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The extremely premature infants have different degrees of immature organ development, abnormal intestinal flora establishment and low immune function, and are prone to necrotizing enterocolitis, late-onset sepsis and other complications.Probiotics can improve intestinal flora, and regulate cell metabolic activity and immune function.Probiotics can be used to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis, and late-onset sepsis and so on.However, the possible harm of probiotics to extremely premature infants should not be ignored.This review summarized the effects of probiotics on extremely premature infants.
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Extracellular vesicles (EV) are membrane structured vesicles containing proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. EVS produced by virus-infected cells are involved in communication between infected and uninfected cells. EV produced by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infected cells can promote the transmission and infection of HCMV and escape the host immune response. It can also activate the body′s immune response against HCMV infection. In-depth study of the mechanism and compositional changes of EV produced by HCMV infected cells will contribute to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of HCMV. The current research has achieved some results, but they are not deep enough. Future advancements in EV isolation and identification technologies and the reduction of economic costs will contribute to the extensive development and clinical application of the research.
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Ovarian cancer is the most fatal malignant tumor in female reproductive system tumors.In most women, it is diagnosed in a late stage, which largely leads to the poor prognosis of ovarian cancer.Breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA) is an important DNA homologous repair gene, which plays a major role in the normal cellular DNA repair mechanism.Its mutation will lead to homologous recombination defects, which will affect the stability of the genome and lead to occurrence of tumors.In recent years, BRCA genetic testing has become a key step in the risk assessment, prognosis, treatment and prevention of ovarian cancer.
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The emergence of single-cell sequencing technology enables people to observe cells with unprecedented precision. However, it is difficult to capture the information on all cells and genes in one single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) experiment. Single-cell data of a single modality cannot explain cell state and system changes in detail. The integrative analysis of single-cell data aims to address these two types of problems. Integrating multiple scRNA-seq data can collect complete cell types and provide a powerful boost for the construction of cell atlases. Integrating single-cell multimodal data can be used to study the causal relationship and gene regulation mechanism across modalities. The development and application of data integration methods helps fully explore the richness and relevance of single-cell data and discover meaningful biological changes. Based on this, this article reviews the basic principles, methods and applications of multiple scRNA-seq data integration and single-cell multimodal data integration. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of existing methods are discussed. Finally, the future development is prospected.
Subject(s)
Humans , Base Sequence , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation , Sequence Analysis, RNA , Single-Cell AnalysisABSTRACT
Objective@#To study the relationship between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) envelope glycoprotein gene H and clinical features of children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection.@*Methods@#A cohort study was conducted. Newborns diagnosed with congenital cytomegalovirus infection, hospitalized in the Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of the Children′s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, were included from July 2013 to December 2015.HCMV-DNA gH typing in urine, sputum or blood was conducted. Patients then were divided into gH1 group and gH2 group according to gH genotypes. Patients′ data during hospitalization in newborn and 3-5 years of follow-up were collected.The relationships between gH genotype and clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, hearing loss and neurological prognosis were analyzed by chi-square test, t test and non-parametric test.@*Results@#A total of 21 cases were enrolled as congenital HCMV infection and followed-up for 3-5 years. Among them, 14 (67%) were gH1 type and 7 (33%) were gH2 type. No mixed infection was found. In the two groups, there were no significant differences in the ratio of males (9/14 vs. 3/7,P=0.397), or birth weight ((2 609±686) vs. (3 021±451) g, t=-1.436, P=0.167). Gestational age of gH1 group was younger than that of gH2 group (38 (29-40) vs. 39(38-40) weeks, Z=-2.18, P=0.029). Moderate to severe hearing loss detected by neonatal auditory brainstem response were found in 40 ears (20 cases). It was higher in gH1 group than that in gH2 group (4/22 vs.0/18, χ2=5.145, P=0.023). In the imaging examination of the nervous system, the Alarcon score of gH1 group was lower than that of gH2 group (0.4±0.3 vs. 1.3±1.1, t=-2.459,P=0.024).No significant statistical difference was found in the probability of motor or language development lag in gH2 group and gH1 group (4/7 vs.4/14, P=0.346).@*Conclusions@#Compared with gH2 infection, gH1 infection in children has a younger gestational age. The major type of hearing loss in neonatal period is gH1 infection. Children with gH2 congenital infections are more likely to suffer from nervous systems damage.
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Objective To analyze the infectious status and genotype characteristics of group A rotavirus (RV) in children with diarrhea in Hangzhou city in 2017, and to provide information for the disease surveillance, epidemic control as well as vaccine development.Methods Fecal samples from children with acute diarrhea at Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University were collected from Jan to Dec in 2017. All samples were tested for RV antigen by emulsion technique. The antigen-positive samples were further detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing to determine the G and P genotypes. The RV positive rates in different genders, ages and months were compared by chi-square test. Results A total of 20895 fecal samples were collected from 12389 male patients and 8506 female patients. The gender ratio was 1.46:1. In 5012 (23.99％) RV antigen positive samples, 2964 (23.92％) were from male patients and 2048 (24.08％) were from female patients. There was no gender difference in RV positive rate (χ2=0.049, P>0.05). In the study, RV could be detected in the whole year. January, February and December were peak months, and the RV positive rates were significantly different in different months (χ2=2654.681, P<0.05). The highest RV positive rate was in 18-24 months age group and the lowest in<6 months age group, respectively. Children under 2 years old accounted for 76.56％RV positive cases, and those under 5 years old accounted for 98.72％ RV positive cases. The RV positive rates were also significantly different in all age groups (χ2=1013.832, P<0.05). A total of 116 samples were selected from each month, following the random stratified sampling principle, for PCR amplification, sequencing, and genotyping according to VP7 (G genotype) and VP4 (P genotype). A total of 4 G genotypes were detected and G9 (85.3％) was the predominant one. In the two detected P genotypes, P[8] (96.6％) was predominant. The 4 G/P combination genotypes were G9P[8] (85.3％), G3P[8] (9.5％), G2P[4] (3.5％), and G1P[8] (1.7％). Conclusions RV was a common pathogen in pediatric patients with acute diarrhea in Hangzhou city in 2017. Children under 5 years old, especially 18 months to 2 years old infants was the main infected population. The study showed RV infection had obvious seasonality and winter was the peak period. The G9 genotype was predominant in G genotypes, P[8] genotype was predominant in P genotypes, and G9P[8] genotype was predominant in G/P combination genotypes, respectively.