Prevalence of polymorphisms in the ANKK1, DRD2, DRD3 genes and metabolic syndrome in refractory schizophrenia / Prevalência de polimorfismos nos genes ANKK1, DRD2, DRD3 e síndrome metabólica na esquizofrenia refratária / Prevalencia de polimorfismos en los genes ANKK1, DRD2, DRD3 y síndrome metabólico en la esquizofrenia refractária

ABSTRACT Objective: to estimate the prevalence of TaqIA, -141C and rs6280 polymorphisms of the ANKK1, DRD2 and DRD3 genes and evaluate their association with the occurrence of metabolic syndrome in patients with refractory schizophrenia. Method: cross-sectional study conducted in the Extended Western Region of Minas Gerais, with refractory schizophrenic patients using the antipsychotic clozapine. Sociodemographic, clinical, anthropometric, biochemical and genetic data were collected. Univariate analysis of the data was performed. Results: seventy-two patients participated in the study and the occurrence of Metabolic Syndrome was observed in 47.2% of them. There was no association between Metabolic Syndrome and the studied polymorphisms. There was a statistically significant difference in the low HDL parameter with homozygous genotype for the C allele of the -141C polymorphism of the DRD2 gene. Conclusion: a high prevalence of MS was evidenced. The -141C polymorphism was associated with low HDL. Genetic analysis and identification of metabolic alterations in this group of patients can guide drug treatment and provide a better quality of life.

RESUMO Objetivo: estimar a prevalência dos polimorfismos TaqIA, -141C e rs6280 dos genes ANKK1, DRD2 e DRD3 e avaliar sua associação com a ocorrência de síndrome metabólica em pacientes com esquizofrenia refratária. Método: estudo de delineamento transversal, realizado na Região Ampliada Oeste de Minas Gerais, que incluiu pacientes com esquizofrenia refratária em uso do antipsicótico clozapina. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, clínicos, antropométricos, bioquímicos e genéticos. Realizou-se análise univariada dos dados. Resultados: participaram 72 pacientes e observou-se a ocorrência de Síndrome Metabólica em 47,2%, não sendo encontrada associação da Síndrome Metabólica com os polimorfismos estudados. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante com o parâmetro do baixo HDL com genótipo homozigoto para alelo C do polimorfismo -141C do gene DRD2. Conclusão: evidenciou-se prevalência de SM elevada. O polimorfismo -141C associou-se ao baixo HDL. A análise genética e a identificação de alterações metabólicas, neste grupo de pacientes, podem nortear o tratamento medicamentoso e propiciar melhor qualidade de vida.

RESUMEN Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de los polimorfismos TaqIA, -141C y rs6280 de los genes ANKK1, DRD2 y DRD3 y evaluar su asociación con el síndrome metabólico en pacientes con esquizofrenia refractária. Método: estudio de delineamiento transversal, realizado en la Región Ampliada Oeste de Minas Gerais, que incluye pacientes con esquizofrenia refractária usando el antipsicótico clozapina. Fueron recogidos datos sociodemográficos, clínicos, antropométricos, bioquímicos y genéticos. Se realizó um análisis univariada de los datos. Resultados: participaron 72 pacientes y se observó el Síndrome Metabólico en 47,2%, no siendo encontrada una asociación del Síndrome Metabólico con los polimorfismos estudiados. Hubo diferencia estadísticamente significante con el parámetro del bajo HDL con genotipo homozigoto para alelo C del polimorfismo -141C del gen DRD2. Conclusión: se vio una prevalencia de SM elevada. El polimorfismo -141C se asoció al bajo HDL. El análisis genético y la identificación de alteraciones metabólicas, en este grupo de pacientes, pueden guiar al tratamiento medicamentoso y propiciar mejor calidad de vida.

Anti-nutritional factors and digestibility of protein in Cayocar brasiliense seeds

Abstract The Brazilian Cerrado presents a wide variety of natural products, including the Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense). The important factor that determines the dietary and nutritional ideality of protein is degestitibility. This work aims to evaluate the protein digestibility of Pequi seeds and the presence of anti-nutritional factors. The protein Pequi almonds were extracted, toasted and untoasted. Evaluation digestibility was structurally characterized by SDS-PAGE 15%, which can be used to analyze simulated gastric fluid (SFG) and digestion in intestinal fluid (SFI) in the presence of pepsin and trypsin/chymotrypsin. The extract from Pequi almonds showed inhibitory activity and was not detected hemagglutination. The intensity of the bands according to 2S albumins, after heat treatment, did not decrease in comparison to the condition native, significantly. In the crisp crude extract, which was incubated under SGF and SIF, the intensity of the corresponding bands at 8 and 3 kDa was resistant to SGF and indigestible after 4 hours under SIF. The characterization of Pequi almonds demonstrated that the product of the crude extract has anti-nutritional factors, which were confirmed by evaluating digestibility.

Frequency of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents from public schools of Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil, according to three international diagnostic criteria / Frequência de síndrome metabólica em crianças e adolescentes de escolas públicas de Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brasil, conforme três critérios diagnósticos internacionais

AIMS: To assess the frequency of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents according to three international diagnostic criteria determining the level of agreement between these different criteria. METHODS: Waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and serum triglycerides were evaluated in students from public schools of different regions of Divinópolis, MG, Brazil. Children and adolescents aged between 10 and 17 years were selected. Criteria adapted from the World Health Organization (WHO), National Cholesterol Education Program ­ Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATPIII), and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) were used for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. The kappa coefficient was used to evaluate the level of agreement among the three criteria. RESULTS: The study evaluated 202 students (86 boys and 116 girls). The frequency of metabolic syndrome was 1.16% for boys and none of the girls presented with metabolic syndrome, according to WHO criteria. According to the NCEP/ATPIII and IDF criteria, metabolic syndrome was not detected in the studied sample. Low blood levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was the most frequent metabolic alteration in all teenagers according to the NCEP/ATPIII and IDF criteria, while body mass index was the most frequent one according to WHO criteria. The level of agreement for one altered parameter was poor when comparing WHO and NCEP/ATP/III, moderate when comparing WHO and IDF and high when comparing the NCEP/ATP/III and IDF criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences between the frequencies of individual metabolic syndrome parameters were found in the studied sample of children and adolescents, depending on the criteria used. According to WHO criteria, metabolic syndrome was found at a low frequency and only in boys, while the NCEP/ATPIII and IDF criteria did not diagnose metabolic syndrome. The present findings suggest the need to reach a consensus on the cut-off points for risk factors and a single diagnostic definition of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents.

Prevalência de síndrome metabólica em mulheres acima de 40 anos de Divinópolis-MG / Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in women aged 40-59 years using two international criteria Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en las mujeres de 40-59 años utilizando 2 criterios internacionales

Avaliar prevalência da síndrome metabólica (SM) em mulheres comparando critérios internacionais. Métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal envolvendo 93 mulheres, com idade entre 40 a 59 anos, acompanhadas em Unidades Básicas eProgramas de Saúde da Família de Divinópolis-MG. Foram realizadas avaliações clínicas, antropométricas e bioquímicas. Para o diagnóstico de SM foram empregados critérios internacionais: Adult Treatment Panel IIIof the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP/ATP III) e International Diabetes Federation (IDF), que utilizam a presença de três ou mais dos seguintes parâmetros alterados: circunferência da cintura (CC), triglicerídeos (TG), HDL,pressão arterial e glicemia. Resultados: 54 mulheres entre 40 a 49 anos (58,7%) e 39 entre 50 a 59 anos (41,3%). Parâmetro individual mais alterado foi CC para ambos os critérios. De acordo com NCEP/ATP III, 40,8% das participantes foram diagnosticadas com SM e 53,7% pelo IDF. Faixa etária de 50-59 apresentou maior prevalência de SM para ambos critérios. Demonstrou-se aumento de risco para SM com tabagismo, diabetes e hipertensão em ambos os critérios. Boa concordância entre os critérios da NCEP ATP III e IDF (k=0,74). Conclusão: IDF foi o critério com maior prevalência para SM e a faixa etária de 50-59 foi a mais crítica...

To evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in women compared to international criteria. Methods: Crosssectional descriptive study involving 93 women, aged 40 to 59 years, accompanied in Basic Units and Family HealthPrograms in Divinópolis-MG. Clinical, anthropometric and biochemical assessments were performed. Two International criteria were employedfor the diagnosis of MS: Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program(NCEP/ATP III) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF), which use the presence of three or more of the following altered parameters: waist circumference (WC), triglycerides (TG), HDL, blood pressure and blood glucose. Results: 54women aged 40-49 years (58.7%) and 39 aged 50-59 (41.3%). The most altered individual parameter was the WC for both criteria. According to NCEP/ATP III, 40.8% of participants were diagnosed with MS and 53.7% by IDF. The age group 50-59 showed a higher prevalence of MS for both criteria. Increased risk for MS was demonstrated with smoking, diabetes and hypertension in both criteria. There was agreement between the criteria of NCEP/ATP III and IDF (k = 0.74). Conclusion: IDF criteria was most prevalent for SM and the age group of 50-59 was the most critical...

Evaluar la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico (SM) en las mujeres en comparación con los criterios internacionales. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal que involucró a 93 mujeres, entre 40 a 59 años, acompañadas por las UnidadesBásicas y Programas de Salud de la Familia de Divinópolis-MG. Se realizaron evaluaciones clínicas, antropométricas ybioquímicas. Para el diagnóstico de SM criterios internacionales se emplearon: del Programa National de Education porCholesterol - Panel de Tratamiento de Adultos III (NCEP/ATP III) y Federación Internacional de Diabetes (IDF), que utilizan la presencia de tres o más de los siguientes parámetros cambiados: circunferencia de la cintura (CC), triglicéridos (TG), HDL, presión arterial y glucosa enla sangre. Resultados: 54 mujeres de 40-49 años (58,7%) y 39 entre los 50 a 59 años (41,3%). Parámetroindividual más alterado fue CC en ambos criterios. Según NCEP/ATP III, el 40,8% de las participantes fueron diagnosticadas con SM y el 53,7% por IDF. Grupo de edadde 50-59 mostraronmayor prevalencia de SM por ambos criterios. Se demostrómayor riesgo de SM con el tabaquismo, la diabetes y la hipertensión arterial en ambos criterios.Hubo bastante concordancia entre los criterios del NCEP/ATP III y IDF (k = 0,74). Conclusión: criterios de IDF fueron más frecuentes para SM y el grupo de edad de 50 a 59 fue el más crítico...

Storage and ageing of french beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ): effect on seed viability and vigor

The loss of viability and vigor compromises the agricultural usefulness of seeds and can also affect their nutritional properties. In this work, we examined the viability and vigor of freshly harvested French beans and of beans stored at approximately 8oC for 12 years. Quiescent seeds and seedlings grown until cotyledon abscission were subjected to germination and vigor tests, as well as microscopic analysis. As a control, fresh seeds underwent accelerated ageing for 8 and 16 days, and showed a gradual loss of viability...