ABSTRACT
Visceral adipose tissue releases a variety of adipokines which together determine a comprehensive cardiometabolic risk profile. Estrogen deficiency leads to central fat deposition in postmenopausal women. However, premenopausal women are also running high risk of central obesity owing to unhealthy lifestyles, making them prone to development of metabolic syndrome which leads to infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Premenopausal women with (n=30) and without (n=30) central obesity were studied. Metabolic risk factors and circulatory adipokines were measured. Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Adipokines' gene polymorphisms were studied by polymerase chain reaction and mRNA expression of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), acylation stimulating protein (ASP) receptor gene (C5L2) were done by real time-polymerase chain reaction in visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues was also obtained. Significant high circulating leptin, IL-6, TNF-α, resistin and their VAT mRNA expression and significant low circulating adiponectin and VAT mRNA expression were found in women with metabolic syndrome, irrespective of their menopausal status. Carriers of mutant genotype of TNF-α 308 AA, IL-6 174 CC, resistin 420 GG, leptin 2549 AA, adiponectin 276 TT and C5L2 698 CT had significant association with metabolic syndrome. Conclusively changes in fat distribution modulate the secretion profile of adipokines, therefore elevated circulating leptin, IL-6, TNF-α, ASP, resistin, and low adiponectin may serve as surrogate markers for metabolic syndrome and related morbidities in women with central obesity.
ABSTRACT
The present study was designed to investigate the association between circulating Orexin-A level with metabolic risk factors in North Indian adult women. 342 women were enrolled for the case-control study, 172 women were with metabolic syndrome (mets) and 170 healthy control women were without metabolic syndrome, (womets) according to (NCEP ATP III criteria). Circulating Orexin-A level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Observations indicated low levels of orexin-A (26.06±6.09 ng/ml) in women with mets and other metabolic risk factors compared to women without metabolic syndrome (36.50±10.42 ng/ml). Further, in women with metabolic syndrome, circulating Orexin A was significantly associated with waist circumference, triglyceride (negative correlation) and hyperdensity lipoprotein (positive correlation). Our study shows that circulating Orexin A was found to be significantly associated with hyperlipidemia, obesity and obesity-related disorders in North Indian premenopausal women
ABSTRACT
Present study examined the effect of short-term cigarette smoking on insulin resistance and lipid profile in asymptomatic healthy adults. This case control study comprised of 44 healthy male subjects in the age group of 18-40 yrs having BMI 25+3 and WHR < 1.0. Of these 22 smokers were included in the study group and 22 non-smokers in the control group. Subject selection was done such that one smoker and one non-smoker sibling or first degree male relative were selected from the same family. We compared fasting plasma glucose, insulin, lipid profile, and homeostatic model assessment index (HOMA Index) as a measure of insulin resistance between both the groups. Our observation showed that significantly higher values of serum glucose (133.36 +/- 23.45 mg/dl; P < 0.001), serum insulin (32.04 +/- 6.0 2 microU/ml; P < 0.001) and HOMA index (3.62 +/- 0.21; P < 0.001) were found in smokers as compared to non-smokers (serum glucose 86.95 +/- 19.32 mg/dl, insulin 20.09 +/- 4.8 microU/ml, HOMA index 3.29 +/- 0.30). No significant difference was observed for number of subjects having insulin resistance (HI > 3.8) and lipid profile in both the groups. Thus it appears that smokers are prone to develop hyperinsulenemia, hyperglycemia and the metabolic syndrome.