Risk assessment of H5N1 human infection after an outbreak of avian influenza in water fowl / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the risk of human infection after the outbreak of avian influenza H5N1 in animals, and probe the possibility for virus transmission.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>By means of field epidemiological study, molecular epidemiology, serology and emergency surveillance, persons who had ever closely contacted with sick or dead poultry were observed. While, the RT-PCR and gene sequencing method were used to detect H5 nucleic acid from environmental swabs from 4 epidemic spots, and hemagglutination inhibition assay was also used to detect H5 antibody.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of 22 environmental swabs detected from 4 epidemic spots, one was positive for H5 nucleic acid, and the homogeneity was 95.9% as compared with H5N1 virus A/China/GD01/2006 (H5N1) found in Guangzhou in 2006 by gene sequence analysis. 62 environmental swabs from live poultry stalls of food markets near epidemic spot were detected negative. Six of 68 blood samples of contacts were positive for H9 antibody, and all were negative for H5 antibody. 68 throat swabs of contacts were detected negative for H5 nucleic acid. No close contact was found abnormal after 7 days medical observation. 337 influenza-like cases were reported in emergency surveillance, and no suspicious case was found.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The current outbreak of H5N1 avian influenza in water fowls has not yet caused further transmission, and human avian influenza case has not been observed. It indicates that the ability of H5N1 virus to transmit to human is not strong yet, and the risk of human infection for H5N1 is still low.</p>

Investigation on a seasonal influenza accompanying with the first locale novel A/H1N1 influenza outbreak in China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To timely summarize past experience and to provide more pertinent reference for control and prevention in A/H1N1 cases in influenza season.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>During May 25 to 31, 2009, 2 secondary community cases caused by a influenza A/H1N1 imported case. In the close contacts of 3 A/H1N1 cases, 14 had some aspirator symptoms onset, such as fever (> or = 37.5 degrees C), cough, sore throat and etc. Laboratory tests excluded the infection of A/H1N1 influenza. For throat swab test for the 14 cases, 7 were tested for seasonal influenza virus. A face-to-face or telephone interview was conducted by CDC staff to collect information of 62 close contacts.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of 14 fever cases, there was no significant by differences by age[15-age group: 19.2% (5/26), over 25-age group: 25.0% (9/36); chi(2) = 0.287, P = 0.592]; by sex group [24.0% (6/25) for male and 21.6% (8/37) for female; chi(2) = 0.048, P = 0.826], by working units [dressing and design, photograph, saleroom and others, consumer group: 42.1% (8/19), 27.3% (3/11), 12.5% (2/16) and 6.3% (1/16); chi(2) = 7.653, P = 0.054], by dormitory style [dormitory style = 33.3% (4/12), non-dormitory style = 29.4% (10/34); chi(2) = 0.699, P = 0.403]. All the cases had fever (37.5 - 37.9 degrees C), no case had diarrhea. One in 3 A/H1N1 cases had diarrhea. All the 14 cases were negative result for A/H1N1 RNA. Six from 7 cases were positive for seasonal influenza test.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This was a seasonal influenza outbreak happened in the close contacts of first confirmed A/H1N1 cases in community in mainland China. It showed that we should exclude the seasonal influenza in the investigation of A/H1N1 cases in the seasonal influenza period in some time. It is necessary to take effective measure to strengthen the control and prevention of seasonal influenza.</p>

Epidemiological characteristic of first case of locally identified A/H1N1 secondary cases caused by imported source of infection in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the first locally identifcd A/HINI secondary cases outbreak in China. Methods Interview and field investigation were integrated to describe the whole process of transmission on each case and to illustrate the relationships between the onset of the disease and the retated factors. Results Two contact persons appearanced fever and whose throat swabs were tested positive to H1N1 viral nucleic acid. The two had a history of contact in a short distance with the initial imported case without any protective measure in the poor air ventilation. The patients clinical situation was slight. The incubation was between 37 hours and 57 hours. No other new case was found after intervention as isolation and antisepsis were taken. Conclusion This event was proved to be an outbreak of local A/H1N1 secondary cases caused by the imported case. The main mode of transmission was personal contact in a short distance without protection, through air and droplet. The locus with poor air ventilation was high risk place. Contact persons should be observed seven days and tested continuously.Infectivity and pathogenicity of the A/H1N1 virus were limited and appeared weakened by generations. Patient's condition was related with persistence and frequency of contact with the infection sources. Enhancing management of contact persons, health education, early diagnose, early treatment and early insulation were effective measures of controling and prenventing the spread A/H1N1.

Effects of high-dose methotrexate therapy on intestinal bacterial flora in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) therapy on intestinal bacterial flora in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-six children with ALL of pre-and post-HDMTX therapy and 36 control children were enrolled. The bacterial DNA in stool was extracted. The primers for Bacillus bifidus and Escherichia coli with the 16SrRNA/DNA sequence of bacteria were designed. The bacteria were identified through general PCR. The standard curve of both bacterial DNA was produced using a series of dilution of accurately quantified bacterial DNA. The unknown samples were measured by 16SrRNA/DNA-targeted PCR. The amount of stool Bacillus bifidus and Escherichia coli among 36 control children and 36 children with ALL of pre- and post-HDMTX therapy were obtained by using the standard curves.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Bacillus bifidus logarithmic absolute value of the first day before treatment, of third day after treatment, of seventh day after treatment in patients with ALL and the control was 7.24 +/- 0.33, 6.00 +/- 0.27, 6.59 +/- 0.33, and 9.49 +/- 0.41, respectively (P < 0.01). Escherichia coli logarithmic absolute value of the first day before treatment, of third day after treatment, of seventh day after treatment in patients with ALL and the control was 6.62 +/- 0.42, 5.96 +/- 0.42, 7.02 +/- 0.41, and 7.52 +/- 0.43, respectively (P < 0.01). The logarithm of the amount of stool Bacillus bifidus and Escherichia coli in control group was higher in ALL group (F = 739.61, 88.67, P < 0.01). There were significant difference (P < 0.01) in the logarithm of the amount of stool Bacillus bifidus and Escherichia coli between pre-therapy and post-therapy group. The logarithm of the bacterium was very low on third day after treatment, but gradually increased on the seventh day after treatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>(1) HDMTX therapy has great effects on intestinal flora of Bacillus bifidus and Escherichia coli and significantly reduced the bacteria in children with ALL. (2) Probiotics had significantly decreased in ALL group than in control group.</p>

Association of Q576R polymorphism in the interleukin-4 receptor gene with serum IgE levels in children with asthma / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Interleukin-4 plays a key role in the development of asthma. Overseas studies have shown that Q576R polymorphism in the interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R) gene is related to asthma as well as increased serum IgE levels. This study was designed to investigate the association of Q576R polymorphism in IL-4R gene with childhood asthma and serum IgE levels.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The polymorphism of IL-4R Q576R was determined by PCR/RFLP and serum total IgE level was measured using ELISA in 94 children with asthma. Sixty-eight healthy children served as controls.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The distribution frequency of heterozygous genotype Q576R (41%) and mutant allele R576 (26%) was significantly higher in children with asthma than that of controls (16% each) (P < 0.01; P < 0.05). The total serum IgE level between patients with genotype Q576R and Q576Q was not significantly different (225.78 +/- 51.43 IU/mL vs 163.24 +/- 31.32 IU/mL, P> 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The mutant R576 allele of IL-4R may be one of the candidate genes for susceptibility to asthma. Allele R576 of IL-4R is related to asthma but is irrelevant to the total serum IgE level in children with asthma.</p>

Correlation of Platelet-Activating Factor Acetylhydrolas Gene Polymorphism and Bronchial Asthma in Children / 实用儿科临床杂志

0.05).Conclusion PAF-AH-Ala379Val gene mutation is unrelated to bronchial asthma in children.

Study on Association between Interleukin-1 Beta Gene Polymorphism and Childhood Asthma / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To evaluae possible association between interleukin-1 beta (IL-1?) gene exon 5 polymorphism and childhood asthma.Methods The study was conducted in two different groups: asthmatic children(n=55) and healthy children(n=35). The IL-1? gene exon 5 polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP). Results Frequencies of CC,CT and TT genotypes were 92.7%,7.3%,0, and frequencies of C,T allele were 96.4%,3.6% in asthmatic group. However, frequencies of CC,CA and AA genotypes were 85.7%,14.3%,0, and frequencies of C,T allele were 92.9% ,7.1% in healthy group. There were no significant difference in distribution of genotypes and allele frequencies between two groups.Conclusion IL-1? gene exon 5 polymorphism may not be associated with childhood asthma.

Immunogenetic analysis of human leukocyte antigen DRB1, DQB1 locus among Han ethnic children with Helicobacter pylori infection in Kunming / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the immunogenetic features of human leukocyte antigen DRB1, DQB1 locus and children with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in Han ethnic population in Kunming and its association with digestive diseases and H. pylori to better understand the immunogenetic features of the H. pylori infection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) method was used to study the HLA-DRB1, DQB1 allelic frequency distribution on 35 children with H. pylori infection and 37 healthy controls in Han ethnic population in Kunming.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Allelic frequencies of HLA-DRB1 * 0901, DQB1 * 03032 in the H. pylori infection group were lower than those of the healthy control group (7.14% vs. 31.08%, chi(2) = 13.16, Pc < 0.012; 5.71% vs. 25.68%, chi(2) = 10.68, Pc = 0.007) but the rest alleles' frequencies did not show significant differences.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These result suggested that HLA-DRB1 * 0901, DQB1 * 03032 might protect the H. pylori infection in Han ethnic population in Kunming.</p>

Possible association between HLA-HRB1 and DQB1 genes frequency and susceptibility or resistance to Helicobacter pylori infection in Kunming Yi ethnic group children / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study if there is any association between frequency of HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 genes and susceptibility or resistance to Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection among children of Yi ethnic group in Kunming for understanding the immunogenetic features of the digestive diseases associated with Hp infection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Peripherial blood samples were collected from 156 children of Yi ethnic group in a primary school in Kunming city by cluster sampling and the blood Hp-IgG tests (ELISA) were performed. The samples were divided into two groups (Hp-IgG-positive group and Hp-IgG-negative group) according to the blood Hp-IgG test results. There were 61 children in Hp-IgG-positive group and 95 children in Hp-IgG-negative group. Forty children who were chosen from each group by simple random sampling underwent (13)carbon-urea breath test ((13)C-UBT). Thirty-three children who were Hp-IgG-positive and (13)C-UBT-positive were defined as currently Hp- infected group; 39 children who were Hp-IgG-negative and (13)C-UBT-negative were defined as Hp-non-infected group. DNA specimens were extracted from the lymphocytes of their peripheral blood samples. HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 DNA typing was performed by using polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP). HLA-DRB1, DQB1 allelic frequency distribution among currently Hp infected and non-infected children was compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>HLA-DRB1 * 12 gene frequency among children in Hp non-infected group was higher than that in the currently Hp-infected group (42.31% vs. 14.52%, P < 0.001, Pc < 0.012); however, HLA-DRB1 * 11 gene frequency in the Hp-non-infected group was lower than that in the currently Hp-infected group (3.85% vs. 12.9%, P < 0.05, Pc > 0.05). HLA-DQB1 * 0301 gene frequency in the Hp non-infected group was higher than that in the currently Hp-infected group (55.13% vs. 32.26%, P < 0.007, Pc < 0.05); however, HLA-DQB1 * 04 gene frequency in the Hp non-infected group was lower than that in currently Hp infected group (2.56% vs. 11.29%, P < 0.05, Pc > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>HLA-DRB1 * 12 and HLA-DQB1 * 0301 gene may be associated with protection against Hp infection in Kunming Yi ethnic group children. Further studies with larger sample size are needed to clarify if HLA-DRB1 * 11 and HLA-DQB1 * 04 are associated with susceptible gene to Hp infection.</p>

Analysis on molecular characteristic of VP7 and NSP4 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the molecular characteristics and molecular variation of human rotavirus (HRV) strains and to understand the relationship between clinical characteristics and epidemiology of different HRV-VP7 and NSP4.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Double-strand RNA of rotavirus extracted from stool samples was used as the template for reverse transcription of gene VP7, which was followed by nested PCR for VP7 typing. NSP4 genes from 22 epidemic strains of human rotavirus isolated in Kunming in 2002 and 2003 were amplified with RT-PCR. Then cDNAs were sequenced and compared with 4 human rotavirus NSP4 (Wa, KUN, AU-1, Hochi)) and 3 animal rotavirus NSP4 (EW, OSU, SA11) available in the GenBank while the epidemic strains of human rotavirus isolated in different areas of China were compared, using the Clustal-mp, DNAssist, MEGA2 software. The G serotype of VP7 was analysed by PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Serotype G1 was prevalent in 2002 while serotype G3 was the prevalent in Kumming in 2003. The NSP4 genes from 22 epidemic strains of human rotavirus isolated in Kunming in 2002 and 2003 belonged to Wa with highly conservative amino acid. Samples isolated in the same years but not in the same area shared higher homology. Symptoms associated with heavy diarrhea did not seem to be associated with NSP4 molecular variation (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Obvious variations of VP7 typing were seen in the same season, as well as in different areas and years. Due to the stable nature of NSP4, it seem to be a better candidate for vaccine production, than VP7.</p>

Study on the distribution of vitamin D receptor gene start codon polymorphism in the Achangs and Hans / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To detect the difference between the Chinese Achang and Han ethnic groups in Yunnan province in the distribution of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene start codon polymorphism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, gene sequencing and genetic analysis methods were used. A restriction fragment length polymorphism in the start codon of VDR (Fok I) gene was tested in the Achangs (n=68) and the Hans (n=92).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The frequencies of FF, Ff and ff genotypes were found to be 18%, 35% and 47% in the Achangs, and 22%, 52% and 26% in the Hans, respectively. A significant difference was seen in the frequency distribution of VDR genotype between the Achangs and the Hans(Chi2=7.716, P=0.021).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The Achang and Han ethnic groups differ in the frequency distribution of VDR gene start codon polymorphism.</p>

Association of the vitamin D receptor gene start codon polymorphism with vitamin D deficiency rickets / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Vitamin D deficiency rickets often causes growth retardation, impaired bone formation and hypocalcemia in children. It is well known that rickets is mainly caused by vitamin D deficiency, but whether there is hereditary susceptibility of children to develop vitamin D deficiency rickets is unknown. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene has been used as one of genetic markers in studying the metabolic diseases of bone. The present study aimed to explore the hereditary susceptibility of children to develop rickets through studying the association between VDR gene start codon polymorphism and vitamin D deficiency rickets,</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The subjects were selected from Kunming city, every subject was of Han ethnic group. The subjects were composed of two groups, the patient group consisted of 48 children with active vitamin D deficiency rickets which was diagnosed clinically and confirmed radiologically; the control group was composed of 92 normal children. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), DNA sequence analysis and genetic analysis methods were used. A restriction fragment length polymorphism in the start codon of VDR gene (FokI) was tested in both groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>VDR gene start codon polymorphism was tested successfully for every subject. Frequencies of FF, Ff and ff genotypes were 46%, 33% and 21% in the rickets group, and 22%, 52% and 26% in the control group, respectively. A significant difference was found in the frequency distribution of VDR genotype between two groups (chi(2) = 8.912, P = 0.012). In the patient group, Ff and ff genotypes were less common than control group, but the FF genotype was more common than control group (OR = 3.046), indicating that FF genotype may be significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency rickets. Moreover, VDR allele frequencies of FokI polymorphism also showed significant difference between the two groups (chi(2) = 5.451, P = 0.020), F alleles were more common in patient group than in control group. DNA sequence analysis identified that the start codon of F allele was mutated from ATG to ACG.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There is an association between VDR gene start codon polymorphism and vitamin D deficiency rickets. This study suggested the possibility that VDR gene polymorphism might be important in determining an individual's susceptibility to development of vitamin D deficiency rickets.</p>

Association between Polymorphism of Glutathione S-Transferease P1 Gene and Susceptibility in Childhood Asthma / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To investigate the polymorphism of glutathione S-transferease P1 gene(GSTP1) and the association between the mutation and susceptibility in childhood asthma.Methods The distribute frequency of Ile105/Ile105,Ile105/Val105 and Val105/Val105 ge-notype in GSTP1 of 51 children with asthmatic and 40 normal children were studied with polymerase chain reaction-restriction tragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP).Results The frequencies of Ile/Ile Ile/Val,Val/Val genotype were 66.7%,27.4% and 5.9%,the frequencies of Ile,Val allele were 80.4% and 19.6% in the asthmatic group.But the frequencies of Ile/Ile,Ile/Val,Val/Val genotype were 90.0%,7.5% and 2.5%,the frequencies of Ile,Val allele were 93.8%,6.2% in control group.The frequencies Ile/Val,Val/Val genotype and Val allele in asthmatic group were more than that in control group.A significant difference was found in the frequency distribution of GSTP1 genotypes between two groups(?2=6.947 P