Proteomic analysis of the effect of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields [ELF-EMF] with different intensities in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line

Introduction: During the last 3 decades, human is exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields [ELF-EMF] emitted by power lines and electronic devices. It is now well accepted that ELF-EMF are able to produce a variety of biological effects, although the molecular mechanism is unclear and controversial. Investigation of different intensities effects of 50 Hz ELF-EMF on cell morphology and protein expression is the aim of this study

Methods: SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line was exposed to 0.5 and 1 mT 50 Hz [ELF-EMF] for 3 hours. Proteomics techniques were used to determine the effects of these fields on protein expression. Bioinformatic and statistical analysis of proteomes were performed using Progensis SameSpots software

Results: Our results showed that exposure to ELF-EMF changes cell morphology and induces a dose-dependent decrease in the proliferation rate of the cells. The proteomic studies and bioinformatic analysis indicate that exposure to 50 Hz ELF-EMF leads to alteration of cell protein expression in both dose-dependent and intensity dependent manner, but the later is more pronounced

Conclusion: Our data suggests that increased intensity of ELF-EMF may be associated with more alteration in cell protein expression, as well as effect on cell morphology and proliferation

Protein-Protein Interaction Network could reveal the relationship between the breast and colon cancer

This study is aimed to elicit the possible correlation between breast and colon cancer from molecular prospective by analyzing and comparing pathway-based biomarkers. Breast and colon cancer are known to be frequent causes of morbidity and mortality in men and women around the world. There is some evidence that while the incident of breast cancer in young women is high, it is reported lower in the aged women. In fact, aged women are more prone to colorectal cancer than older men. . In addition, many studies showed that several biomarkers are common among these malignancies. The genes were retrieved and compared from KEGG database and WikiPathway, and subsequently, protein-protein interaction [PPI] network was constructed and analyzed using Cytoscape v:3.2.1 software and related algorithms. More than forty common genes were identified among these malignancies; however, by pathways comparison, twenty genes are related to both breast and colon cancer. Centrality and cluster screening identified hub genes, including SMAD2, SMAD3, [SMAD4, MYC], JUN, BAD, TP53. These seven genes are enriched in regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway, positive regulation of Rac protein signal transduction, positive regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway, and positive regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition respectively. As there are numerous genes frequent between colorectal cancer and breast cancer, there may be a common molecular origin for these malignancies occurrences. It seems that breast cancer in females interferes with the rate of colorectal cancer incidence

High-dose-rate 192Ir brachytherapy dose verification: a phantom study

The high-dose-rate [HDR] brachytherapy might be an effective tool for palliation of dysphagia. Because of some concerns about adverse effects due to absorbed radiation dose, it is important to estimate absorbed dose in risky organs during this treatment. This study aimed to measure the absorbed dose in the parotid, thyroid, and submandibular gland, eye, trachea, spinal cord, and manubrium of sternum in brachytherapy in an anthropomorphic phantom. To measure radiation dose, eye, parotid, thyroid, and submandibular gland, spine, and sternum, an anthropomorphic phantom was considered with applicators to set thermoluminescence dosimeters [TLDs]. A specific target volume of about 23 cm3 in the upper thoracic esophagus was considered as target, and phantom planned computed tomography [CT] for HDR brachytherapy, then with a micro-Selectron HDR [192Ir] remote after-loading unit. Absorbed doses were measured with calibrated TLDs and were expressed in centi-Gray [cGy]. In regions far from target [>/= 16 cm] such as submandibular, parotid and thyroid glands, mean measured dose ranged from 1.65 to 5.5 cGy. In closer regions [

Introducing biomarker panel in esophageal, gastric, and colon cancers; a proteomic approach

Cancer research is an attractive field in molecular biology and medicine. By applying large-scale tools such as advanced genomics and proteomics, cancer diagnosis and treatment have been improved greatly. Cancers of esophagus, gastric, and colon accounted for major health problem globally. Biomarker panel could bring out the accuracy for cancer evaluation tests as it can suggest a group of candidate molecules specified to particular malignancy in a way that distinguishing malignant tumors from benign, differentiating from other diseases, and identifying each stages with high specificity and sensitivity. In this review, a systematic search of unique protein markers reported by several proteomic literatures are classified in their specific cancer type group as novel panels for feasible accurate malignancy diagnosis and treatment. About thousands of introduced proteins were studied; however, a small number of them belonged to a specific kind of malignancy. In conclusion, despite the fact that combinatorial biomarkers appear to be hopeful, more evaluation of them is crucial to achieve the suitable biomarker panel for clinical application. This effort needs more investigations and researches for finding a specific and sensitive panel

Evaluation of organs at risk's dose in external radiotherapy of brain tumors

Radiotherapy plays an important role in the management of most malignant and many benign primary central nervous system [CNS] tumors. Radiotherapy affects both tumor cells and uninvolved normal cells; so, it is important to estimate absorbed dose to organs at risk in this kind of treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the absorbed dose to chiasma, lens, optic nerve, retina, parotid, thyroid and submandibular gland in frontal lobe brain tumors radiotherapy based on treatment planning system [TPS] calculation and direct measurement on the phantom. A head and neck phantom was constructed using natural human bone and combination of paraffin wax and Sodium Chloride [NaCl] as tissue-equivalent material. Six cylinders were made of phantom material which had cavities to insert Thermoluminescent Dosimeters [TLDs] at several depths in order to measure absorbed dose to chiasma, lens, optic nerve, retina, parotid, thyroid and submandibular gland. Three routine conventional plans associated with tumors of this region and a new purposed technique were performed on the phantom and dose distribution and absorbed dose to critical organs were compared using treatment planning system [TPS] calculation and direct measurement on the phantom. Absorbed doses were measured with calibrated TLDs and are expressed in centigray [cGy]. In all techniques absorbed dose to all organs except the lenses were at their tolerance dose levels and in the new purposed technique, absorbed dose to chiasma was significantly reduced. Our findings showed differences in the range of 1-5% in all techniques between TPS calculation and direct measurements for all organs except submandibular glands and thyroid. Because submandibular glands and thyroid are far from primary radiation field, TLD reading in these regions although small but differs from TPS calculation which shows very smaller doses. This might be due to scattered radiation which is not well considered in the TPS. In the new technique, because the chiasma is out of the radiation field, absorbed dose was reduced significantly

Apoptosis/necrosis induction by ultraviolet, in ER positive and ER negative breast cancer cell lines

Background: Ultraviolet [UV] light exposure has been one of the major inducers of apoptosis. UV exposure has caused pyrimidine dimers and DNA fragmentation which might lead to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis signals activation. UV induced apoptosis has investigated in MDA-MB 468 as an ER negative breast adenocarcinoma and MCF-7 as an ER positive breast cancer cell line. Apoptosis induction rate by UV might be different in these two types of cells due to different biological characteristics of the cell

Objectives: In this paper we have evaluated serial dose of UV-B exposure on ER positive and ER negative breast cancer cell lines and its effect on apoptosis or necrosis induction in these cells

Materials and Methods: MDA-MB468 and MCF-7 cell lines have cultured for 24 hours and UV exposure has carried out at 290 nm at dose of 154 J/m[2] to 18 KJ/m[2] using UV lamp. UV exposed cells have incubated in cell culture condition for 24 or 48 hours following UV exposure and the cells have stained and analyzed by flow cytometry for apoptosis evaluation by Annexin V/PI method

Results: Apoptosis rate [PI and Annexin V double positive cells] after 24 hours incubation was higher in 24 hours in comparison with 48 hours incubation in both cell lines. The frequency of PI positive MDA-MB 468 cells was higher than PI and Annexin V double positive cells after 48 hours. PI positive MDA-MB 468 cells were significantly higher than MCF-7 cells in 24 hours incubation time

Conclusions: The results have shown that MDA-MB 468 cells were more sensitive to UV exposure and DNA fragmentation and necrosis pathway was dominant in these cells

Assessment of absorbed dose in critical organs in OPG: a phantom study

Orthopantomography is a well-established imaging technique in dental diagnosis. Although its exposure to individuals is relatively low compared to other diagnostic radiology examinations, it is still the most frequent X-ray examination. So it is important to estimate absorbed dose to critical organs in this examination. The present study was designed to determine the radiation doses to eyes, parotid, thyroid, submandibular gland and brain using Gafchromic films in an anthropomorphic head and neck phantom in three imaging centers, one digital and the remainders analogue. The absorbed dose to brain was measured globally with two vertically and horizontally embedded films in the phantom and submandibular, parotid and thyroid glands were also measured at their correct position in the phantom. The dose to the eyes was measured at the surface.Each measurement was triplicated and results were presented as mean [SD]

After calibration of the films, they were embedded in the phantom and it was exposed with similar conditions for an adult patient. Absorbed doses were from 0.97-3.12 mGyfor brain, 1.23-3.02 mGy forleft parotid, 1.19-4.54 mGy for right parotid, 1.27-4.46 mGy left thyroid, 1.56-3.88 mGy for right thyroid, 1.45-2.83 mGy for Submandibular, 1.55-2.38 for right eye and 1.39-3.77 mGy for left eye.Our results showed similar depth and surface doses at all. Due to the direction of X-ray tube rotation, in the analogue devices in which the direction of rotation was right to left, doses of left sided organs were higher, and in the digital device that the direction was left to right, doses of right sided organs were higher. The absorbed doses in digital device were significantly lower than the analogue devices [p-value

Determination of primary electron beam parameters in a Siemens Primus Linac using Monte Carlo simulation

The Monte Carlo method can be used to describe any technique that approximates solutions to quantitative problems through statistical sampling. This method is considered to be the most accurate method for dose calculation in radiotherapy. For complete modeling of a linear accelerator, it is required that the manufactured information covers all data, but some data such as primary electron energy must be indicated. The purpose of this study was to determine the best primary electron energy for 15 MV photon beam with varying the energy and FWHM. A Monte Carlo model for photon-beam output of a Siemens primus linear accelerator was validated by plotting the energy spectrum of photon beam and calculating the percentage depth dose [PDD] and beam profiles for 10×10 cm[2] field. Square 10×10 cm[2] field was validated by measurements in water by a farmer chamber. Linac head simulation was performed with BEAMnrc and dose calculation and 3D dose file were produced by DOSXYZnrc. The results were analyzed using MATLAB. It was found a good agreement between calculated PDD and beam profile for 15 MV photon beam using Monte Carlo simulation with primary electron energy of 11 MV and FWHM of 0.4 with maximum dose difference of 1.2% in PDD curves. In conclusion, using primary electron energy of 11 MV and FWHM of 0.4 has very good accuracy in calculating of dose distribution for 15 MV photon beam and it can be considered as a promising method for patient dose calculations

Non-surgical Treatments of Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignancies with a growing occurrence. It presently ranks ninth among the most frequent cancers in the world and the sixth leading cause of death from cancer. For a variety of reasons, the mainstream of patients with esophageal cancer is actually not suitable for Esophagectomy. More than 50% have locally advanced unresectable or metastatic tumors at diagnosis. Other reasons which exclude Esophagectomy include old age, comorbidity or refusal by the patient. For more advanced stages of esophageal cancers, the basis of non-surgical treatment is chemotherapy [CT] or radiotherapy [RT], either alone or in combination as chemoradiotherapy [CRT]. The purpose of this study is to summaries and judgmentally analyzes current non-surgical treatments. Although the best treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer is still being debated, the use of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy has gained acceptance

Stabilizing and dispersing methods of TiO[2] nanoparticles in biological studies

TiO[2] nanoparticles [NPs] might be considered as the most important photosensitizer due to high photocatalytic and sonocatalytic efficiency, low toxicity, excellent biocompatibility, low cost and high chemical stability. TiO[2]-NPs normally tend to aggregate in physiological medium and which results to decreased cell viability and inducing expression of stress-related genes. Thus dispersion and stability of TiO[2] NPs should be considered in biological application. This paper deals on various dispersing methods such as ultrasonication, electrostatic, steric electrosteric stabilization that suppress agglomeration and stabilizes the dispersed NPs in aqueous medium

Sonication breaks up agglomerated NPs in a solvent. The results showed that probe sonication performs better than bath sonication in dispersing TiO[2] agglomerates, but sonication couldn't prevent long term aggregation of nanoparticles and in order to form stable dispersions, it is not enough to break nanoparticles apart. Agglomerated NPs can be separated by overcoming the weaker attractive forces by electrostatic, steric or electrosteric interactions. Electrostatic stabilization takes place when charges accumulate at the surface of particles. At values of potential more than 30 mV or less than -30 mV no agglomeration occurs. Ionic strength and pH influence on electrostatic stabilization; when pH is far from the isoelectric point, agglomeration is suppressed. In a sterically stabilized dispersion large molecules such as polymers, surfactants and biomolecules, adsorbed on to the surface of particles suppress re-agglomeration. PEG is a hydrophilic polymer, non-toxic and non-immunogenic, and has favorable pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution. PEGylation of NPs not only prevents agglomeration, but also enhances their biocompatibility and increases the in vivo circulation time

Amending in vitro culture condition to overcome oxidative stress in assisted reproduction techniques [ART]

In assisted reproduction techniques [ART] settings, reactive oxygen species [ROS] can be produced from endogenous and exogenous sources during in vitro manipulation. Endogenous sources of ROS include gametes and embryo, whereas exogenous sources are oxygen tension, light exposure, culture media, and the nature of some protocols, such as centrifugation or cryopreservation. Elevated ROS production can result in oxidative stress [OS], which is harmful to gametes and embryos, and reduces the procedure's outcomes. Therefore, addressing various aspects of the adverse effects of oxidative stress and its management is necessary

Studying the factors affecting job satisfaction of employees of Semnan health centers

Job satisfaction of employees is one of the most challenging concepts in any organization and is the basis for many of the policies and management strategies to increase productivity and efficiency. It is influenced by many factors including environmental and personal factors, income, nature and social status of the job, organizational prestige, promotion, job security, lack of role ambiguity, and physical job conditions Co-workers. This study was carried out to determine the factors affecting job satisfaction employees of Semnan health center's to meet the challenges and increase efficiency. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in 2013, over 93 employees with a employment history of over 2 years. Method and data collection was through job descriptive inventory [Job Descriptive Index]; data was collected and analyzed using SPSS16. The results of questionnaire analysis in seven items regarding job satisfaction, show satisfaction supervision and leadership [77.2%], management policy [77%], job stability [63.4%], environmental conditions [59.6%], cross-relation between Co-workers [58.6%], salary and benefits [53.4%] and opportunities for growth, development and promotion [53.2%]. Based on evaluated items, the overall job satisfaction in this study was moderate. Thus, in terms of job satisfaction, it seems that different factors affective in different ratios. Job satisfaction is not only very important by itself, but also important concerning its impact on other aspects of the job attitude. In fact, by increasing job satisfaction, other aspects of job attitudes such as organizational commitment, job involvement and organizational atmosphere can be improved. This point can also be seen in proposed models and research carried out by professionals in this field

Dosimetry of Esophageal radiotherapy: a phantom study

Esophageal cancer is the eighth most ordinary cancer and the sixth most common cancer between the males and ninth for females in the world; its major and effective treatment is external radiotherapy. This type of cancer can be found in different areas of esophagus including cervical, upper, middle and lower esophagus. In this treatment, healthy tissues such as the trachea, spine and sternum and even thyroid receive dose and it is important that the absorbed doses by these organs be in their tolerance dose levels. We measured the surface and depth doses in an anthropomorphic phantom using thermoluminescent dosimeters. To do so, a target volume was considered in the phantom as a primary esophageal tumor with margins of 5 cm in the distal and proximal, and 3 cm in lateral. Phantom was CT planned and treatment was performed according to patient treatment. The considered measurement locations were Eye, right and left Parotid, left and right Submandibular, left and right Thyroid, Trachea, Manubrium of Sternum and Spine. Our results show that in places located further to primary beam such as Thyroid [phase one], Trachea, Spine and Sternum, the difference between dose from TPS and TLD measurements is observed. In organs which have placed within scattered radiation, the difference is insignificant [P-value>/=0.05], although some differences might cause by TLD limitations. In conclusion, the TPS calculated and TL measured doses distinguish significantly at the spine [depth], trachea [depth] and manubrium of sternum especially in phase 1 which might be due to the calculation algorithm used by the planning system which is reliable in homogeneous medium, but TL measurements were performed in the heterogeneous anthropomorphic phantom

study of fibroblast proteome changes in the presence of Ethanol

Ethanol known as ethyl alcohol is being widely used around the world. Many serious diseases are related with its consumption. Alcohol posses many divers effects on human body including risk of cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, analysis of this component is prominent. Fibroblast cells were cultured in various dosages of ethanol. The effective dosage was then investigated by proteomic methods. Separated proteins of fibroblast cells by Two-Dimensional Gel [2DG] Electrophoresis method based on pI and MW were analyzed based on spots alteration by Same Spot Software. Furthered analysis was carried out with vigorous statistical analysis based on significant folding changes and one-way ANOVA. About 372 protein spots were identified and among them 65 of them were having significant expression profile, which is evaluated as p <0.05. Therefore, ethanol can induce a great impact on protein profile of fibroblast. It is concluded that altering morphologic features and viability, as well as protein expression changes, confirm toxic properties of ethanol in human body

Effect of ELF-EMF exposure on human neuroblastoma cell line: a proteomics analysis

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields [ELF-EMF] have been common in daily life all over the world. They have produced by power lines and electrical appliances, but higher levels of them have raised a lot of concerns about their carcinogenesis. Both epidemiological and laboratory studies have suggested that EMFs might increase cancer incidence, including acute childhood leukemia, brain and breast cancer. In the present study, SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line has exposed to 2mT, 50 Hz magnetic field for 3 h. Next, effect of this exposure on protein expression including over-expression or under-expression has assessed by proteomics. Bioinformatics and statistical analysis using progenesis same spot software on the obtained 2D electrophoresis has shown that expression of 189 proteins in exposed group has changed relative to control. Besides, PCA analysis has verified results of clustering, and has shown that protein data has clustered according to experimental conditions. The results of this study have shown that ELF-EMF changes cell morphology via altering protein expression, but more profound studies have needed to determine the kind of proteins altered

MRI based morphometry of caudate nucleus in normal persons

Because of continuous changing of anatomy, function and metabolism of the human brain, age- related change is a major risk factor in most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinsons and Huntingtons disease. Therefore, knowing patterns of age-related atrophy of brain tissue can identify causes and possible role of diseases in decreasing brain function with age. The aim of this study was to determine the age, sex, and hemispheric differences in volume of the human neostriatum [striatum] nucleus in right-handed healthy humans. This study was performed on 120 normal human subjects [60 males, 60 females] 15-65 years old that was divided into young [<40 years] and old [>/=40 years] groups. The sectional brain images obtained via magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] was analyzed and processed using the Image-J software and the caudate volume was calculated using the Cavalieri's principle. The analyses revealed bilateral age-related changes in the caudate volume of both sexes and the caudate nucleus was significantly smaller in older than younger subjects [P<0.001]. There were statistically significant volume differences between males and females [P<0.05] and there was a significant negative correlation between age and volume of the caudate nucleus. Our results provide useful baseline data on age and gender-related changes of caudate volume in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons and Huntingtons, which has the potential to diagnose neurodegenerative disease before the appearance of typical clinical symptoms

Hematoporphyrin encapsulated polymeric nanomicelles for photodynamically treatment of cancer

Nowadays, developements in nanotechnology have leeds an increased application of this newborn technology in cancer treatment. In this study, a stabilized micelle was developed to load HpD in order to be used in photodynamic treatment of cancer in an animal model. To construct micelles, Pluronic P-105 was used and stabilized to encapsulate HpD. This process includes a 24 h polymerization in which the first 3.5 h was in the presence of N[2] purge and was continued at 65[degree]C. In this reaction, NNDEA and benzoil peroxide [BP] were used for stabilization of micelles and initiation of reaction, respectively. DLS analysis of micelles revealed that the size of them before and after drug encapsulation was 14 nm and 23.5 nm, respectively. To assess drug loading, drug standard curve was obtained and its loading was obtained as 2 mg/ml. To extract free drug from complex, it was dialyzed against water and its stability profile was measured up to one month which was more than 80%. According to obtained results, this complex could be used to reduce side effects in photodynamic therapy. Besides, according to tumor characteristics and physical properties of micelles, it is possible to enhance drug release and uptake at tumor site

Introducing a simple tissue equivalent anthropomorphic phantom for radiation dosimetry in diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy

It is important to measure organ dose in diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy. Because measurement on patients has some limitations, phantoms are being constructed to be implemented. One kind of several phantoms which is being used so far is anthropomorphic phantom which is similar to a man. In this work, using human natural bone as phantom skeletal tissue and paraffin plus NaCl [as impurity] as soft tissue substitute an anthropomorphic phantom was constructed which consists of three parts: 1. head and neck 2.torso 3.hip. Phantom dimensions were selected from the standard man. To measure absorbed dose in tissues, at the sites of parotid, thyroid, sternum, diaphragm, abdomen and hip some cylinders were inserted which were constructed from phantom material and had some cavities to insert TLDs in different depths. Due to importance of photoelectric effect in diagnostic radiology and Compton effect in radiotherapy, two important parameters which should be considered in construction of a phantom is effective atomic number and electronic density were6.57and 3.36×10[23] electron.gr[-1] , respectively

[ morphometeric magnetic resonance imaging study of age and gender-related volumetric changes of putamen nucleus in healthy humans]

The purpose of this study was to determine the age, sex, and hemispheric differences in volume of the human putamen nucleus in right-handed healthy humans. This study was performed on 120 normal human subjects [60 males, 60 females] 15-65 years old that was divided into young [<40 years] and old [>/= years] groups. The sectional brain images obtained via magnetic resonance imaging was analyzed and processed using the image-J software and the putamen volume was calculated using the Cavalieri's principle. The analyses revealed bilateral age-related shrinkage of the putamen in both sexes and the putamen was significantly smaller in older than younger subjects [P< 0.001]. The age-related shrinkage of the putamen in men and women was about 20.49% and 16.79%, respectively. There were no statistically significant volume differences between males and females. There were significant negative correlations between age and the volumes of the putamen nucleus. In both sexes, a significant rightward asymmetry was observed in the putamen [4.21% in men and 3.32% in women]. Bilateral age-related shrinkage and rightward asymmetry of the putamen was found in normal humans and there were no volume differences between men and women. Results provide useful baseline data to the age and sex-related change of the volume of putamen