Efficacy of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract on Earias vittella, Fabricius, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): environment sustainable approach

Abstract Earias vittellaFabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is deliberated to be one of the most destructive pests of cotton and okra vegetation in the world including Asia. The pest has established resistance to various synthetic insecticides. The use of bio-pesticide is one of the unconventional approaches to develop a vigorous ecosystem without harming non- target pests and beneficial natural insect fauna. In the present study, the toxicity levels of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract have been evaluated against the populations of E. vittellaunder standardized laboratory conditions. The toxic effects of C. colocynthis on development periods, protein contents and esterase activity of the life stages of E. vittella were also evaluated. The toxicity levels of methanol, ethanol, hexane, water and profenofos were evaluated on the 1st instar larvae of E. vittella. LC30 and LC80 concentrations exhibited the effectiveness of methanol-based C. colocynthis seed extract against 1st instar larvae of E. vitella. The enhanced larval and pupal periods were revealed in treated samples during the comparison with untreated samples. The intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate in the LC30 and LC80 concentrations exposed larvae remained less than the control treatment. Fecundity, the esterase activity and protein contents were declined in LC30 and LC80 treated samples as compared to the control. The present findings suggest that C. colosynthis extracts based botanical insecticides are beneficial, ecosystem sustainable and can be integrated with insect management programs from environment safety perspective.

Resumo Earias vittella Fabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) é considerada uma das pragas mais destrutivas de algodão e quiabo no mundo, incluindo a Ásia. Essa praga estabeleceu resistência a vários inseticidas sintéticos. O uso de biopesticidas é uma das abordagens não convencionais para desenvolver um ecossistema saudável sem prejudicar as pragas não alvo e a fauna natural benéfica de insetos. No presente estudo, os níveis de toxicidade do extrato de semente de Citrullus colocynthis foram avaliados nas populações de E. vittella em condições de laboratório padronizadas. Os efeitos tóxicos de C. colocynthis nos períodos de desenvolvimento, conteúdo de proteína e atividade esterase das fases de vida de E. vittella também foram avaliados. Os níveis de toxicidade de metanol, etanol, hexano, água e profenofós foram avaliados em larvas de 1º instar de E. vittella. As concentrações de LC30 e LC80 apresentaram eficácia do extrato de sementes de C. colocynthis à base de metanol contra larvas de 1º instar de E. vittella. Os períodos larval e pupal aumentados foram revelados nas amostras tratadas durante a comparação com as amostras não tratadas. A taxa intrínseca de aumento e a taxa reprodutiva líquida nas concentrações de larvas expostas LC30 e LC80 permaneceram menores do que o tratamento controle. A fecundidade, a atividade da esterase e o conteúdo de proteína diminuíram nas amostras tratadas com LC30 e LC80 em comparação com o controle. As presentes descobertas sugerem que os extratos de C. colocynthis à base de inseticidas botânicos são benéficos, sustentáveis para o ecossistema e podem ser integrados com programas de manejo de insetos do ponto de vista da segurança ambiental.

Efficacy of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract on Earias vittella, Fabricius, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): environment sustainable approach / Eficácia do extrato de semente de Citrullus colocynthis em Earias vittella Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): abordagem ambiental sustentável

Abstract Earias vittellaFabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is deliberated to be one of the most destructive pests of cotton and okra vegetation in the world including Asia. The pest has established resistance to various synthetic insecticides. The use of bio-pesticide is one of the unconventional approaches to develop a vigorous ecosystem without harming non- target pests and beneficial natural insect fauna. In the present study, the toxicity levels of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract have been evaluated against the populations of E. vittellaunder standardized laboratory conditions. The toxic effects of C. colocynthis on development periods, protein contents and esterase activity of the life stages of E. vittella were also evaluated. The toxicity levels of methanol, ethanol, hexane, water and profenofos were evaluated on the 1st instar larvae of E. vittella. LC30 and LC80 concentrations exhibited the effectiveness of methanol-based C. colocynthis seed extract against 1st instar larvae of E. vitella. The enhanced larval and pupal periods were revealed in treated samples during the comparison with untreated samples. The intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate in the LC30 and LC80 concentrations exposed larvae remained less than the control treatment. Fecundity, the esterase activity and protein contents were declined in LC30 and LC80 treated samples as compared to the control. The present findings suggest that C. colosynthis extracts based botanical insecticides are beneficial, ecosystem sustainable and can be integrated with insect management programs from environment safety perspective.

Resumo Earias vittella Fabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) é considerada uma das pragas mais destrutivas de algodão e quiabo no mundo, incluindo a Ásia. Essa praga estabeleceu resistência a vários inseticidas sintéticos. O uso de biopesticidas é uma das abordagens não convencionais para desenvolver um ecossistema saudável sem prejudicar as pragas não alvo e a fauna natural benéfica de insetos. No presente estudo, os níveis de toxicidade do extrato de semente de Citrullus colocynthis foram avaliados nas populações de E. vittella em condições de laboratório padronizadas. Os efeitos tóxicos de C. colocynthis nos períodos de desenvolvimento, conteúdo de proteína e atividade esterase das fases de vida de E. vittella também foram avaliados. Os níveis de toxicidade de metanol, etanol, hexano, água e profenofós foram avaliados em larvas de 1º instar de E. vittella. As concentrações de LC30 e LC80 apresentaram eficácia do extrato de sementes de C. colocynthis à base de metanol contra larvas de 1º instar de E. vittella. Os períodos larval e pupal aumentados foram revelados nas amostras tratadas durante a comparação com as amostras não tratadas. A taxa intrínseca de aumento e a taxa reprodutiva líquida nas concentrações de larvas expostas LC30 e LC80 permaneceram menores do que o tratamento controle. A fecundidade, a atividade da esterase e o conteúdo de proteína diminuíram nas amostras tratadas com LC30 e LC80 em comparação com o controle. As presentes descobertas sugerem que os extratos de C. colocynthis à base de inseticidas botânicos são benéficos, sustentáveis ​​para o ecossistema e podem ser integrados com programas de manejo de insetos do ponto de vista da segurança ambiental.

Design and evaluation of ocular hydrogel containing combination of ofloxacin and dexamethasone for the treatment of conjunctivitis

Abstract Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, which covers the white part of the eyeball. It can be caused by allergies, bacterial or viral infection. In situ hydrogels are three-dimensional hydrophilic cross-linked network of polymers. In situ hydrogel provided better therapeutic index when compared to conventional treatment. The present work describes the formulation and evaluation of ofloxacin and dexamethasone based on the concept of pH triggered in situ gelation. Carbopol 934p was used as the gelling agent in combination with HPMC, as a viscosity-enhancing agent, benzalkonium chloride as preservative, sodium chloride as tonicity adjusting agent. The prepared formulations were liquid at the low pH and underwent rapid transition into viscous gel at the pH of the tear fluid. Formulations were evaluated for various rheological, in vitro and in vivo release characteristics. Infrared spectroscopy studies showed that there were no interactions between the drug and polymers. Viscosity of the prepared hydrogels lies in the optimum range and drug was released up to 85 % as the end of 13 h. The prepared in situ hydrogel was sterile, non-irritant to the eye. The present study indicated that it is possible to develop safe and physiologically effective in situ hydrogel which is patient compliant.

Salt stress, its impacts on plants and the strategies plants are employing against it: A review

Salt stress is said as the most harmful environmental issue affecting the agricultural productivity of manycrops, with deleterious effect on plant growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics, vigour, and cropyields. Salt stress induced oxidative stress in plants by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that resultsimpairment of cellular membranes, proteins of cells and organelles, especially of mitochondria, chloroplast,and peroxisomes and affects overall integrity of the cell. The various types of ROS are 1O2, H2O2, O2•−, andOH•. Salinity creates osmotic stress in plants that diminishes the root water absorption capacity and causes lossof water from the leaves that increases the accumulation of salts in salt stressed plants. However, plants showtolerance toward salt stress by involving large number of adaptations, for example, osmotic adjustment, ionhomeostasis, hormonal regulation, antioxidant defense system, etc. Biosynthesis of plant growth hormones,such as cytokinins, abscisic acid, auxin, jasmonic acid, gibberellin, and ethylene play important role inamelioration of salt stress in plants by altering biochemical and physiological process plant tissues. Plantsdevelop ion homeostasis in order to eliminate additional salt ions from cytosol by primary and secondarytransport, maintains the balance of cytosolic concentration of Na+ and K+ ions, thus keeps the low concentrationof Na+ ions in cytosol as they are very harmful to cell when present in higher level. Plants develop antioxidantsystem constituting enzymatic components catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbateperoxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase and non-enzymatic components, suchas glutathione, cysteine, tocopherols, and ascorbate that eliminate or neutralize ROS to cope with the oxidativestress by the antioxidant defense system and protect themselves against detrimental effects of ROS. In thisreview, we discuss on salt stress lead production of ROS, their formation, effects, and scavenging.

Evaluation Of Mutagenic And Antimutagenic Activity Of Methanol Extract Of Cousinia Thomsonii Against Cyclophosphamide

The present study was conducted to evaluate the mutagenic and antimutagenic potential of Cousinia thomsonii (CT) extract in bone marrow cells of male wistar rats using some important parameters like micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (MnPCE), mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and polychromatic erythrocyte to normochromatic erythrocyte ratio (PCE/NCE). 30 male rats of wistar strain were divided into 6 groups with 5 rats each group. Group 1 rats were taken as negative control having free access to distilled water and rat feed. Group 2 rats were taken as positive control treated with mutagen cyclophosphamide (CP) at dose of 60 mg/kg b wt. for 2 days. Group 3 and 4 were treated with CT extract at dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg b wt. for 20 days. Group 5 and 6 were treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg b wt of CT extract for first 18 days and for last 2 days with CP at dose concentration of 60 mg/kg. It was found that rats treated with CT extract alone did not produce any significant changes in MnPCE, PCE/NCE ratio, CA and MI when compared with control treated rats (group 1). However in group 5 and 6 rats treated with CT extract in combination with CP a protective effect was observed against the cyclophosphamide induced cellular mutagenicity. In concluding remark Cousinia thomsonii was found to show antigenotoxic potential and also produce protective antimutagenic effects against CP induced chromosomal damage.

Endoscopic Yield, Appropriateness, and Complications of Pediatric Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in an Adult Suite: A Retrospective Study of 822 Children

Background/Aims@#This study aimed to study the endoscopic yield, appropriateness, and complications of pediatric endoscopy performed by adult gastroenterologists in an adult endoscopic suite. @*Methods@#This a retrospective study in which records of all the patients less than 18 years of age who underwent endoscopy in the last 5 years were studied. The indications of endoscopy in children were categorized as appropriate or inappropriate per the latest guidelines by American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Positive endoscopic yield was defined as the presence of any abnormality on endoscopy. @*Results@#Among the total of 822 children (age <18 years), the most common indications were variceal surveillance/eradication in 157 (19.1%), followed by dyspepsia in 143 (17.4%), upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding in 136 (16.5%), recurrent abdominal pain in 94 (11.4%), unexplained anemia in 74 (9%), recurrent vomiting in 50 (6.08%), chronic refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease in 34 (4.1%) and others; 780 out of 822 endoscopic procedures (94.9%) done in children were appropriate as per the guidelines. The endoscopic yield was 45.8%, highest in patients with UGI bleeding (71.3%), followed by variceal surveillance (54.8%), recurrent vomiting (38%), dyspepsia (37.8%), and recurrent abdominal pain (36%). Minor adverse events occurred in 7.3% of children. @*Conclusions@#Pediatric endoscopy performed by an experienced adult gastroenterologist may be acceptable if done in cooperation with a pediatrician.

Quality of Life after Chronic Post Stroke Patients

Background/objectives: To assess the quality of life among patients presented with chronic post-stroke patients in our population. Materials and methods: This was a survey type study conducted at physiotherapy department of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Science. Study duration was six months from June 2014 to November 2015. All the patients with the chronic stage of stroke, age 20 to 60 years and patient should not have any disability other than stroke were included study. Patient’s demographic data and information regarding quality of life was assessed by self-maid questioner. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16.0. Results: Total 100 cases were selected in the study, their mean age was 45.35+3.4 years, most of the cases 73 (73.0%) were with right side affected by stroke. Majority of the cases 47 (47.0%) had acceptable health and 18 (18.0%) patient’s health was poor. 66 (66.0%) patients presented with a history of previous stroke. Most of the patients were moved by help of someone, almost half of patients can move by himself, few patients can’t move and they were completely dependent on others. When patients were interviewed psychologically 41 (41.0%) patients feeling lonely and 31 (31.0%) were depressed and unhappy, 19 (19.0%) had suicidal thought. When patients were interviewed regarding behavior with your family 36 (36.0%) answered as not good behavior of family members, these cases justified that they belong to the poor families and they are as a burden. Conclusion: It was concluded that there was poor quality of life among chronic post-stroke patients especially patients belongs to poor families

A review of upper limb injuries in bear maul victims: Consistent pattern and inverse relation in severity with facial and scalp injuries / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>PURPOSE</b>Bear maul injuries are the most common wild animal inflicted injuries in India. More than 300 bear maul injuries report to our hospital per year.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-one consecutive patients over a period of 1 year reported to our department for orthopaedic management of bear maul injuries. All the patients were referred either from peripheral hospitals or from other surgical departments of our hospital.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the patients had facial/scalp injuries of variable severity. In all the patients the severity of limb and facial trauma was inversely proportional to each other. Pattern of upper limb trauma in most of the patients was similar. Fifteen patients had either fractures of distal humerus or mid shaft/proximal forearm bone fracture. Two had distal forearm bone fracture, 2 had carpal/metacarpal fractures and 1 had clavicle fracture. Only 1 had lower limb fracture. Thirteen out of 21 patients had associated neurovascular injury of the involved limb. The characteristic feature was extensive soft tissue involvement of the affected limb.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Upper limb injuries in bear maul patients usually have similar pattern. The severity of upper limb and facial/scalp trauma is inversely proportional to each other. Multistage orthopaedic surgeries are needed for such complex limb injuries.</p>

Appraisal of acute oral toxicity of glucuronoxylan hydrogel from Mimosa pudica seeds

Glucuronoxylan hydrogel (GXH) isolated from M. pudica seeds was assessed for acute toxicology in albino mice that were alienated into four groups. Three groups, i.e., II, III and IV received GXH at a dose of 1, 2 and 5 g/kg, respectively while group I was retained untreated and provided routine diet. After administering GXH, mice were examined for vomiting, diarrhea, allergy and tremors for 8 h. All animals were carefully observed for food and water consumption at 1, 2, 3, 7 and 14 day after administering GXH. At the end of studies, blood samples were drawn for investigation of hematological and biochemical parameters. All animals were sacrificed, relative body weight of vital organs was calculated and their histopathology was studied. It was concluded that there was insignificant difference in body weight, behavioral pattern, food and water intake among treated and control groups. Haematology and biochemistry of blood samples from all groups were found analogous. Histopathological evaluation of vital body organs exhibited no lesions in all groups. Ocular, cardiac and dermal safety of GXH was also established on albino rabbits.

Levels of serum thyroxine, triidothyronine and thyrotropin in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Objective: To determine the levels of serum thyroxine [T3,T4], triiodothyronine and thyrotropin in patients with acute myocardial infarction [AMI]

Methods: It was an observational prospective study and 60 patients [both males and females] of AMI, [diagnosed by ECG and cardiac enzymes.] were included. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH], Free T3 and Free T4 were measured and relevant data was entered into a predesigned proforma

Results: FT3 levels were below the reference range in 56.7% cases while both the FT4 and TSH values were found to be the lower limit of normal range. When the decrease in FT3 was correlated with the duration of illness, it was found that significant inverse correlation existed between FT3 value and the duration of illness and linear regression line was obtained. No such correlation existed between FT4 and TSH values

Conclusion: Thyroid hormone levels [FT3] decreases in AMI and this change is associated with the duration of illness

Ruptured infected femoral pseudoaneurysm in iv drug abusers ligation under local anesthesia

Background: IV drug abusers usually present with life threatening hemorrhage from ruptured infected femoral pseudoaneurysm in emergency. Back up of family, friends and resources are marginal with these patients. In literature many procedures from simple debridement to extra anatomic bypass have been reported

Objective: To assess the outcome of ligation of external iliac artery under local anesthesia in terms of survival, limb salvage and feasibility

Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted in Department of Surgery, Quaid e Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur. Duration of study was five years from 1st December 2010 to 31st December 2015. All patients presenting with bleeding or ruptured femoral pseudoaneurysm in this time span were admitted. Pressure dressing over bleeding aneurysm was done; wide bore peripheral IV line/CV line was passed; fluid resuscitation was started; broad spectrum antibiotics were injected; request for blood arrangement sent and necessary investigations were sent; special consent was taken. Local Anesthesia was injected in the groin just above the aneurysm ketamine given their needed. External iliac artery was explored in supra inguinal position and ligated. Data regarding age, gender, drug of abuse, vascular status of the limb, need for blood transfusion during procedure, life safety, limb salvage was analyzed. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20

Results: We ligated external iliac artery just proximal to aneurysm in 48 patients under local anesthesia. Life and limb was saved in 43 [89.5%] patients. Five patients [10.5%] required above knee amputation later

Conclusion: Ligation of external iliac artery under local anesthesia in ruptured pseudo aneurysms is simple and safe

Assessment of Haematological Markers in Relation with Blood Urea Nitrogen and Serum Creatinine in Pre-dialysis Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Background: To investigate the hematological and biochemical parameters in pre – dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and compared with the normal individuals.  Methods: The samples of CKD patients (n= 30) belong to both genders were collected from different tertiary care hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan and compared with normal individuals (n = 30) not suffering from any disease used as control. Results: 18 of CKD patients and 19 from normal groups were male and 12 from CKD and 11 from normal group were female. The average age (yr) was 38 ± 12.06 for normal group and 44 ± 09.10 for CKD. The mean height (cm) of normal subjects was 163 ± 6.87 and body weights (kg) were 71.04 ± 10.12. Mean height of CKD group was 165.3 ± 7.79 and weights were 64.35 ± 12.23. Higher magnitudes of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine were found as 85.63 ± 56.11 and 6.86 ± 3.42 mg/dL respectively in CKD group. Hemoglobin, red blood cells (RBCs), pack cell volume, lymphocytes and eosinophils were found significantly (p<0.01) very low while white blood cells, monocytes and neutrophils were found high (p<0.01) in CKD patients. Conclusions: Findings concluded that hematological parameters were severely affected in CKD patients as compared to normal controls. Kidney dysfunction in turn not only affects the erythropoietin synthesis that normally stimulates the bone marrow to produce RBC’s but also the synthesis of rennin and Vitamin D that normally regulates blood volume and blood pressures and involves in making bones respectively.

Electrochemical determination of an anti-hyperlipidimic drug pitavastatin at electrochemical sensor based on electrochemically pre-treated polymer film modified GCE / 药物分析学报

An electrochemically pretreated silver macroporous (Ag MP) multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode (PAN-Ag MP-MWCNT-GCE) was fabricated for the selective determination of an anti-hyperlipidimic drug, pitavastatin (PST). The fabricated electrochemical sensor was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The fabricated electrode was employed in quantifying and determining PST through differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV) and CV. The electrode fabrication proceeded with remarkable sensitivity to the determination of PST. The effect of various optimized parameters such as pH, scan rate (ν), accumulation time (tacc), accumulation potential (Uacc) and loading volumes of Ag MP-MWCNT suspension were investigated to evaluate the performance of synthesized electrochemical sensor and to propose a simple, accurate, rapid and economical procedure for the quantification of PST in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids. A linear response of PST concentration in the range 2.0×10?7–1.6×10?6 M with low detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits of 9.66 ± 0.04 nM and 32.25 ± 0.07 nM, respectively, were obtained under these optimized conditions.

Down regulation of KLK7 expression in breast tissues and identification of a novel spliced KLK7 mRNA

Background: Alternative splicing commonly occurs in cancer cells and many cancer specific splice variants have been reported as potential candidate biomarkers of the disease. We have studied human tissue Kallikrein 7 (KLK7) mRNA expression profile in breast cancer patients of our region. KLK7 is member of a multi-gene family consisting of 15 members (KLK1-KLK15). Methods: We optimized touch down nested PCR method for the amplification of KLK7 isoforms/variants. Various bioinformatics tools were used for sequence analysis, identification of splicing pattern and prediction of encoded proteins. Results: We observed an unusual splicing event consisting of exon 3 (E3) truncation at 3' end (by 124 nucleotides), exon 4 (E4) exclusion and exon 5 (E5) truncation at 5' end (by 33 nucleotide) in 2 normal breast tissues, one obtained from invasive ductal carcinoma grade II patient and other collected from mammary dysplasia patient. Moreover, 3 other KLK7 mRNAs (KF963190, KF963191, and KF963193) expressed in breast cancer were noticed to exhibit single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the alternatively spliced mRNA (KF963192) will potentially encode a truncated and non-functional protein. Similarly although encoded proteins have considerable homology with normal hK7 protein, SNPs seem to cause great variations in pIs, structures and molecular weights of encoded proteins. Conclusions: There is need to further explore the impact of the unique splicing event, SNPs and characterize these population specific mutations and their possible role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer (AU)

Evaluation of Some Mushrooms from Kashmir Valley for their Potential Anti-Cancer Activity

Background: In the recent past, there has been a shift towards alternate and traditional therapies for the prevention and cure for various diseases including cancer, hypertension, diabetes etc. Due to the risk of side effects associated with allopathic medicines, people are fast turning towards traditional and folk medicines because of their supposedly low risk of side effects. Mushrooms have a very long and well-established role in traditional system of medicine in many Asian countries especially in China, Korea, and Japan etc. Methods: Fresh mushrooms were collected and identified based on morphological and reproductive characters by comparing with standard field guides by Largent (1973).Three different mushroom species were selected for the study. The material collected from target sites were subjected to solvent extraction followed by preparation of stock extracts, which were further used for the evaluation of anti-cancer activity. In-vitro cytotoxicity against different human cell lines was determined and the samples showing 50% or more growth inhibition at 100 µg/ml were considered as potential. Results: Ethanolic extract of mushroom 1 (100µg/ml) exhibited highest % age growth inhibition of 61, 53, 25% on lung, colon and CNS cell lines respectively. In case of mushroom-2 Ethanol: water (1:1) extracts 1 (100 µg/ml) showed highest %age growth inhibition of 19, 38, 7% against liver, Neuroblastoma, Colon cell lines respectively. Likewise, Ethanolic Extract of mushroom-3(100 µg/ml) exhibited highest %age growth inhibition of 58, 65, 13% on lung, neuroblastoma and prostate cell lines respectively. Conclusions: Based on preliminary evaluation two of the mushroom varieties showed promising results in terms of their anticancer activity however they need further evaluation and determination to ascertain their potential anticancer activity.

Transpharyngeal approach for Eagle syndrome - case report and literature review

Symptomatic elongation of styloid process or mineralization of stylohyoid ligament is referred to as Eagle's syndrome, which usually presents as a vague head and neck pain radiating to jaws, pharyngodynia, difficulty in swallowing, dysphagia, otalgia, and sensation of foreign body in throat leading to wide range of differential diagnosis. Instead of many hypothesis and studies, the exact etiology of styloid process and role of ectopic calcification are unknown. History and physical examination plays a pivotal role in diagnosis and is confirmed by radiological investigation. Treatment modalities include both conservative and surgical management by intraoral and extra oral approaches

Personality type and work family conflict in female doctors

Objective: To assess the association between personality types and work-family conflict among female doctors. Moreover it was aimed that which personality type is more experience work-family conflict in female doctors

Study Design: Cross sectional study design

Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted in Institute of Applied Psychology Lahore Pakistan from Dec 2012 to Jun 2013

Material and Methods: The sample comprised of 154 female doctors selected from three teaching hospitals of Lahore. The age range of female doctors was 25 years to 45 years [M= 30.56 +/- 5.96]. Type A/B behavior pattern scale and work-family conflict scale were used to assess variables

Results: Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive relationship between personality type A and work inference with family plus family inference with work in female doctors. Linear Regression analysis revealed that personality type A emerged as a significant predictor of work inference to family and family inference to work

Conclusion: The present research emphasizes the significance for medical doctor's organization and career guidance. Being adapting behaviors of type B personality, they experience less work family conflict and work for the betterment of society as well as personal self

Immunohistochemical profile of Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Objective: To analyze the frequencies of histological types of lymphoma, diagnosed with complete immunohistochemical profile in younger and older age group

Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study

Place and Duration of Study: Dow Diagnostic Research and Reference Laboratory, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, from January 2009 to September 2013

Methodology: Consecutive cases of lymphomas, which were diagnosed using immunohistochemistry, were analyzed according to WHO classification. Frequency and percentages for different types of lymphomas were calculated. Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas characteristics in two age groups of less than and more than 40 years were compared, applying chi-square test

Results: Out of the 318 cases, 79 [25%] were Hodgkin Lymphomas [HL] and 239 [75%] were Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas [NHL]. Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin Lymphoma [MCHL] was the commonest [n=48]. Amongst the NHL, 215 [89.95%] were B cell lymphomas and 24 [10.05%] were T-cell lymphomas. Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [DLBCL] was the commonest lymphoma [n=165, 69.95% of NHL]. Anaplastic T-Cell Lymphoma [ALCL, n=10] was the commonest T-cell lymphoma. The frequency of HL was significantly higher in the younger age group and that of NHL was higher in the older age group [p < 0.001]. Primary lymph node involvement was reported in 175 [55%] and cervical lymph node was the most frequent site. Extra nodal involvement was seen in 93 [29%] of all cases and was reported in 87 [36.4%] of NHL and 6 [7.5%] of HL. The most common extra nodal site was the gastrointestinal tract

Conclusion: Hodgkin lymphoma comprises 25% and non-Hodgkin lymphoma comprises 75% of all lymphomas. Both occur in younger age groups than reported in the West. B-cell NHL is three times more common than T-cell lymphoma. DLBCL is the most frequent lymphoma. ALCL is the most common T-cell, and mixed cellularity is the most common Hodgkin lymphoma

Effect of antioxidants, amino acids and plant growth regulators on in vitro propagation of rosa centifolia

Background: Rosa centifoliais commercially propagated by asexual means but in vitro propagation ensure the production of disease free and healthy plants and browning of explants creates hurdle in their multiplication

Objectives: The aim was to reduce oxidative browning of shoots of R. centifolia in MS medium during in vitro propagation

Materials and Methods: Axillary buds of R. centifolia were sterilized with 70% ethyl alcohol for 4 min and 5% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min followed by three washing with sterilized double distilled water. In order to control oxidative browning, Ascorbic acid [100 mg.L[-1]], citric acid [100 mg.L[-1]] and activated charcoal [3 g.L[-1]] were used while to control withering of shoots, different concentrations [3.0 mg.L[-1], 6.0 mg.L[-1], 9.0 mg.L[-1]] of either glutamine, asparagine and proline were put into trial. Different concentrations of Benzyl aminopurine [BAP] and naphthalene acetic acid [NAA] were used for in vitro shoot and root formation

Results: Minimum browning percentage [20%] was achieved in the presence of activated charcoal [3.0 g.L[-1]] and pretreatment of explants with running tap water. Asparagin [9.0 mg.L[-1]] produced maximum shooting [93%], minimum withering [6.67%], and it took longer period [27 days] for shoots to wither. BAP [3.0 mg.L[-1]] + NAA [0.5 mg.L[-1]] was produced the highest number of shoots [1.63], in a shortest periods [9 days]. For root production, NAA [1.5 mg.L[-1]] + BAP [0.5 mg.L[-1]] reduced the time to 11 days with maximum number of roots [4.33] and root length [4.20 cm]

Conclusions: The supplement of activated charcoal [3.0 g.L[-1]], a sparagin [9.0 mg.L[-1]] and combination of BAP and NAA in the MS medium is effective for in vitro propagation of R. centifolia

Assessment of biochemical and antioxidative status in patients suffering from dengue fever / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

A multi-centred study was designed to collect dengue epidemiologic data from government and registered private hospitals/clinics and maintained archive of frozen specimens in bio-bank to be used for future dengue epidemic control program, and assess the epidemiology of dengue fever (DF) by evaluating biochemical and oxidative status of patients. ELISA IgM antibodies test was done to confirm DF. From August 2010 to December 2011, 101 confirmed blood samples of DF patients referred to pathology lab of Jinnah Hospital Lahore were subjected to the epidemiologic assessment by evaluating the biochemical and physiological indices and alterations of circulating antioxidants. Clinical features of DF patients and effect of fever on blood components and serum proteins of liver were recorded. The hospital stay in DF, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) showed significant difference. Significant increases in serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) (P=0.000), aspartate amino transferase (AST) (P=0.000), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (P=0.000), malondialdehyde (MDA) along with significant decreases in total protein (TP) (P=0.000), reduced glutathione (GSH) (P=0.000), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) (P=0.000), and sialic acid contents (P=0.016) were observed. A positive correlation existed between bound sialic acid levels, liver enzymes and circulating antioxidants (r=0.656, P=0.016). In the present study, alterations of circulating antioxidants in DF suggest that DF might be a metabolic response to an acute, self-limiting tropical viral infection, and a consequence of the viral inflammatory process.