ABSTRACT
To assess the relationship between selenium [Se] concentration in rice and the incidence of esophageal cancer [EC] in a high risk area in Northern Iran. This ecological study was conducted in Golestan province of Iran in 2012. In this area, 45714 acres of land are cultivated by rice. A total of 69 rice samples were taken. We investigated Se concentrations by the voltammetric method. Statistical analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation test and Mann-Whitney U test. The mean [ +/- SD] Se level in rice samples was 0.229 [ +/- 0.145] mg/kg. The Se concentration was significantly higher in rice samples from high EC rate areas [0.35 mg/kg] compared with low risk areas [0.16 mg/kg] [p<0.001]. There was a significant positive correlation between the levels of Se in rice and the incidence rate of EC [p=0.03]. We found a high rice Se concentration and a significant positive relationship between rice Se levels and EC rates in the Golestan province of Iran. High soil and rice Se levels may play a possible role in the pathogenesis of EC in this area
ABSTRACT
Prevalence of HIV and hepatitis among injecting drug users who use shared needle is greater than those drug users that generally prefer not to use each other's needles. The aim of this study was to explain the cause of utilization of shared needle among injecting drug users of Ahwaz city in 2010. This article was part of a qualitative study which has been performed by the content analysis method and sampling-based target on the injecting drug users of Ahwaz. The data were collected with semi-structured individual depth interviews and analyzed by the constant comparative method of analysis. A total of 39 semi-structured interviews were done with drug injectors. Informed consents were obtained from all of the participants. Participants were asked about the cause of utilization of shared needle, history of imprisonment and disease. After the first interview, continuous analysis of data was implemented and continued until data saturation. After analysis and coding of data the cause of utilization of shared needle for injection among participants were: inaccessibility and limitations for preparing syringe, lack of subjects' awareness of the dangers of shared needle, hopelessness and tending to die through shared needle, self-deception and self-justification. Considering the increasing number of injection drug users and the risk of diseases transmitted through shared needle as well as to control addiction and transmission of blood-borne diseases such as HIV in country it is essential to improve harm reduction programs, provide sterile syringes and injection equipment as well as train injecting drug users and help them to quit addiction
ABSTRACT
Objective: Used of sodium bicarbonate in bread can increase loss of bread, chill stomach acid, disorder in digestion and suction in nutrient material. So the aim of this study was survey of Knowledge, attitude and practice of bakeries of Gorgan about the use of sodium bicarbonate in bread
Methods: 100 bread bakeries participated in this study among 208 with simple random sampling. Data collection instrument was questionnaires include demographic variables and knowledge and attitude question. Practice evaluation was performed by chemical and electrochemical exam that are useful for appointment alkality and PH in bread. The questionnaire complete with bakeries and the sample of bread was take in start of decoction and tested in paramedical laboratory by method number 2320 of standard method. Data analyzed by SPSS soft ware via test such as chi-square test and p-value <0.05 considered as significant
Results: 41% of bakeries were used of sodium Bicarbonate that 88.9% of them was Llevash bakeries and 23.9% was Barbari bread bakeries that this was statistically significant [P<0.001]. 28% of members of bakeries had weak knowledge about risk of use of sodium Bicarbonate in bread, 62%was middle and 10% of them good. And about attitude 29% weak, 43% middle and 28% of them has favorable attitude .the relation between bakeries members knowledge and used of sodium Bicarbonate was not statistically significant but relation between favorable attitude and kind of bread was statistically significant [P=0.001] and the Barbari bread bakeries has a better attitude rather than other
Conclusion: According to this study result performance educational plan for bakeries can affect in sodium Bicarbonate used in bread. And according to weak practice in Levash bakeries they except education plan need to punctual supervision