas comunidades. A perda de habitat provocada pelas mudanças de uso da terra coloca em risco a conservação de C. brasiliense. Insetos sugadores constituem um importante fator ecológico que, potencialmente, afeta o fitness de C. brasiliense em ambientes degradados. Além disso, as metodologias de amostragem de insetos para aplicação em estudos relacionados à conservação de C. brasiliense são pouco desenvolvidas. Neste estudo, o número de insetos sugadores (Hemiptera) e seus predadores foram avaliados em três estratos verticais do dossel de C. brasiliense. A distribuição das espécies sugadoras apresentou estratificação vertical ao longo da estrutura do dossel. O estrato basal do dossel apresentou o maior número de insetos sugadores Aphis gossypii (Glover 1877) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e Bemisia tabaci (Genn. 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), e seus predadores Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), aranhas (Araneae) e Zelus armillatus (Lep. & Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Os predadores distribuíram-se de acordo com a disponibilidade de recursos, ocorrendo em maior número nas partes do dossel com maior abundância de suas presas.

Sucking insects and their predators on tree canopies of a monocultural stand of Caryocar brasiliense / Insetos sugadores e seus predadores na copa de Caryocar brasiliense em sistema de monocultura

Abstract Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) trees are widely distributed throughout the Cerrado ecosystem. The fruits of C. brasiliense trees are used by humans for food and as the main income source in many communities. C. brasiliense conservation is seriously threatened due to habitat loss caused by the land-use change. Sucking insects constitute an important ecological driver that potentially impact C. brasiliense survival in degraded environments. In addition, insects sampling methodologies for application in studies related to the conservation of C. brasiliense are poorly developed. In this study, sucking insects (Hemiptera) and their predators were recorded in three vertical strata of Caryocar brasiliense canopies. The distribution of sucking species showed vertical stratification along the canopy structure of C. brasiliense. The basal part of the canopy had the highest numbers of sucking insects Aphis gossypii (Glover 1877) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Bemisia tabaci (Genn. 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and their predators Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), spiders (Araneae), and Zelus armillatus (Lep. & Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Predators' distribution follows the resource availability and preferred C. brasiliense tree parts with a higher abundance of prey.

Resumo Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) é amplamente distribuído por todo o ecossistema de cerrado. Os frutos de C. brasiliense são utilizados na alimentação humana e constitui uma importante fonte de renda para muitas comunidades. A perda de habitat provocada pelas mudanças de uso da terra coloca em risco a conservação de C. brasiliense. Insetos sugadores constituem um importante fator ecológico que, potencialmente, afeta o fitness de C. brasiliense em ambientes degradados. Além disso, as metodologias de amostragem de insetos para aplicação em estudos relacionados à conservação de C. brasiliense são pouco desenvolvidas. Neste estudo, o número de insetos sugadores (Hemiptera) e seus predadores foram avaliados em três estratos verticais do dossel de C. brasiliense. A distribuição das espécies sugadoras apresentou estratificação vertical ao longo da estrutura do dossel. O estrato basal do dossel apresentou o maior número de insetos sugadores Aphis gossypii (Glover 1877) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e Bemisia tabaci (Genn. 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), e seus predadores Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), aranhas (Araneae) e Zelus armillatus (Lep. & Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Os predadores distribuíram-se de acordo com a disponibilidade de recursos, ocorrendo em maior número nas partes do dossel com maior abundância de suas presas.

Aerobic exercise prevents cardiomyocyte damage caused by oxidative stress in early cardiovascular disease by increasing vascularity while L-arginine supplementation prevents it by increasing activation of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase

L-Arginine and chronic exercise reduce oxidative stress. However, it is unclear how they affect cardiomyocytes during cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. The aim of this research was to investigate the possible effects of L-arginine supplementation and aerobic training on systemic oxidative stress and their consequences on cardiomyocytes during cardiometabolic disease onset caused by excess fructose. Wistar rats were allocated into four groups: control (C), fructose (F, 10% fructose in water), fructose training (FT; moderate running, 50-70% of the maximal velocity), and fructose arginine (FA; 880 mg/kg/day). Fructose was given for two weeks and fructose plus treatments for the subsequent eight weeks. Body composition, blood glucose, insulin, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, nitrite, metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity, left ventricle histological changes, microRNA-126, -195, and -146, eNOS, p-eNOS, and TNF-α expressions were analyzed. Higher abdominal fat mass, triacylglycerol level, and insulin level were observed in the F group, and both treatments reversed these alterations. Myocardial vascularization was impaired in fructose-fed groups, except in FT. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was observed in all fructose-fed groups. TNF-α levels were higher in fructose-fed groups than in the C group, and p-eNOS levels were higher in the FA than in the C and F groups. Lipid peroxidation was higher in the F group than in the FT and C groups. During CVD onset, moderate aerobic exercise reduced lipid peroxidation, and both training and L-arginine prevented metabolic changes caused by excessive fructose. Myocardial vascularization was impaired by fructose, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy appeared to be influenced by pro-inflammatory and oxidative environments.

Acute effect of passive cycle-ergometry and functional electrical stimulation on nitrosative stress and inflammatory cytokines in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial

Early mobilization is beneficial for critically ill patients because it reduces muscle weakness acquired in intensive care units. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of functional electrical stimulation (FES) and passive cycle ergometry (PCE) on the nitrous stress and inflammatory cytometry in critically ill patients. This was a controlled, randomized, open clinical trial carried out in a 16-bed intensive care unit. The patients were randomized into four groups: Control group (n=10), did not undergo any therapeutic intervention during the study; PCE group (n=9), lower-limb PCE for 30 cycles/min for 20 min; FES group (n=9), electrical stimulation of quadriceps muscle for 20 min; and FES with PCE group (n=7), patients underwent PCE and FES, with their order determined randomly. The serum levels of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, and interleukins 6 and 10 were analyzed before and after the intervention. There were no differences in clinical or demographic characteristics between the groups. The results revealed reduced nitric oxide concentrations one hour after using PCE (P<0.001) and FES (P<0.05), thereby indicating that these therapies may reduce cellular nitrosative stress when applied separately. Tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were reduced after the PCE intervention (P=0.049). PCE and FES reduced nitric oxide levels, demonstrating beneficial effects on the reduction of nitrosative stress. PCE was the only treatment that reduced the tumor necrosis factor alpha concentration.

Desempenho produtivo e características de carcaça de cordeiros Rabo Largo puro e cruzados com Santa Inês / Performance and carcass traits of Rabo Largo lambs and crossbreeding with Santa Inês

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do cruzamento entre ovinos nativos no desempenho e características da carcaça. Foram utilizados vinte cordeiros, machos, inteiros, com idade inicial de quatro meses, e peso médio inicial 19,0±5,11, distribuídos em dois grupos genéticos: Rabo Largo (RL) e Santa Inês x Rabo Largo (F1SI x RL), em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Os animais foram terminados em regime de confinamento durante 70 dias. Os cordeiros F1SI x RL apresentaram maiores pesos ao desmame, ao abate, do corpo vazio, das carcaças quente e fria, e maior rendimento biológico. Verificaram maiores valores para os parâmetros de morfometria da carcaça para animais F1SI x RL comparados aos animais Rabo Largo (P<0,05). Os pesos da hemi-carcaça e dos cortes comerciais foram superiores para cordeiros F1SI x RL. Nas medidas obtidas no músculo Longissimus dorsi, os cordeiros Rabo Largo apresentaram valores superiores para espessura de gordura subcutânea. A utilização da raça Santa Inês como base paterna acarreta em melhorias nas características de carcaça de cordeiros Rabo Largo podendo ser indicado em sistemas de produção de carne ovina.(AU)

The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of crossbreeding among native sheep on performance and traits carcass. Twenty intact lambs, male, at four months of age, with an initial weight of 19.0±5.11kg, were distributed in two groups genetics: Rabo Largo (RL) e Santa Inês x Rabo Largo (F1SI x RL), in a completely randomized design. The animals were finished in feedlot by 70 days. The lambs F1SI x RL showed higher weight at weaning, to slaughter, of the empty body, and hot and cold carcass, and increased biological yield. Higher values for carcass morphometry in F1SI x RL animals were found in comparison to Rabo Largo animals (P<0.05). The weight of half-carcass and the commercial cuts were higher for lambs. On the measurements obtained in muscle Longissimus dorsi, Rabo Largo lambs showed higher values for subcutaneous fat thickness. The use of the breed Santa Inês like base paternal may bring in improvements in lambs's carcass characteristics Rabo Largo and may be recommended in sheep meat production systems.(AU)

Predição de modelos sobre a cinética de secagem de folhas de Ziziphus joazeiro Mart / Prediction models in the kinetics of drying leaves of Ziziphus joazeiro Mart

RESUMO: Esta pesquisa objetivou estudar, experimentalmente, a cinética de secagem de folhas de juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro Mart.) sob camada delgada em estufa com circulação forçada de ar utilizando temperaturas de 40, 50 e 60 ºC e velocidade do ar de 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5 m.s-1 conforme planejamento fatorial (22 + 3) e posterior ajuste das equações matemáticas aos dados experimentais, verificando assim aquele que melhor representa o fenômeno de secagem. Foi determinado o teor de água inicial das folhas utilizando o método padrão da estufa, em triplicatas. Para cada tratamento de secagem foram utilizados em torno de 150 g de folhas. Para o ajuste utilizou-se análise de regressão não linear, pelo método Quasi-Newton, por meio do programa computacional Statistica 5.0®, em que os valores dos parâmetros das equações foram estimados em função da temperatura e da velocidade do ar de secagem. A equação que melhor representou o processo de secagem do juazeiro para a faixa de temperatura de 40 a 60 ºC foi a de Midilli. Os resultados mostraram que com o acréscimo da temperatura ocorre maior redução no tempo de secagem.

ABSTRACT: This research aimed to study experimentally the kinetics of drying leaves of Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. in thin layer in an oven with forced air using the temperatures of 40, 50 and 60 ºC and the air velocity of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m s-1 according to the factorial design (22 + 3) and subsequent adjustment of the experimental data in different models, and we select the one that best represents the phenomenon of drying. We determined the initial water content of the leaves by the standard oven method, in triplicates. For each drying treatment, we used approximately 150g of leaves. For adjustment, we used the non-linear regression analysis, through the Quasi-Newton method, using the software Statistica 5.0 ®, in which the parameter values of the equations were determined for the temperature and velocity of the drying air. The equation that best represented the drying process of the Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. for the temperature range of 40-60 ºC was the Midilli equation. The results showed that there is a greater reduction in drying time with increasing temperature.

Diferentes substratos na propagação por estaquia de assa-peixe (Vernoniapolyanthes Less) / Different substrates on cutting propagation of assa-peixe (Vernonia polyanthes Less)

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a propagação vegetativa do assa-peixe Vernonia polyanthes Less utilizando estacas apicais e diferentes substratos. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de casa de vegetação com irrigação controlada na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP campus Botucatu- SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos (Solo de textura argilosa; 50% Solo de textura argilosa + 50% Húmus; Solo de textura média; 50% Solo de textura média + 50% Húmus; Solo de textura arenosa; 50% Solo de textura arenosa + 50% Húmus; Húmus) e quatro repetições, sendo 10 estacas por repetição. As características avaliadas foram: comprimento da maior raiz, comprimento da parte aérea, número de brotações, porcentagem de enraizamento, volume radicular, nota para qualidade das estacas e massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott & Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se o programa SISVAR ®. A partir da análise, observou-se efeito altamente significativo dos tratamentos utilizados para todas as variáveis analisadas, com exceção da massa seca da parte aérea, que não apresentou diferença significativa. Para obtenção de melhor enraizamento da espécie em questão, o recomendado é a utilização do substrato: solo de textura argilosa ou média, acrescido de húmus na proporção de 1:1.

ABSTRAT The current study aimed to evaluate the vegetative propagation of assa-peixe using apical cuttings and different substrates. The trial was conducted under greenhouse conditions with controlled irrigation, in the Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas of UNESP in Botucatu- SP campus. The experimental design was completely randomized, with seven treatments and four replications, with 10 cuttings per replicate. The characteristics were: longest root length, shoot length, number of shoots, rooting percentage, root volume, score of quality of cuttings and dry mass of shoots and roots. The data were subjected to analysis of variance by F test and the averages were compared by the Scott Knott test at 5% probability. For statistical analysis, we used the SISVAR ®. From the analysis, we observed highly relevant effect of the treatments used for all variables, with the exception of the dry weight of shoots, which did not present significant difference. In order to obtain a better rooting of the species concerned, the recommended method would be to use substrates such as clayey soil or medium plus humus in the ratio 1:1.

Substituição da agulha isolada para eletroneuroestimulação pela agulha metálica de cateter intravenoso, na verificação da punção epidural, em cães / Replacement of an insulated electric neurostimulation spinal needle with an intravenous catheter metal needle to confirm correct epidural puncture in dogs

Utilizou-se o eletroneuroestimulador como um meio adequado para confirmação do posicionamento da ponta de agulhas isoladas no espaço epidural lombossal, por meio de pequenas estimulações elétricas que provocam contrações dos músculos inervados, empregando-se agulha de cateter intravenoso em vez de agulha isolada para a eletroneuroestimulação. Foram utilizados 40 cães para procedimentos cirúrgicos ortopédicos, abdominais ou retroumbilicais que necessitassem de bloqueio epidural. Durante a introdução gradativa da agulha no canal vertebral lombossacral, estímulos elétricos de 1,5 a 0,5mA foram aplicados. Diante de contrações musculares em membros pélvicos, cauda e/ou ânus, as quais foram consideradas respostas condizentes com o correto posicionamento da agulha no espaço epidural, estimulando raízes da cauda equina, procedeu-se à administração da associação de lidocaína, bupivacaína e tramadol. Constatou-se a adequada anestesia epidural mediante relaxamento do esfíncter anal, ausência dos reflexos patelares e flexor e a analgesia na área cirúrgica abdominal. Conclui-se que o método foi eficaz para a confirmação do correto posicionamento da agulha no espaço epidural durante a realização dessa anestesia regional em cães.

The electric neurostimulator was used as an adequate mean for the confirmation of the correct placement of the tip of the insulated needles in the lumbosacral epidural space through small electric stimulations causing muscle contractions by using an intravenous catheter needle instead of an electric neurostimulation insulated needle. Forty dogs were selected based on the need for an epidural block for orthopedic, abdominal or retroumbilical surgical procedures. Electrical stimuli were applied from 1.5 to 0.5mA during a gradual introduction of the needle into the lumbosacral vertebral canal. Responses that were considered as indicative of the correct placement of the needle and stimulation of the cauda equina were muscle contractions in the pelvic limbs, tail or anus. An association of lidocaine, bupivacaine and tramadol was then administered. Adequate epidural anesthesia was confirmed through relaxation of the anal sphincter, absence of patellar and flexor reflexes and analgesia of the abdominal surgical area. The authors were able to conclude that the method used was effective to confirm the correct needle placement in the epidural space during regional anesthesia in dogs.

Espécies bioativas em áreas úmidas do Planalto Catarinense / Bioactive species in wetlands of the uplands of Santa Catarina

O objetivo deste trabalho foi levantar e identificar as espécies vegetais que ocorrem em áreas úmidas (banhados) do Planalto Catarinense e associá-las aos seus respectivos potenciais bioativos, validados em testes laboratoriais ou relatados em estudos etnobotânicos. O estudo foi realizado em 12 áreas de banhados localizadas em fazendas com reflorestamentos comerciais de espécies exóticas de propriedade da Empresa Klabin S.A. A amostragem da vegetação foi realizada por meio de transecção no sentido transversal na maior largura dos banhados e na área de transição destes com a área mais drenada (em faixa limitada de três metros), onde foram coletados os espécimes férteis a cada metro da transecção. Após a identificação das espécies foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o potencial bioativo das mesmas junto à bases de dados científicos utilizando-se os trabalhos que atestam o potencial e também os trabalhos que valorizam o conhecimento de populações locais. Nas áreas amostradas foram identificadas 235 espécies classificadas em 40 famílias botânicas. Destas, 28 espécies, classificadas em 11 famílias, possuem potencial bioativo. Do total de espécies identificadas, 18 apresentaram potencial validado cientificamente e 10 são citadas quanto ao seu potencial em trabalhos de etnobotânica. Ainda é pouco conhecida a diversidade de banhados no Planalto Catarinense sendo necessário mais estudo para o conhecimento da flora local. O estudo mostrou um grande número de espécies com potencial validado e que poderiam ser utilizadas pela população, enquanto outras que merecem pesquisas complementares.

Our objective was to survey and identify the species that occur in wetlands of the uplands of the state of Santa Catarina and associate them to their bioactive potential, validated by laboratory tests or reported in ethnobotanical studies. The study was conducted in 12 wetland areas, located in farms with commercial reforestation of exotic species (these areas belong to the Klabin S.A. Company). The sampling of the vegetation was performed by transection in the transverse direction, in the widest portion of the wetlands and in the transition area to the drier portion (a limited strip of approximately 3 meters). Fertile specimens were collected at every meter of the transection. After the identification of the species, a literature review on the bioactive potential of these species was carried out on the scientific databases, using the studies that attest the potential value of the species and also studies that value the expertise from local populations. In the sampled areas, 235 species were identified and classified into 40 botanical families. From these, 28 species, classified into 11 families, have bioactive potential. Among all species identified, 18 showed scientifically accredited bioactive potential and 10 were cited as to their potential in ethnobotanical studies. Little is known about the diversity of the wetlands in the uplands of the state of Santa Catarina, and further studies are needed to increase the knowledge on the local flora. This study showed a large number of species with validated potential and that could be used by the population, while others have not yet been studied, but that are potential candidates for further researches.

Efecto del grabado de la dentina radicular con ácido dietilenoaminotetra acético (EDTA) en la resistencia de unión de cementos autoadhesivos y autograbantes / Effect of engraving dietilenoaminotetra acetic acid (EDTA) root dentin in the resistance of cemented joints stickers and etching

Fue evaluado el efecto del grabado de la dentina radicular con EDTA en la resistencia de unión (RU) inmediata (IM) y después de termociclaje (TM) de un cemento autoadhesivo (AA) y uno auto grabador (AG) para la cementación de postes de fibra de vidrio. Fueron utilizadas 40 raíces de premolares humanos divididas en 4 grupos según tipo de cementación (n=10) G1 RelyX U100 (UC) según indicaciones del fabricante(IF); G2 grabado con EDTA 24% por 60 s antes de la aplicación del UC ; G3 Para Post Para Core Automix (PC) (IF)G4 - grabado con EDTA 24% por 60 s antes de la aplicación del (PC).Las raíces fueron cortadas en discos de 1 mm (dos discos por tercio radicular), la mitad de los discos fueron sometidos a ensayo expulsión IM (0,5mm/min) y la otra mitad después de TM (5º C e 55º C).los datos fueron analizados en test de ANOVA y Tukey (?=0,05).dando como resultado que el grabado con EDTA altero negativamente los valores de RU solo del tercio cervical en los dos cementos. Cuando fue comparado TM con IM con o sin aplicación de EDTA no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas. Para todos los grupos testados.El cemento PC obtuvo mayores valores de RU (19,59 MPa) comparado con el UC (15,80 MPa).concluyéndose que el tratamiento con EDTA afecto la RU solo para el tercio cervical tanto en IM como TM en los dos cementos. El TM con o sin EDTA no afecto los valores de RU cuando comparado con IM

The effect of post-space treatment whit EDTA on the bond strength (BS) of fiber posts in different root regions was evaluated using two different type of resin cements Rely X U100 (UC) and Para Post Para Core automix (PC) . Fourty extracted premolars root canals were assigned to four groups of 10 roots each. G1 RelyX U100 (UC) according to manufacturer's instructions (MI), G2 etching whit EDTA 24% for 60 s before application of UC; G3 Para Post Para Core Automix (PC) MI; G4 Etching whit EDTA 24% for 60s before application off PC. After cementation the roots were sectioned in 6 slices 1mm each (two slides for root region) and randomly divided into two subgroups, depending on testing time immediate (IM) vs. after termocicling(TM) ), for expulsion test. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA and Tukey test (?=.05) No differences in BS was found among the groups whit and whit out EDTA 24 %. Etching whit EDTA adversely alter the BS values of the cervical third in the two cements. When TM was compared with IM with or without application of EDTA there was no statistically significant difference. For all groups tested, PC show higher values of BS (19.59 MPa) was compared with UC (15.80 MPa). Concluded that treatment with EDTA affected the BS only on the cervical third in both IM and TM in the two cements. The TM with or without EDTA did not affect the values of BS when compared with IM

Qualidade de méis produzidos por apicultores e méis provenientes de entrepostos registrados no Serviço de Inspeção Federal / Quality of honeys produced by beekeepers and honey from warehouses registered at the Federal Inspection Service

This study was carried out to compare the physiochemical quality of honeys from beekeepers in northern Zona da Mata, MG, and honeys from warehouses registered at the Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) in the State of Minas Gerais. Physiochemical analysis involving 39 samples were done, with three samples from each of the 13 beekeepers and 18 samples from warehouses registered at SIF-MG. Differences in quality from the two origins occurred in: free acidity, ashes, hydroxymethylfurfural, apparent sucrose and insoluble solids, where honeys from warehouses were of better quality. In addition, for free acidity and insoluble solids, two samples from northern Zona da Mata showed values above the established by the Instrução Normativa n°11 relative to the year 2000, whereas the values for insoluble solids in 11 samples from northern Zona da Mata and 2 samples from warehouses were in disagreement with this legislation.

Produção animal e valor nutritivo da forragem de pastagem de coastcross consorciada com amendoim forrageiro / Animal production and nutritive value of a coastcross pasture mixed with forage peanut

Neste estudo foram utilizados os tratamentos: coastcross + amendoim forrageiro + 200kg/ha de N; coastcross + amendoim forrageiro + 100kg/ha de N; coastcross + 200kg/ha de N e coastcross + amendoim forrageiro (parcelas) no inverno, primavera, verão e outono (sub parcelas), delineados em blocos ao acaso. Novilhas foram manejadas sob lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável em pastagem mantida a 17cm de altura. Amostras foram coletadas a cada 28 dias para determinar o valor nutritivo da forragem. Foram avaliados: ganho médio diário (GMD), ganho de peso vivo (GPV), taxa de lotação (TL) e número de animais dia (NAD). Quanto ao valor nutritivo da forragem, os piores resultados ocorreram nas pastagens sem adubação, 16,9 por cento e 6,0 por cento de PB de folha e colmo, respectivamente, e 70,1 por cento de FDN de folha. Na primavera e no verão, o GMD foi mais alto, 0,518 e 0,515kg/animal do que no inverno e outono, 0,396 e 0,293kg/animal, respectivamente. A TL foi superior nas pastagens que receberam a maior dose de nitrogênio, 5,38UA/ha em média, e no verão, 6,81UA/ha. O GPV foi mais elevado nas áreas com adubação, 1341kg de PV/ha, em relação aos pastos não adubados, 735kg/ha.

In this study, the ollowing treatments were used: coastcross + forage peanut + 200kg/ha of N; coastcross + forage peanut + 100kg/ha of N; coastcross + 200kg/ha of N and coastcross + forage peanut (plots) in the winter, spring, summer, and autumn (subplots), designed in randomized blocks. Heifers were managed under continuous stocking and variable stocking rate on pasture maintained at 17cm height. Samples were collected every 28 days determining the nutritional value of forage. Average daily gain (ADG), weight gain (WG), stocking rate (SR), and number of animals/day (NAD) were evaluated. As for forage nutritional value, the worst results were found in pasture without fertilization, 16.9 percent and 6.0 percent CP of leaf and stem, respectively, and 70.1 percent NDF in leaves. In the spring and summer, animals had a higher ADG, 0.518 and 0.515kg/animal, than 0.396 and 0.293kg/animal in the winter and autumn, respectively. SR was higher in pastures that received higher nitrogen doses, 5.38AU/ha in average; and in the summer, 6.81AU/ha. LWG was higher in fertilized areas, 1,341kg LW/ha, than in not fertilized pastures, 735kg/ha.

Nutritional deficiency in citrus with symptoms of citrus variegated chlorosis disease / Deficiência nutricional em citros com sintomas da doença da clorose variegada dos citros

It is well known that citrus plants that have been infected by Xylella fastidiosa display nutritional deficiencies, probably caused by production of extracellular polymers by the bacteria that block normal nutrient flow through the xylem. The aim of this work was to study the mineral composition of specific foliar areas in different stages of infection in citrus. Thus, the concentrations of macro and micronutrients in leaves of citrus infected by X. fastidiosa were measured. Samples from four infected citrus orchards in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, were respectively collected from Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, Neves Paulista, Gavião Peixoto and Paraíso counties. The presence of X. fastidiosa in leaves was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific PCR primers. To understand the variation in leaf-nutrient content in citrus plants, we used foliar nutrient values from control (non-symptomatic) plants as a reference. Chemometric analysis showed that the deficiency of P and K in symptomatic trees for all orchards and high concentrations of Fe, Mn and Zn were observed in chlorotic areas, although other studies revealed deficiency of zinc in leaves. This is the first report showing that a correlation between chlorotic citrus leaf and higher concentrations of Fe, Mn and Zn are observed when infected and healthy plants were compared.

Já é bem conhecido que cultivares cítricas que foram infectadas pela bactéria Xylella fastidiosa apresentam deficiências nutricionais devido à produção de polímero extracelular por esta bactéria, o qual bloqueia o fluxo normal de nutriente pelo xilema. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de estudar a composição mineral em áreas foliares específicas em diferentes fases de infecção na planta. Assim, as concentrações de macro e micronutrientes em folhas de citros infectados por X. fastidiosa foram quantificadas. Foram coletadas amostras de quatro pomares cítricos infectados localizados em: Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, Neves Paulista, Gavião Peixoto e Paraíso, no Estado de São Paulo. A presença de X. fastidiosa em folhas foi confirmada através de reação da polimerase em cadeia (PCR) usando iniciadores específicos. Para entender a variação no conteúdo de nutriente foliar em plantas cítricas, utilizou-se de valores de nutrientes foliares de plantas não sintomáticas (controle) como referência. A análise quimiométrica mostrou que a deficiência de P e K em plantas sintomáticas e concentrações altas de Fe, Mn e Zn foram presentes em áreas foliares cloróticas, embora outros estudos mostrem a deficiência de zinco em folhas. Este é o primeiro relato indicando que uma correlação entre folhas cítricas cloróticas e elevadas concentrações de Fe, Mn e Zn foi observada quando plantas infectadas e saudáveis foram comparadas.

Produção, quantidade e concentração de macronutrientes do material morto de capim-mombaça, fertilizado com fontes de fósforo / Production, amount and concentration of macronutrients of the death material in pasture of Mombaçagrass, fertilized with phosphorus sources

Avaliou-se o efeito da fonte de fósforo usado como fertilizante do capim-mombaça (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça) sob pastejo, sobre a produção de material morto, material senescente e liteira, e sobre a concentração e a quantidade de minerais (N, P, K, Ca e Mg) no material morto. No experimento, realizado no período de dezembro/2003 a abril/2004, utilizaram-se os tratamentos: testemunha (sem aplicação de fósforo), superfosfato simples+superfosfato triplo e Yoorin, os últimos usados como fonte de fósforo. O manejo do pasto foi realizado com novilhos em pastejo contínuo e cargas variáveis. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos completos ao acaso, com três repetições. A produção de material morto, senescente, liteira e a percentagem de material morto não foram diferentes segundo a fonte de fósforo. A produção de material morto variou de 4.521 a 5.097kg ha-1. A concentração e a quantidade de N, K, Ca e Mg no material morto foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos, a quantidade e a concentração de P foram diferentes segundo a fonte de fósforo, variando de 2,16 a 5,04kg ha-1 e 0,52 a 1,01gk g-1, respectivamente. O uso das fontes de fósforos não afetou a produção de massa seca de liteira, material senescente, material morto e a concentração e quantidade de minerais do material morto.

The effects of phosphorus sources (Yoorin, simple superphosphate (SS) + triple superphosphate (TS)) of fertilizers of Mombaçagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça) pasture were evaluated on the death and senescent material, litter production, and concentration and amount of minerals (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in the pasture, under grazing. The experiment was carried out from December/2003 to April/2004. The grazing method was the continuous stocking and variable stocking rate, and the animals were crossbred. The design was a randomized complete block with three replications. The phosphorus source did not have significant effect on the death and senescent material and litter production, but the death material production ranged from 4,521 to 5,097kg ha-1. The phosphorus source did not have significant effect on the amount and concentration of N, K, Ca, and Mg. However, the phosphorus amount and concentration were different, influenced by the phosphorous source, ranging from 2,16 to 5,04kg ha-1 and 0,52 to 1,01gkg-1, respectively. The use of the phosphorus sources did not change the litter, senescent and death production, and the concentration and amount of minerals in the death material.

An alternative method for Staphylococcus aureus DNA isolation / Metodologia alternativa para extração de DNA genômico de Staphylococcus aureus

This study describes a rapid procedure for the isolation of genomic DNA from Staphylococcus aureus that yielded a good amount of high quality DNA for the amplification of staphylococcal enterotoxins genes (A, B, C, D, and E) and the TSST-1 gene as well as enzymatic restriction (HaeIII) from environmental isolates. With this method, it was possible to detect these genes in a sample containing as little as 10(5) cells with positive PCR reactions obtained from approximately 10pg of DNA in a final reaction volume of 25µl.

Descreve-se um procedimento rápido para extração de DNA genômico de isolados de Staphylococcus aureus capaz de produzir DNA estafilocócico em qualidade e quantidade suficiente para a amplificação de genes que codificam enterotoxinas estafilocócicas (A - E) e para TSST-1 e restrição enzimática (HaeIII) de isolados ambientais. O método proposto foi capaz de detectar esses genes em um produto de extração contendo tanto quanto 10(5) células, e reações positivas de PCR foram obtidas de aproximadamente 10pg de DNA.

Phylogeography of Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Siluriformes - Pimelodidae) in the Amazon Basin offers preliminary evidence for the first case of [quot ]homing[quot ] for an Amazonian migratory catfish

The large pimelodid, Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii, is one of the two most important catfish species for the fisheries in the Amazon. It is captured by commercial and artisanal fishing fleets in at least five Amazonian countries, at fishing grounds more than 5000 km apart. Current evidence suggests a complex life cycle that includes the longest reproductive migration known for a freshwater fish species. Experimental fisheries have pointed to a decrease in yield in the Western Amazon. However, reliable information about the capture and status of this fishery resource is still nonexistent, and no study has ever addressed its genetic diversity. We sequenced the entire D-loop of 45 individuals of B. rousseauxii, fifteen from each of three different fishing locations along the main channel of the Solimoes-Amazonas System covering a distance of around 2200 km. Results of phylogenetic analyses, molecular diversity estimations, analysis of molecular variance, and nested clade analysis, together show that there is no genetic segregation associated with location in the main channel, as one would expect for a migratory species. However, the significant decrease found in genetic diversity towards the western part of the Amazon could be explained by a non-random choice of tributary to spawn. It is possible that the genetic diversity of the migrating schools decreases towards the west because portions of the species' genetic diversity are being [quot ]captured[quot ] by the different effluents, as the fish migrates to spawn in the headwaters. Like the salmon in North America, B. rousseauxii may be returning to their home tributary to spawn.

Differential effect of plant lectins on mast cells of different origins

Histamine release induced by plant lectins was studied with emphasis on the carbohydrate specificity, external calcium requirement, metal binding sites, and mast cell heterogeneity and on the importance of antibodies bound to the mast cell membrane to the lectin effect. Peritoneal mast cells were obtained by direct lavage of the rat peritoneal cavity and guinea pig intestine and hamster cheek pouch mast cells were obtained by dispersion with collagenase type IA. Histamine release was induced with concanavalin A (Con A), lectins from Canavalia brasiliensis, mannose-specific Cymbosema roseum, Maackia amurensis, Parkia platycephala, Triticum vulgaris (WGA), and demetallized Con A and C. brasiliensis, using 1-300 æg/ml lectin concentrations applied to Wistar rat peritoneal mast cells, peaking on 26.9, 21.0, 29.1, 24.9, 17.2, 10.7, 19.9, and 41.5 percent, respectively. This effect was inhibited in the absence of extracellular calcium. The lectins were also active on hamster cheek pouch mast cells (except demetallized Con A) and on Rowett nude rat (animal free of immunoglobulins) peritoneal mast cells (except for mannose-specific C. roseum, P. platycephala and WGA). No effect was observed in guinea pig intestine mast cells. Glucose-saturated Con A and C. brasiliensis also released histamine from Wistar rat peritoneal mast cells. These results suggest that histamine release induced by lectins is influenced by the heterogeneity of mast cells and depends on extracellular calcium. The results also suggest that this histamine release might occur by alternative mechanisms, because the usual mechanism of lectins is related to their binding properties to metals from which depend the binding to sugars, which would be their sites to bind to immunoglobulins. In the present study, we show that the histamine release by lectins was also induced by demetallized lectins and by sugar-saturated lectins (which would avoid their binding to other sugars). Additionally, the lectins also released histamine from Rowett nude mast cells that are free of immunoglobulins.

Effect of propolis extract on guines pig lung mast cell

The direct effect of ethanolic extract of propolis on guinea pig lung cell suspension containing mast cells, as well as its influence on the histamine release induced by antigen (ovoalbumin 10 mug/ml) and ionophore A 23187 (3 muM) were investigated. Propolis ethanolic extract (300 mug/ml) increased the histamine release in guinea pig lung suspension containing mast cells by a cytotoxic effect. Lower concentrations of propolis had no effect on histamine release. Our results demonstrated that propolis (3, 10, 30, and 100 mug/ml) shows no significant effect on the histamine release induced by ionophore and antigen. Based on these results, we suggest that propolis could directly activate mast cells, promoting inflammatory mediators release by cytotoxic mechanisms, what could be related to allergic processes in propolis sensitive people.(AU)

Leishmaniose tegumentar americana em centro de treinamento militar localizado na zona da mata de pernambuco, Brasil / American cutaneous leishmaniasis in a military training center located in Zona da Mata, Pernambuco, Brazil

An outbreak of American cutaneous leishmaniasis has been occurred in military training unit localized in 'Zona da Mata' of Pernambuco State, Brazil, where were registered 26 human cases. An epidemiological survey was carried out by entomological investigation and Montenegro skin test (MST). Lutzomyia choti presents predominance (89.9%) in sandflies identified. Out of 545 men who realized training activities were 24.12% positive to MST.

Um surto de leishmaniose tegumentar americana ocorreu em 1996 em unidade de treinamento militar situada na Zona da Mata de Pernambuco, com o registro de 26 casos humanos. Um inquérito epidemiológico foi realizado através da realização de levantamento entomológico e da aplicação do Teste de Montenegro. Lutzomyia choti apresentou predominância de 89,9% dos flebótomos identificados. De 545 homens que participaram de treinamentos no período, 24,1% (incluindo os casos clínicos) foram positivo para o Teste de Montenegro.